青年住房福利倒挂现象研究

住房福利倒挂简单地讲就是强者比弱者从政府再分配手中获得更多的住房福利。研究表明住房福利倒挂现象存在于青年群体之中,住房福利主要流向市场能力较强的青年个体,那些青年住房贫困户反而更不可能得到政府再分配福利的照顾。这说明住房市场化改革以后,由市场所造成的住房不平等或两极分化并没有完全得到政府再分配福利的减缓,再分配与市场对于住房不平等的作用力方向具有同一性,当市场和再分配都遵循强者优先逻辑时,这就导致中国转型时期城市住房不平等或贫困在某种程度上是市场与再分配共同强化的产物。     

我国高等教育个人投资风险影响因素分析

文章从理论上分析了我国当前高等教育个人投资风险的影响因素,认为在高校扩招和就业市场化改革进程中,教育投资者喜欢选择更高层次高等教育来降低市场就业风险和收入风险,但面对经济市场化程度的加深、高等教育层次结构和区域结构不合理、劳动力主次市场和城乡市场分割带来的高等教育风险增加的影响,使得我国当前阶段处于一个大学毕业生就业难、收入相对下降的现状.而要解决这一困境,着力点在于优化高等教育结构和完善我国劳动力市场.     

大学生就业指导现状分析和对策研究

大学生就业的市场化,使得高等教育人才培养模式滞后、高校就业指导工作与市场需求的差距拉大、大学生就业能力不足等问题日益凸显。以市场为导向改革高等学校学科和专业设置,完善就业指导体系,加强大学生的就业能力开发,是解决我国大学毕业生就业难的根本所在。     

职业特征对中国城镇就业人员收入差别的影响(英文)

职业是决定就业人员劳动收入,继而影响居民收入差距程度的重要变量。本文利用国家统计局2005年全国1％人口抽样调查数据中的子样本,对职业与收入差别之间的关系做了经验分析,结果发现职业间收入差距可以解释城镇就业人员收入总体差距的12-17％。造成这种差别的主要原因有二：一是由于各职业对就业人员人力资本上的要求有差异,从而导致了职业间劳动要素报酬上的差异;二是劳动力市场、地区分割所带来的不同职业问人员自由流动的障碍,造成了这种收入差别。前一种原因强调了人力资本的作用,这应当是市场化改革的积极成效;而后一种原因反映的却是现阶段的市场化改革还不彻底。因此,为了缩小职业间不合理的收入差距,我们还应进一步深化改革,尽可能地排除由于市场、地区分割造成的不同职业间人员自由流动的障碍。     

简论农村教育的培养目标

透视农村义务教育,教育体制僵化,办学形式单一,教育投入不足,职业技术教育缺位,教学内容与农村发展需求脱节,失学、辍学现象严重,所有这些,严重制约着农村经济的发展。在农村义务教育阶段,进行不同职业技术与技能渗透供学生选择,使之学以致用,能为日后就业、从事农业打基础,这不仅关系到他们未来的生存质量,而且关系到农村经济的发展和国家的富强昌盛。     

完善从属劳动力市场是西部实现充分就业的有效途径

本文认为我国从属劳动力市场具有市场容量大 ,可以充分容纳大量劳动力就业 ,以及市场化程度高 ,可以实现劳动力资源优化配置的特点 ,进而阐述了从属劳动力市场对西部地区实现充分就业的重要作用 ,提出了加快西部地区从属劳动力市场建设的具体措施     

西部地区农民素质与农民收人问题探析

全面建设小康社会 ,关键是西部地区农民收入的提高。制约农民收入增加的主要因素是农民素质较低 ,要解决这一问题 ,就要完善西部地区的教育体制 ,建立基础教育、职业教育和成人教育协调发展的教育网络 ,多方筹集教育经费 ,提高农民的科学文化素质和适应市场的能力 ,以增加他们的收入     

经济增长与就业机制、模式、观念的变革

文章认为中国的失业问题是人口过剩型失业、经济转型的体制性失业与结构性失业的纵横交错与叠加 ,是转型期的特殊现象。文章指出 :在显化隐性失业、治理公开失业 ,借鉴国际经验 ,培育现代劳动力市场 ,实施反收入政策、人力资本投资政策及社会保障制度市场化的同时 ,还应有中国特色的解决就业问题的新思路、新对策 ,包括弹性就业、阶段性就业模式 ,及与就业机制、模式变革相适应的就业观念的变革。     

浅析中国歌曲在越南的传播途径及影响

中越两国交往历史悠久,越南是个很能包容外来文化的国家。中国歌曲在越南深受欢迎,许多越南青年爱听爱唱,这不仅丰富了越南人民的精神生活,也促进了两国人民的文化交流,更好地传播了中越传统友谊,使中越双方的友谊得以传承与发扬。     

钦州市实现跨越式发展的路径选择

多重区域战略覆盖和多重政策优惠叠加，以及钦州港港口经济的迅速发展，为钦州市实现跨越式发展提供了良好的外部和内部支撑。但钦州市目前仍存在历史形成的经济发展水平低、城市化水平低、交通等基础设施需要完善、市场化程度不高等制约因素。因此，实现跨越式发展在贯穿可持续发展理念下不仅要求产业集聚、以港兴城、以城带港，更要重视资源环境和就业容量，实现跨越后的人地和谐发展。     

Effective services for improving education and employment outcomes for children and alumni of foster care service: correlates and educational and employment outcomes

Outcomes for youth from foster care have been found to be poor. The education and employment outcomes of youth and alumni of foster care served by transition programmes located in five major US cities were examined. Data were collected by case managers and reported to evaluators quarterly on 1058 youth from foster care for over 2 years. Job preparation, transportation, child care, education support services and life skills were the most common services provided to youth. During the 2‐year study period, 35% of participants obtained employment, 23% obtained a General Education Development or diploma, and 17% enrolled in post‐secondary education. It was found that the longer the youth were enrolled, the more education and employment outcomes they achieved. Further, job preparation and income support services were associated significantly with achieving any positive education or employment outcome. Results indicated that certain services provided over an extended period of time can improve outcomes for youth placed in foster care. For youth to achieve positive outcomes as they transition to adulthood, additional services are necessary. Other implications are discussed.     

教育扩展与大学生就业率的变化

典型调查表明,就业率在教育扩展中呈现下降趋势,近二年研究生处于短缺或基本平衡状态,本科生处于就业困难状态,专科生处于就业危机状态,不同专业毕业生的就业率存在一定差异。这是我国人力资本投资的风险增大和信号性功能减弱的体现。应根据我国经济发展需要做好高等教育的合理规划,调整高等教育的扩招速度、层次结构和专业结构,规范就业率统计体系,以促进大学生就业。     

Caregiver‐endorsed strategies to improving sexual health outcomes among foster youth

Foster youth are at an increased risk of unintended pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) compared with peers. We conducted 11 semistructured focus groups with 86 foster and kinship caregivers in three child welfare jurisdictions to understand their strategies for monitoring and communicating with youth in foster care around sexual health topics, with the overall goal of developing a training for caregivers to reduce STI and unintended pregnancies among youth in foster care. We used thematic analysis to analyse the data. Three main themes emerged: (1) strategies to communicate with youth about sexual health (trust‐building, open/direct communication, tailoring information to each individual youth, creative conversation‐starters, and self‐education), (2) strategies for monitoring youth (e.g., tailoring monitoring to youth development/characteristics, clearly communicating rules, co‐development of rules, spending time with youth/friends/friends' parents, using technology, using a social support system), and (3) other strategies to promote positive youth development (advocating for youth, engaging youth in goal‐setting). Trainings that provide caregivers with (1) information on sexual health and normal adolescent development and (2) strategies and skills to help caregivers engage in open, evidence‐informed communication, and monitor youth in a tailored, developmentally‐informed manner are likely to improve reproductive health and other outcomes among youth in foster care.     

北京高校后勤队伍建设现状分析及对策研究

加强北京高校后勤队伍建设,是北京高等教育发展的迫切需要.针对目前北京高校后勤队伍建设中存在的主要问题,后勤管理部门应从优化队伍结构、培养专业人才、培育后勤文化、完善政策和法律环境等方面采取措施,进一步推进高校后勤和谐用工环境的构建,保证高校后勤的稳定和发展,从而为北京市高等教育的发展做出贡献.     

Impacts of off‐farm employment on welfare,food security and poverty: Evidence from rural Vietnam

How off‐farm employment can enhance welfare in terms of food consumption and poverty alleviation is a critical question facing many developing countries. This study addressed that question by pursuing two objectives: (i) to quantify the impact of off‐farm employment on rural households’ welfare, food security and poverty; and (ii) to examine the factors that affect their decision to work off‐farm. Using panel data, we estimated a difference‐in‐difference combined with a propensity score matching model. The findings show that off‐farm employment improves income, ensures food security and contributes to poverty alleviation. The results also show that age, marital status, education, labour, financial capital, land, location, market access and losses from natural disasters are significant contributing factors to the decision to participate in off‐farm employment. The findings suggest that to improve the welfare of rural households, the Vietnamese government should proceed with policies that enhance their opportunities for participation in off‐farm employment.     

技能人才与经济发展——南宁市技能人才培养对策研究

建设区域性国际城市,打造区域性物流基地、加工制造基地、商贸基地和信息交流中心,南宁市需要大批的专业化技能人才为全市的经济社会服务。但是,目前南宁市的技能人才队伍规模尚小,在技能人才的培养和使用方面上还存在诸多问题,需要从完善人才培养体系,壮大人才整体实力;建立人才评价体系,拓宽人才成长通道;建立使用激励机制,激发人才创造活力等方面加以完善。     

THE IMPACT OF ILLICIT DRUG USE ON NON‐USING SIBLINGS IN THE VIETNAMESE COMMUNITY

This study explored the issues facing young Vietnamese who have a sibling with an illicit drug addiction and the coping strategies that they and their families employ. This paper concentrated on the results from interviews/focus groups of Vietnamese parents and young people. There were some areas of commonality between the responses of the parent and youth cohorts. Issues of shame, guilt, grief and lack of support were raised by both groups. The reactions of parents and siblings change over time, as the negative impact of the user's behaviour intensified and family systems become strained. There were significant differences in the responses of the two cohorts in relation to parental behaviour. The youth cohort generally was critical of parental behaviour towards both children who are using illicit drugs and their non‐using siblings.     

Expediting youth's entry into employment whilst overlooking precariousness: Flexi‐employability and disciplinary activation in Hong Kong

With an emphasis placed on supply‐side interventions such as skills training and incentives enhancement, active labor market polices (ALMPs) are strongly promoted by international organizations and widely adopted across different welfare regimes to boost employment rates. This article first presents the under‐examined relationship between ALMPs and employment precariousness, which has posed a challenge to the neoliberal notion of employability and activation. Youth‐focused employment policies tend to speed up employment entry whilst downplaying the risk of precariousness and the importance of job quality, and thus further reinforcing the belief that engaging in precarious employment is tolerable if not inevitable. The article then examines the case of Hong Kong, which illustrates that its relatively low rate of youth unemployment may conceal the unfavorable employment conditions confronted by youth. It is argued that the service‐led employment policies and short‐term vocational training define the employability of young workers in terms of labor flexibilities. The coined phase of “flexi‐employability” is characterized by promoting youth's readiness for, and adaptability to, the volatilities and changing demands of the labor market. Arguably, the disciplinary approach to youth activation would only strengthen the work‐first principle by enforcing young people to take up jobs available and leave welfare as soon as possible, but without thoroughly addressing the risks and insecurities generated by the labor market in undermining their well‐being.     

Helping foster youth find a job: a random‐assignment evaluation of an employment assistance programme for emancipating youth

A primary task for youth aging out of foster care is finding and maintaining a job. In recognition of the challenges that foster youth face, employment assistance has become an important part of child welfare agencies' efforts to prepare youth for emancipation. The current study uses random assignment to evaluate the impact of an employment assistance programme for foster youth on the rate of employment, income and other self‐sufficiency outcomes among a group of adolescents in substitute care in Kern County, California. Data were collected via multi‐wave, in‐person interviews of 254 foster youth. At the second follow‐up interview, only two‐fifths of the sample report being employed. However, three‐quarters of the sample are either working or attending school, and a quarter reports both working and attending school. Nevertheless, significant minorities report experiencing financial hardships and receiving financial assistance. No statistically significant impacts of the evaluated programme are found on any measured employment or self‐sufficiency outcome. Implications for child welfare policy are discussed.     

The challenge of youth unemployment

This article was prepared as a contribution to the ILO's Action Programme on Youth Unemployment. It presents an overview of the youth unemployment problem and youth employment policy principally from a European perspective, although it is hoped that much of the comment and analysis is relevant to afar broader range of countries. In the first section, which considers the nature and causes of youth unemployment, it is shown that its basic cause is aggregate demand rather than high youth wages or the size of the youth cohort, and suggests that a successful strategy for dealing with the problem must take this into account. In the second section, dealing principally with the examples of Germany and the United Kingdom, a number of factors are identified which influence the effectiveness of youth employment policy. In particular, it is found that precise targeting of programmes and the involvement of employers' and workers' organizations, as well as government, in the design and implementation of policy are both important determinants of an effective policy. A third section attempts to set the analysis in a more general context.