破坏性创新理论述评及推进策略

通过厘清破坏性技术和破坏性创新的概念内涵,分析破坏性创新的本质特征,在总结了破坏性创新的2种基本类型和与之对应的3种不同的市场侵入模式后,对破坏性创新产生与发展的动力来源进行了探讨。为了使潜在的破坏性创新成为可能,从内部视角和外部视角提出了推进破坏性创新的策略。     

A Reflective Review of Disruptive Innovation Theory

Disruptive Innovation Theory has created a significant impact on management practices and aroused plenty of rich debate within academia. Copious as the studies are, the scattered and conflicting nature of the literature on disruptive innovation in the last decade may pose a state of ambiguity for future research, thus necessitating a comprehensive review at this juncture. This paper first clarifies the basic concept and potential misinterpretations of the theory. Believing in the predictive value of the theory on firm performance, the authors then summarize and critique the research on how to enable potential disruptive innovation from internal, external, marketing and technology perspectives. The different perspectives inspired the authors to identify a number of key research directions within the disruptive innovation research domain. Potential future research is also briefly discussed by integrating disruptive innovation with other research domains, such as open innovation. Finally, in addition to theoretical contributions, the authors make practical contributions by outlining a series of potential inhibitors and enablers of disruptive innovation as managerial ‘take‐aways’.     

突发事件下分阶段启动应急预案模型研究

经前期处置下,研究管理者面对突发事件应该何时启动前期处置方案和应急预案的问题.在完全没有突发事件持续时阎信息的条件下,利用局内决策理论与方法构建了企业何时启动前期处置方案和应急预案的分阶段启动模型,并利用"竞争比"说明该方案的有效性.在此基础上,进一步通过数值分析表明分阶段启动应急预案的重要意义.     

本土需求情景下破坏性创新的形成机理研究

 已有破坏性创新的研究大多在“破坏性创新已经出现”这个假设下,探讨企业如何应对破坏性创新的挑战,较少涉及破坏性创新的前因和过程。通过中国情景下本土需求实现破坏性创新的企业案例,剖析本土需求引发破坏性创新的形成机理,将有助于丰富破坏性创新形成前因的研究。        选取3家本土电动汽车企业作为研究对象,采用扎根理论研究方法的3阶段编码程序对案例进行剖析,解析后发国家情景下本土需求的构成要素,探究本土需求引致破坏性创新的概念框架,分别从本土需求的形成过程和异质性内涵以及本土需求与企业破坏性创新关系3个方面解读概念模型,最终给出本土需求引发破坏性创新的机理模型。        研究结果表明,①本土需求是由经济约束、政府规制、技术条件和社会文化条件4个主范畴构成,4个主范畴之间的交互作用创造了异质性需求条件,最终引发本土需求外在表现的独特性。②本土需求的4个主范畴对破坏性技术重构的作用点存在差异。经济约束、政府规制、技术条件和社会文化条件形成的约束条件产生技术结构性破坏,经济约束和政府规制形成的约束条件往往产生技术功能性破坏。③本土需求引发破坏性创新的过程分为破坏性技术重构型路径、价值网络重构型路径、技术衍生价值网络重构型路径、价值网络衍生技术重构型路径。        在理论上,研究结果为探讨不同范畴的本土需求与破坏性创新关系模式提供了理论分析框架,拓展了后发国家破坏性创新得以实现的基础和条件,描绘了后发企业基于本土需求构建破坏性创新的实现路径。在实践上,研究结果为后发国家的企业提供对策建议,使其能够有针对性的认知本土需求对破坏性创新的价值,并为后发国家政策有针对性地构造产业竞争规则提供理论支持。     

排斥性创新：一种适合发展中国家的创新方法

在发展中国家进行本土技术创新和追赶发达国家的过程中,他们自然而然会关注重大的突破性创新(Radical Innovation)方法.但是近来的研究表明,突破性创新的失败率很高,而且它要求公司或国家在培养重大的创新方法时投入大量的时间、金钱,还需要高层领导的持续关注.本文对上述问题进行了指南性的回顾,并且讨论了另一种方法--排斥性创新方法.我们应该关注排斥性创新,因为它更有可能获得成功,特别是对那些新兴的本土企业.它还是一种为发展中国家开发新的、市场能接受的产品/服务的有效方法.排斥性创新之后,公司就可以运用维持性创新(Sustaining Innovation)(渐进的和/或突破性的),为本土市场和国际市场提供高端产品.本文还列举了5个中国的案例来证实在发展中国家进行排斥性创新是可行的.     

Natural law and the "right to die"

Over the last two decades social concerns with the "right to die" have grown beyond the ability of our governmental and judicial institutions to consistently deal with them. One reason for this difficulty has been the unavailability of any legal or judicial standard that is consistent with American conceptions of liberty, morality, and justice. This article attempts to examine the theory of natural law to determine whether it may provide a consistent standard for resolving these difficult questions. As natural law theories are traced through history, they lead directly to the United States where a uniquely American interpretation became one of the foundational principles for our constitution. By applying these theories to the contemporary question of the "right to die," natural law can again provide the foundational principles needed to develop standards for dealing with such questions that are consistent with our historical, philosophical, and political traditions.     

普通法框架下的投资者保护问题研究

以中国儒学的观念为基础,建立数学模型对普通法框架下的投资者保护问题进行了研究,获得了以下结论．首先,有效的小股东保护将导致控股股东持股随时间递减,而且这个结果与是否存在诉讼成本或者成本由谁承担无关．其次,如果诉讼成本不变,有效保护小股东的法律将遵循自我强化的路径演化．如果罚金水平保持不变,有效保护小股东的法律将导致诉讼成本随时间递增．这个结果并不会受到诉讼成本由谁承担的影响．最后,由小股东或者控股股东承担成本将导致诉讼成本随罚金水平递增或者递减．     

Compliance and ethics programs: competitive advantage through the law

This paper aims to address whether deploying compliance and ethics programs will assist US organizations in implementing the internal mechanisms necessary to achieve a competitive advantage from the law. My focus will be on the US legal system, as the corporate compliance and ethics programs examined are based on mitigation provisions contained in the US Federal Sentencing Guidelines. In particular, I propose that organizations can attain a sustainable competitive advantage from the law by considering the following questions: Do compliance and ethics programs assist organizations in achieving a better understanding of the law? Are compliance and ethics programs a cost-effective approach for coping with an organization’s legal issues? Can compliance and ethics programs aid organizations by preventing these legal issues from occurring in the future? Will compliance and ethics programs support organizations in reframing legal issues as business opportunities?     

Occupational stress, rescue workers and English law

This paper shows how two strands of English case law, one establishing liability to compensate for shock suffered by those at the scene of disaster, and the other concerned with physical injury suffered by rescuers, were brought together in the 1960s to provide a remedy for a rescuer suffering from what the law describes as 'nervous shock'. It further traces the development of employers' liability in this context, but finds that the law provides few examples of the contractual duty of employers to protect employees generally against stress that may cause psychological injury. It points out that there is no case law on the liability of employers for stress suffered by rescue workers, whether professional or otherwise. It notes that law reports give little guidance as to the medical evidence judges require to persuade them that nervous shock has been suffered. Finally, it spells out that EC-inspired regulations could now be used to require employers to assess, and take steps to control, stress to which their employees, including rescue workers, are exposed.     

Imposing the Regular Ultra Passum law in DEA models

Recently there has been some discussion in the literature concerning the nature of scale properties in the Data Envelopment Model (DEA). It has been argued that DEA may not be able to provide reliable estimates of the optimal scale size. We argue in this paper that DEA is well suited to estimate optimal scale size, if DEA is augmented with two additional maintained hypotheses which imply that the DEA-frontier is consistent with smooth curves along rays in input and in output space that obey the Regular Ultra Passum (RUP) law, i.e. monotonically decreasing scale elasticities. A necessary condition for a smooth curve passing through all vertices to obey the RUP-law is presented. If this condition is satisfied then upper and lower bounds for the marginal product at each vertex are presented. It is shown that any set of feasible marginal products will correspond to a smooth curve passing through all points with a monotonic decreasing scale elasticity. The proof is constructive in the sense that an estimator of the curve is provided with the desired properties. A typical DEA based return to scale analysis simply reports whether or not a DMU is at the optimal scale based on point estimates of scale efficiency. A contribution of this paper is that we provide a method which allows us to determine in what interval optimal scale is located.     

终极控制股东、法律环境与融资结构选择

采用总债务占总资产比重,银行借款占总资产比重和商业信用占总资产比重度量融资结构,使用中国非金融上市公司截面数据,应用一系列OLS实证检验终极控制股东,法律环境与融资结构选择之间关系.研究发现:商业信用水平不受终极控制股东和法律环境的影响;现金流量权和控制权分离度低的公司具有显著高的总债务水平和银行借款;终极控制股东是国有公司者,其总债务水平和银行借款显著低于终极控制股东是民营等非国有公司者;法律环境好的地区的上市公司具有显著低的总债务水平和银行借款;终极控制股东与融资结构选择之间关系受法律环境的影响.     

Occupational stress,rescue workers and English law

Abstract

This paper shows how two strands of English case law, one establishing liability to compensate for shock suffered by those at the scene of disaster, and the other concerned with physical injury suffered by rescuers, were brought together in the 1960s to provide a remedy for a rescuer suffering from what the law describes as ‘nervous shock’. It further traces the development of employers' liability in this context, but finds that the law provides few examples of the contractual duty of employers to protect employees generally against stress that may cause psychological injury. It points out that there is no case law on the liability of employers for stress suffered by rescue workers, whether professional or otherwise. It notes that law reports give little guidance as to the medical evidence judges require to persuade them that nervous shock has been suffered. Finally, it spells out that EC-inspired regulations could now be used to require employers to assess, and take steps to control, stress to which their employees, including rescue workers, are exposed.     

The abortion issue and Title VII employment discrimination: The microcosm of the law

This paper presents a discussion of a 1989 United States federal appeals court ruling in the case of Doe v. First National Bank. The case is the first ruling on the federal appellate level involving a claim of Title VII employment discrimination based upon alleged employer knowledge of and animus towards an employee who had undergone an abortion. Doe raises the ethical questions of how a highly charged, national social issue can be reduced to interpersonal dealings between a supervisor and her subordinate in the workplace. The facts of the case are presented in a chronological manner, followed by a discussion of both the court rulings in the case and the utility of employing this case as an excellent tool in the teaching of business ethics and society.     

Innovation behavior in the hotel industry

We develop and test a model of innovation behavior in the hotel industry. The model relates four types of innovation—i.e., management, external communication, service scope and back-office—to the key determinants: service provider characteristics, customer competences and the market drivers. Using statistical probit models and cross-sectional survey data from a stratified sample of hotels in the Balearic Islands (N=331) we were able to verify the model including innovation types determinants and the innovation impact on hotels performance. Main findings verify the model indicating the effects of these determinants on innovation and the positive impact of the innovation on the hotels performance. Hence, innovation decisions determinants are: the additional services on offer, that bookings are made through tour operators, that hotels are part of a hotel chain and that the owners of the hotel run the business.