城乡数字阅读现状调查及成因分析

数字阅读开创了一个非纸质的全新阅读媒介,具有信息量存储量大、查找方便、内容丰富、效果形象、便于交流等优点,对丰富城乡居民文化生活,促进知识传播,助力民众终身学习具有重要作用。然而由于城乡经济文化发展及人员结构等方面所存在的差异,使得城乡数字阅读发展出现了巨大的差距,如何解决城乡数字阅读鸿沟,推广数字阅读成为研究热点。本文依据调查细致分析了造成这种差异的原因,将对数字阅读推广实证研究发挥积极的借鉴作用。     

残疾人就业现状与对策分析

残疾人就业工作是社会和谐发展的重要组成部分,关系到社会稳定进步与国家长治久安。我国残疾人就业现状不容乐观,15岁以上的就业比例仅为31%,达到就业年龄并且有就业能力却没有工作的残疾人多达858万左右。原因是残疾人受教育水平低,自身能力素质偏差,残疾人服务机构功能不完善,因此要加强政府引导,加快残疾人服务机构完善建设,提升残疾人自身素质,以促进残疾人就业率。     

促进残疾人就业的税收优惠政策及执行问题研究

有效解决残疾人就业是保护残疾人劳动就业权利、提高其收入水平的根本途径。给予相关市场主体一定的税收优惠,是促进残疾人就业、实现社会和谐稳定的重要政策。当前,促进残疾人就业的税收政策在实践层面还存在政策激励缺乏针对性和导向性、享受优惠政策条件门槛偏高、执法存在差异性、部门之间不协调等问题,需要进一步加以优化和完善。     

民众视角下残疾人是否办残疾人证的社会成因研究

了解阻碍残疾人申领残疾人证的因素对促进残疾人社会服务的可及性具有重要的现实意义。本研究采用小型民族志的研究方法,对26名普通民众进行访谈,了解普通民众对残疾及残疾人证的看法,间接确认残疾人办证率低的社会成因。基于民众观点,本研究认为:(1)年龄和残疾因素通过影响残疾人健康状况进而影响了残疾人证的办证率,形成“封闭一开放”和“被动一自觉”的申领模式。(2)排斥性的社交环境和标签化的社会舆论常常导致残疾人的负面心理,导致残疾人在自我层面和家庭、社区与社会层面遭遇不同形式的歧视,进而降低残疾人证的办证率。(3)不同家庭背景的残疾人,所感知的残疾人证的社会价值不同。(4)地理因素上,显性的不利条件如交通阻隔或隐性的不利条件如信息不对称,对残疾人证办证率低有较大的解释力。实践中须把握残疾人对残疾人证的需求层次,消除与残疾人证有关的社会歧视,以提高残疾人证办证率,进而促进残疾人享受残疾人福利和我国残疾人事业的发展。     

残疾人辅助性就业服务链:结构、风险与治理

残疾人辅助性就业服务是保障就业特困者劳动权利,助其实现美好生活的重要途径.辅助性就业服务初步形成了主体多元、资源聚焦、运转有序并落地于社区的网络链状的"服务链"供给结构.行政组织、市场组织、志愿力量、社会组织、基层社区与服务对象分别构成服务链的主导性、协作性、补充性、集成性、平台性与需求性节点要素.残疾人辅助性就业服务链包含行政、市场与公益三条资源子链,在运作中存在失衡、寻租、法律、道德、区隔、内卷等风险.鉴于此,须采取相应举措进行风险治理,促进服务链的规范效率与整合协同运转,保障辅助性就业服务的高质量供给.     

残疾人就业辅导员的核心工作能力研究

就业辅导员的核心工作能力是其在支持性就业服务中履行工作职责、胜任工作岗位、实现工作目标所应具备的主要能力,是专业知识、技能和态度的集中体现,也是帮助残疾人成功实现就业的关键因素,具有综合性、规范性及可操作性的特征。本文采用工作职责分析法和归纳法等方法,对就业辅导员应具备工作能力的主要内容进行了分析,认为其核心工作能力包括评估能力、分析能力、沟通能力、实践能力和应变能力。针对我国就业辅导员工作能力培养的困境,作者建议从设计职前培养方案、构建在职培训体系、完善工作考核制度及规划职业发展路径四方面着手加强培养,以期为我国就业辅导员队伍的专业化建设提供参考。     

基于柯式模型的残疾人就业培训效果评估

为及时发现现有残疾人就业培训体系的不足,从而在理论上和实践上提供有针对性的对策建议,本文在柯式模型的基础上,将全国范围内参加就业培训或接受就业支持的残疾人作为研究对象,以问卷法和访谈法相结合的方式收集数据,经由专家评价和统计处理后编制出残疾人就业培训效果评估问卷,并进一步探索年龄、婚姻状况、地域和就业形式等显著影响残疾人培训效果的因素.此外,研究还发现就业培训效果与残疾人培训满意度、月收入显著正相关;而除了农业户口种养殖就业形式的残疾人以外,八种就业形式和无就业残疾人的培训满意度与培训效果总均分均存在显著正相关.     

统筹城乡视角下农民工就业问题再思考

针对农民工就业,从统筹城乡的角度出发,分析和研究其就业的现状、制约因素及解决对策。以城乡二元户籍制度改革为突破口,建立可持续的农民工培训制度,完善农民工社会保障机制,改善就业环境,发展农村经济是统筹城乡视角下解决农民工就业问题的主要思路。     

论推进城乡统筹就业的制度保障

城乡统筹就业是建设和谐社会的关键环节,在深入推进的过程中还面临着制度的约束,制约着城乡统筹稳定就业与充分就业的实现,需要以制度突破保障城乡统筹就业的推进。     

Welfare Reform and Its Impact on the Employment Prospects of Individuals with Psychiatric Disabilities

ABSTRACT

Welfare policy in Australia has undergone a marked shift in direction since the election of the Liberal Coalition (Conservative) Government in 1996. This paper examines welfare policy and, in particular, the disability support pension, in the light of the vocational needs of those with psychiatric disabilities who seek to gain employment. Empirical data is presented concerning a case study of 65 clients participating in a vocational program. These participants had all been diagnosed with psychiatric disabilities, and were assisted to obtain open employment. The paper demonstrates that welfare policy, in conjunction with the recently privatized employment services network, not only fails to address the barriers faced by individuals with psychiatric disabilities, but undermines their efforts to gain employment and recover from the illness.     

Direct Threat Issues in the Employment of Persons with Disabilities

Abstract

In the decade since initial implementation of the Americans with Disabilities Act in the United States, many questions have arisen pertaining to the rights of employers and employees in light of the employment of and services that must be provided to persons with disabilities. One of the most controversial aspects of the legislation is the issue of direct threat. This relates to the concern that workers or clients with disabilities may be a threat to others due to their condition. Integral to this fear is the employer's ability to protect persons within the work environment from such a threat, while remaining in compliance with the ADA. This paper considers the issue of direct threat and its pertinence to the social work profession, and provides recommendations for employers and supervisors in the field.     

精神残疾群体的社会保障需求与供给:现状、问题与发展建议

精神残疾人多生活困难,构成社会最为弱势的群体。本文采用实地研究与文献研究的方法,对精神残疾人的社会保障需求与供给进行专门考察。研究发现,精神残疾群体的主要需求包括治疗、基本生活支持、康复、长期照护与监管以及社会参与。对此,我国政府已通过多项社会保障制度安排予以回应,基本满足了精神残疾人的基本生活与治疗需求,但还存在社区康复服务匮乏、替代性照护服务供给不足、就学、就业难等问题。基于以上发现,本文认为精神残疾人的基本生存权虽得到较好保障,但是对其发展权和参与权依然关注不足。原因在于当前精神残疾人社会保障存在三个不平衡:经济保障与服务保障发展的不平衡,医疗服务与社会服务发展的不平衡,以及卫健、民政、残联不同部门能力与投入的不平衡。针对这些问题,笔者对未来政策的完善提出了参考建议。     

韩国残疾人社会服务现状及进展

韩国残疾人总数约为251万,他们既享有普惠性社会保障政策,也享有残疾人特惠性社会保障政策。特惠性社会保障政策由经济支持、医疗支持、教育支持、就业支持和社会服务提供等政策构成。残疾人社会服务宏观层面主要考察服务制度,包括住宅机构、社区康复机构、职业康复机构、凭单制度等,虽然服务制度从20世纪的保护模式中心漸变为自立生活与残疾人为中心模式,但保护模式、社区培训模式和以残疾人为中心模式共存。     

Towards economic participation: examining the impact of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in India

This paper examines the probable impact of India’s ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), particularly in terms of promoting economic participation. The paper presents findings from recent fieldwork, conducted in India at the beginning of 2011. The main aim of the study was to examine some current national-level developments, relevant to disability, and to compare various approaches to promoting economic participation at the grass-roots level, with a view to determining the potential of the CRPD to make a real difference to the everyday lives of disabled people. The paper concludes that the CRPD has already had some impact at the national level. Furthermore, there are signs that some parts of Indian society are becoming more inclusive of disabled people, in the areas where research was carried out, thus increasing the likelihood of greater economic participation for disabled people in the future.     

Knowledge,Tasks and Strategies for Teaching About Persons with Disabilities

Abstract

Persons with disabilities are a distinct and insular minority group within the United States. Given the fact that social workers offer critical social services to this group, it is important for social work programs to offer meaningful curriculum content on persons with disabilities. This article presents key issues that social work educators should find useful for teaching about persons with disabilities. Specifically, a discussion is offered on the disability civil rights movement, the culture of disability, models for defining disability, knowledge areas on disability issues, teaching tasks and strategies for focusing on persons with disabilities.     

Embracing the new disability rights paradigm: the importance of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

In 2008 the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) commenced operation. The CRPD has created a dynamic new disability rights paradigm that empowers disability people’s organizations and creates a new paradigm for disability scholars. This paper analyses the impact of the CRPD and provides practical guidance as to how this convention can be used to drive change. Prior to this convention, persons with disabilities were protected by a range of general human rights conventions. Despite receiving nominal protection under general human rights conventions, persons with disabilities have had many of their human rights denied to them. The CRPD goes further than merely re-stating rights. It creates a new rights discourse, empowers civil society and renders human rights more obtainable for person with disabilities than any time in history.     

An Overview of and Comments on the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Abstract

The authors overview the key components of the ADA in this article. A discussion is offered on why and how persons with disabilities are discriminated against. Critical United States Supreme Court decisions are presented; these decisions have greatly limited the power of the ADA in protecting the rights of persons with disabilities. Even though the United States Supreme Court has narrowed the impact of the ADA in American life, a number of Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) cases are presented suggesting this federal agency is attempting to protect persons with disabilities against discrimination. Finally, the authors deal with the topic of advocacy; advocacy may well be one of the most effective tools to help insure that the rights of people with disabilities are protected.     

Information Technology, Gender Segmentation and the Relocation of Back Office Employment: The Growth of the Teleservices Sector in Ireland

The movement of routine back office activities from the central business districts of metropolitan regions in advanced economies to remote locations is leading to a distinctive global division of labour in office employment. While facilitated by the development of information and communication technologies, this process of relocation is primarily driven by the desire to reduce operating costs, mainly by moving to sources of cheap female workers. This reflects a classic gender segmentation process in patriarchal societies whereby back office work is mainly done by women and, accordingly, involves relatively low levels of remuneration. This provides direct parallels with the offshoring of routine manufacturing work associated with the new international division of labour. Ireland has been to the forefront in acting as a host for internationally-mobile routine office work, initially involving mainly data processing and, more recently, teleservices. As elsewhere, teleservices employment in Ireland is characterized by a combination of female predominance, low pay, difficult working conditions and high turnover rates. However, the Irish teleservices sector is unusual in its foreign language requirement, the high education levels of workers and its concentration in a prosperous metropolitan location. The resultant labour shortages, combined with growing use of Internet-based business-to-consumer transactions, are likely to place the sustainability of the sector under increasing pressure. Plans to upgrade the types of back office functions being located in Ireland may pose further challenges for women workers due to male dominance of the higher-level jobs involved.     

韩国青少年校园暴力情况及相关政策

近年来,韩国校园暴力问题凸显,在家庭、学校及社会诸多方面因素的影响下,校园暴力事件呈现出逐年上升的趋势,对青少年身心健康及社会和谐发展造成了极其恶劣的影响。目前,韩国校园暴力的产生呈现出受害青少年心理创伤问题严重、小学高年级校园暴力的发生率极高及校园暴力类型多样化三大特点。为了预防及根治校园暴力,韩国历届政府相继制订并颁布了专项法律条例及各类应对举措。2014年,朴槿惠政府宣布实施"以学校现场为中心"校园暴力应对政策,主要内容包括在校园内开展丰富多样的校园暴力预防活动,根据暴力类型、发生地域以及学生年级的不同而推行有针对性的应对策略等。