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1.
Alan Fowler 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2012,23(1):5-25
International comparative research on civil society has subordinated Africa’s diversity and specificities to other geographies
and histories. Results are prejudiced global conceptualisations, questionable enumeration, problematic theory formulation
and ill-conceived approaches to development initiatives intended to make African civil society ‘stronger’ and states more
democratic. This article sets out a case for an endogenous approach to civil society enquiry as a political category sensitive
to the continent’s particularisms. In order to locate discussion about meanings, measures and measuring, a conceptual framework
for research is described which avoids conflation with other epistemologies. Such a contribution will assist in sharpening
thinking and discussion about the boundary characteristics of what is to be investigated. 相似文献
2.
Why have Coloureds in South Africa—people of mixed racialdescent—voiced less opposition to white minority rulethan have black Africans? A theoretical analysis suggests thatColoureds feel both "relatively deprived" in comparison withwhites and "relatively gratified" in comparison with Africans,that they believe they may eventually be accepted by whites,and that individually they have difficulty identifying withthe broader Coloured community; in short, seemingly ideal conditionsfor the emergence of a "Coloured Bourgeoisie" rather than a"Coloured Power" ideology. 相似文献
3.
The first four years of P.W. Botha's premiership in apartheid South Africa were plagued by intra‐party politicking, renewed anti‐apartheid resistance, economic instability, and Satan. Between 1978 and 1982, the heavy political rhetoric of “total onslaught” inflected perceived “moral onslaught” in a virulent moral panic over Satanism in white, and particularly Afrikaner, South Africa. With attention to its discursive and socio‐political context, this paper seeks to explore the emergence of this distinct satanic moral panic in white South African history, arguing that it reflects the intense political and moral ambiguity of white society as the edifices of apartheid began to fracture. 相似文献
4.
Rainald Borck 《Social Choice and Welfare》2009,32(3):439-454
This paper analyzes voting on a linear income tax whose proceeds are redistributed lump sum to the taxpayers. Individuals
can evade taxes, which leads to penalties if evasion is detected. Since preferences satisfy neither single peakedness nor
single crossing, a voting equilibrium may not exist. When an equilibrium does exist, there are several possible outcomes.
There may be ‘conventional’ equilibria where the rich are expropriated by the poor and middle class. There may be equilibria
without full expropriation where redistribution is limited by the threat of evasion. Finally, there may be equilibria where
redistribution goes from the middle class to the rich and poor. 相似文献
5.
Based on the problems of Global Education Assistance to Africa (GEAA), and combined with China’s rationale and practice of
Education Assistance to Africa, this paper proposes a vision and assumption to improve the GEAA, that is, using the assistance
rationale of ‘Africa-based’, ‘equal-relationship’, and ‘mutual-benefits’, through ‘multi-stakeholders cooperation’, ‘multi-modes
operation’, and ‘multi-goals achievement’ to build one ‘harmonious world’. 相似文献
6.
Hyejin Choi 《Transition Studies Review》2009,16(2):450-461
This paper explores an explanation which elaborates how individuals effectively enact and sustain trust in the sphere of social
economy and the capability. I discuss how value employed by actors and the strategies and power relation in the socio-economic
value sphere and focus on the function of ‘trust’ as the key mechanism of the interaction. This paper examine South Korean
consumer cooperative Hansalim as a case of social economy which successfully institutionalize their system in competitive
economic market arena.
相似文献
7.
Duncan C. Campbell 《Journal of Labor Research》1986,7(1):1-18
Some have argued that U.S. firms should disinvest from South Africa as a means of putting pressure on the South African government
to end apartheid. This argument, however, may ignore a dynamic of change in South Africa in which U.S. firms have played and
are playing a large role: South African industrial relations have undergone significant evolution since 1979, the year in
which major changes were introduced in that country’s labor legislation. Partly a result of these changes, black trade union
membership has increased by 800 percent since 1979. By virtue of its unique exposure to varied constituencies, the multinational
subsidiary in both home and host countries can be viewed as an agent of sociopolitical change in South Africa.
The author wishes to thank Professors Herbert R. Northrup and Richard L. Rowan for helpful discussion. 相似文献
8.
Gary Dean Jaworski 《The American Sociologist》1990,21(3):209-216
Within the context of a discussion of Robert K. Merton’s ideas on leadership in postwar America, the article examines the
nature and impact of Merton’s “sociological parables.” This term refers to short tales from social life from which sociological
lessons with moral implications can be drawn. These parables, such as the bank insolvency story told in “The Self-Fulfilling
Prophecy,” illustrate the manner in which Merton merged moral and sociological messages in his writings. Suggestions are made
along the lines that these parables, or at least the moral messages they contain, contributed to Merton’s postwar fame.
His most recent publications are “Simmel’s Contribution to Parsons’ Action Theory and Its Fate,” in Michael Kaern, ed.Georg Simmel and Contempory Sociology (Kluwer, 1990); and “Robert K. Merton’s Extension of Simmel’sUbersehbar” inSociological Theory, Spring 1990. 相似文献
9.
Alasdair Marshall Richard Telofski Udechukwu Ojiako Maxwell Chipulu 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2012,23(2):371-391
The purpose of this article is to develop a theory which frames the demands of civil society in such a way as to better enable
corporate subjects to manage and navigate ‘irregular’ engagement from activist organizations. Activist NGOs engage in advocacy
at times by mounting, facilitating or encouraging popular social campaigns and actions against targeted corporations. In many
cases, radical ‘direct action’ tactics are adopted, taking such approaches, NGOs may capitalise on the broader, more ethically
diverse strategic possibilities open to them than are available to their corporate adversaries. We employ institutional theory
to map out this asymmetric distribution of strategic possibility. We theorise NGOs and corporate subjects as effectively ‘competing’
with one another to maximise their own strategic possibilities and to minimise those of their opponents, in the perennial
battle for hearts and minds that plays out between NGOs, corporate subjects, and broader civil society actors who ultimately
determine boundary rules for NGO-corporate conflict. Within this context we explore the normative challenge arising from the
possibility that corporate subjects might seek to tip the competitive balance by learning from how the military has adapted
to successfully engage with ‘irregular’ adversaries through what is often termed ‘asymmetric’ or ‘irregular’ warfare. Should
corporations follow a similar adaptive process, by mirroring the ‘irregular’ strategies of activist groups? Drawing evidence
from the military experience, we suggest—perhaps counter intuitively—that such adaptations can create new opportunities for
conflict resolution and for building sustainable cooperation between former adversaries. 相似文献
10.
Joanne Lloyd Helen Doll Keith Hawton William H. Dutton John R. Geddes Guy M. Goodwin Robert D. Rogers 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2010,26(3):387-399
In order to learn about the behaviours and health experiences of people who gamble on the Internet, we conducted an international
online survey with respondents recruited via gambling and gambling-related websites. The mean (SD) age of the 4,125 respondents
completing the survey was 35.5 (11.8) years, with 79.1% being male and 68.8% UK residents. Respondents provided demographic
details and completed validated psychometric screening instruments for problem gambling, mood disturbances, as well as alcohol
and substance misuse, and history of deliberate self harm. We applied latent class analysis to respondents’ patterns of regular
online gambling activities, and identified subgroups of individuals who used the Internet to gamble in different ways (L
2 = 44.27, bootstrap P = 0.07). We termed the characteristic profiles as ‘non-to-minimal gamblers’; ‘sports bettors’; ‘casino & sports gamblers’;
‘lottery players’; and ‘multi-activity gamblers’. Furthermore, these subgroups of respondents differed on other demographic
and psychological dimensions, with significant inter-cluster differences in proportion of individuals scoring above threshold
for problem gambling, mood disorders and substance misuse, and history of deliberate self harm (all Χ
2s > 23.4, all P-values <0.001). The ‘casino & sports’ and ‘multi-activity-gamblers’ clusters had the highest prevalence of mental disorder.
Internet gamblers appear to be heterogeneous but composed of several subgroups, differing markedly on both demographic and
clinical characteristics. 相似文献
11.
Kathleen D. McCarthy 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1995,6(3):292-316
This article traces the history of Ford's involvement in population work in South Asia from the 1950s to the mid-1980s. The
primary focus is on the transition from large-scale technical assistance programmes rooted in government and academe, to work
with grass-roots women's groups and community-based non-governmental organisations (NGOs). In the process, the Foundation
also moved from quantitative efforts designed primarily to distribute contraceptives, to a more holistic approach focusing
on maternal and child health. The article concludes by relating these trends to a larger shift from a belief in the power
of ‘disinterested expertise’ and university-based policymaking that marked the efforts of the major American foundations since
the Progressive era, to a new emphasis on ‘self-interested expertise’ and grass-roots social activist and development NGOs
that emerged in the 1970s. Changing development paradigms, political trends and a growing disillusionment with large-scale
technical assistance all contributed to this transition. 相似文献
12.
This paper responds to the ‘soft paternalist’ argument that the findings of behavioural economics make traditional objections
to paternalism incoherent. We show that there is a normatively significant sense in which, even if individuals lack coherent
preferences, competitive markets are efficient in providing them with opportunities to get what they want. Extending earlier
analysis by Sugden, we model a multi-period ‘storage economy’ and explore the implications of dynamically inconsistent preferences.
We show that, despite apparent conflicts of judgement between an individual’s ‘selves’, competitive markets provide maximal
opportunity, and that they do so by facilitating voluntary exchanges between selves. 相似文献
13.
Lowell Bruce Anderson Helena Dandurova James E. Falk Lana Yeganova 《Social Choice and Welfare》2009,32(3):355-365
There are many situations wherein a group of individuals (e.g., voters, experts, sports writers) must produce an ordered list
of ‘best’ alternatives selected from a given group of alternatives (e.g., candidates, proposals, sports teams). Two long established
mechanisms that have been used for this task are ‘Zermelo’s Ranking Method’ (1929) and ‘Borda’s Voting Scheme’ (1781). The
main purpose of this paper is to point out that they are, under certain common circumstances, identical. We then show that
Zermelo’s Method can be used in situations that Borda’s Method is not designed to handle. 相似文献
14.
Geometric models of consistent judgement aggregation 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Marcus Pivato 《Social Choice and Welfare》2009,33(4):559-574
Given a set of propositions with unknown truth values, a ‘judgement aggregation function’ is a way to aggregate the personal
truth-valuations of a group of voters into some ‘collective’ truth valuation. We introduce the class of ‘quasimajoritarian’
judgement aggregation functions, which includes majority vote, but also includes some functions which use different voting
schemes to decide the truth of different propositions. We show that if the profile of individual beliefs satisfies a condition
called ‘value restriction’, then the output of any quasimajoritarian function is logically consistent; this directly generalizes
the recent work of Dietrich and List (Majority voting on restricted domains. Presented at SCW08; see , 2007b). We then provide two sufficient conditions for value-restriction, defined geometrically in terms of a lattice ordering
or a metric structure on the set of individuals and propositions. Finally, we introduce another sufficient condition for consistent
majoritarian judgement aggregation, called ‘convexity’. We show that convexity is not logically related to value-restriction. 相似文献
15.
For decades Durkheim’s theory of suicide has been tested and found wanting. Yet, rather than being consigned to the dust-bin
of history, it lives on and is pointed to as an exemplar of the powers of sociological theory and research. If this rationalizing
and/or dismissal of so many falsifications of the theory were an isolated phenomenon, it might be evidence of some lemming-like
propensity for suicide or a disciplinary death-wish, among a few sociologists. But it appears to be a much more widespread
and common occurrence. In this paper we explore some possible explanations of this ‘falsification denial’—‘The Social Misconstruction
of Reality’ (Hamilton 1996), ‘When Prophecy Fails’ (Festinger et al. 1956), ‘Underdetermination’ (Duhem 1954; Quine Journal of Philosophy 67:178–183, 1970, Erkenntnis 9:313–328, 1975; Lakatos 1970), and ‘Boundary Maintenance’ (Erikson 1966), and we outline some of the more important and pernicious consequences of this falsification denial for the discipline and
future of sociology. 相似文献
16.
Keith Doubt 《The American Sociologist》1989,20(3):252-262
A short story titled “‘Color Trouble’” by Harold Garfinkel was published inOpportunity in 1940,The Best Short Stories 1941, andPrimer for White Folks in 1945. Garfinkel wrote this short story before World War II while a research fellow at the University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill under Howard W. Odum, the founder ofSocial Forces “‘Color Trouble’” narrates poignantly the racial victimization of a young black woman traveling on a public bus through the
State of Virginia. The short story provides sociologists with a different medium through which to examine the seminal interests
of ethnomethodology’s founder. In a literary form, the short story depicts such ethnomethodological concepts as the breaching
experiment, the “et cetera clause,” “ad hocing,” and the status degradation ceremony. Garfinkel’s “‘Color Trouble’” also suggests
the way in which ethnomethodology overlaps with, as well as diverges from, Erving Goffman’s dramaturgical perspective.
He received his doctoral degree from the graduate program in sociology at York University, Toronto, Ontario. His article “Autonomy
and Responsibility in Social Theory” will appear inCurrent Perspectives in Social Theory, Volume 10. 相似文献
17.
Giuliana Urso 《Transition Studies Review》2009,16(3):779-790
The article proposes an interview with Mr. M. Baldwin Edwards—director of the Mediterranean migration observatory (MMO) based
in Athens—made in January 2007. Interview object was the analysis of the way Greece faced the Albanian migration flow in the
90s. Critically he points out the actors, the strategies, the historical and sociological reasons of this response. The protection
of human rights and the role of the European Union are also pointed out. The overall picture gives the impression of a Greek
answer that makes a confusion between a ‘border policy’ and a ‘migration policy’ leading to a (more or less conscious) ‘non
immigration policy’. 相似文献
18.
Bjarne Ibsen 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1996,7(2):160-176
This article analyses the changes in the voluntary sector in Denmark at the local level, and compares associations in the
‘cultural field’ with those in the ‘social field’. The analyses, which are primarily based on research conducted in 1993,
show that the voluntary sector changed significantly during the 1980s and the 1990s. First, over a third of the associations
were established after 1979, and this has resulted in changes in the overall composition of the sector. Traditional value-oriented
associations and associations that work for others have declined in relative terms, while narrow-interest associations that
work for the members themselves are increasing. Second, the number of associations that are based and operate in a clearly-defined
local area has declined. Third, despite professionalisation in some types of associations, more people than ever before are
engaged in voluntary work in associations. Fourth, while public subsidies to the voluntary associations have increased, this
has not changed the fundamental ‘political autonomy’ of the associations. Fifth, even though there are great differences in
the political context of which the ‘cultural field’ associations and ‘social field’ associations are part, the associations
in the two fields have many common features. 相似文献
19.
Adalbert Evers 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1995,6(2):159-182
This article presents a conceptional framework which analyses the third sector as a part of a mixed welfare system, otherwise
made up of the market, the state and the informal private household spheres. From this perspective, the third sector appears
as a dimension of the public space in civil societies: an intermediate area rather than a clear-cut sector. Third sector organisations
are understood as polyvalent organisations whose social and political roles can be as important as their economic ones; they
are portrayed as hybrids, intermeshing resources and rationales from different sectors. In present policies of ‘welfare pluralism’
the emphasis is consequently more on ‘synergetic’ mixes of resources and rationales than on mere issues of substitution processes
between different sectors of provision. The last section discusses the potential distinguishing features of such policies
with respect to ‘pluralist’ approaches which try to safeguard the conventional hierarchies in a mixed economy of welfare.
This paper draws in part on the author's introduction to Evers and Svetlik (1993). 相似文献
20.
Simon John G. 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1995,6(3):243-254
The American Tax Reform Act of 1969 represented a major watershed in the law of philanthropy, introducing a new classification
scheme —one that sharply distinguished between ‘private foundations’ and other charitable organisations- and, for the private
foundation category, a new regulatory system, new regulatory sanctions, a new tax on investment income and new restricitons
on the deductibility of property gifts. After briefly tracing the origins of this legislation, the paper sets forth five norms
that should characterise the legislative process, and proceeds to explore, albeit in abbreviated fashion, the extent to which
each of these norms was respected by the Congress in 1969. The paper then turns from an examination of regulatory principles
to a consideration of regulatoryimpacts, dealing with several ways in which the 1969 Act appears to have caused diversion of resources, including: diversion of charitable
giving from foundations to non-foundation charities (with consequences for the ‘birthrate’ of foundations); diversion of resources
from charitable to non-charitable uses; diversion of funds from charitable channels to the US Treasury; and a diversion of
resources from certain grantees to others. The mitigating effects of recent forms of deregulation are described, followed
by the suggestion that more deregulation is desirable, in order to sustain the health and strength of America's private foundation
sector.
This paper has its origins in a talk (never published) that was given at a conference entitledTwenty Years Under the 1969 Act: Private Foundations 1969–1989, held on 2 May 1989 at the Association of the Bar of the City of New York. 相似文献