The 20th Century Realism and Symbolism

According to Prof. David Carrol, two major tendencies in 20th centuryliterature are realism and symbolism. Here some of their characteristics willbe mentioned and differencies between the two pointed out. In the 20thcentury, these tendences are in conflict. Some writers are realistic, some writersare symbolic, some writers combine both. As language interpenetrates, absolutedivisions are not possible. Thus there is a constant struggle between these twotendencies. Realism tries to gain control over the objective and symbolism thesubjective.     

A Brief Survey on the Themes of Mark Twain′s Works

While I was studying some of Mark Twain's representative short stories and novels I got deep inclination to follow the general themes which he chose to develop his own subjects in his literary works. In generalizing his major themes I can not avoid the overlap of one theme and another. But simply for the convenience of understanding his wide range of literary themes I'dlike to divide them largely into five categories. Mark Twain is the major novelist of the era of realism along with James and Howells.Earlier writers as Hawthorne and Melville of the era of American Renaissance in New England had turened towards the world of nature and had emphasized the abstract universality of their themes. But the realists were determined to write novels, standing firm-     

Two Different Responses to an Absurd World

Joseph Heller and Kurt Vonnegut Jr. are contemporary American writers. As seen from Catck-22 and Slaughterhouse Five, they share a belief that their world is disjointed and purposeless. Their age is an age of distress and absurdity, in which nothing and none, not even God can make sense of the human condition. But at the same time, it is obvious that they differ from each other in their responses to such a world.     

Similar Faults Different Endings--A Comparison between the Origins of Tess’s and Hester’s Tragedy

Hester Prynne and Tess Durbeyfield were two eminent female figures in the world by Thomas Hardy and Nathaniel Hawthone.Although the two female leading characters were in different time and place,their tragic experiences were almost the same.However,they were separated in the end.From the comparison of their personalities and the social situation they involved in,we would try to explore the origins of their similarity and ending by this article with the aim of alerting the world.     

A Study on the Chinese Students’ Acquisition of Collocational Knowledge

In China the acquisition of collocations is considered as one of the most difficult points for the Chinese students in their foreign language learning. So far there are few empirical studies involving the Chinese students‘acquisition of collocational knowledge. The author of the present thesis attempts to examine the acquisition of collocational knowledge in the Chinese students from the productive aspect by investigating the acquisition of collocations in the students at three proficiency levels : elementary, intermediate and advanced. The present study aims at finding out whether there are any proficiency-related differences in the acquisition of collocations, and which collocation types are acquired in the early stage of foreign language learning and which are acquired in the later stage. Altogether 110 students have participated in this study. The results have shown that there are indeed proficiency - related differences in the acquisition of collocations and that there are specific types of collocation that are acquired in the early stages of language learning, and some types are acquired in the later stages of language learning.     

The Collision and Coexistence between Chinese and American Cultures——The Collision and Coexistence between Two Generations in The Joy Luck Club

In many Chinese and American works,the differences of backgrounds,such as culture,customs and so on occupy a large part,through which readers can see the collision as well as coexistence between the two cultures.The Joy Luck Club has no exception.In this work,the communication under different cultural backgrounds between the generations generates a lot of collision,but they get coexistence in the end.In this paper,the author will analyze the continuous collision and the final coexistence of the four pairs of mothers and daughters,so that readers can learn more about the differences between Chinese and American cultures.     

On the Notion of“The Humaneness that Unifies the universe” of GENG Dingxiang

As the representative in the scholars of Yang-Ming,GENG Dingxiang made a modification and advance of WANG Yangming's theory.To GENG Dingxiang,the Spread-out of conscience was a uncontrollable process.This awakening of human being was a result of “The Humaneness that Unifies the universe”.To realize this ideal,GENG Dingxiang inverted an academic system of Three-pass and Four-evidence(三关四证).Based on this spirit,GENG Dingxiang had criticized the theories of Buddhism and Taoism and vulgar scholars.     

An Experimental Investigation on Hydrostatic Extrusion of Tubes

Through qualitative and quantitative analysis of the specimens hydroextruded, we explore the effecis of the technology parameters on the rules of the metal-flow deformation. Visioplasticity method is applied to numerical analysis of tubes(or rods). Based on the results of numerical analysis, it is noticed that there is considerable tensile strain in the inner wall of the billet near the inner side of the outlet of the die. The place and the form of fractures are discussed. In analysing some groups of specimens with variable parameters, different materials and different heat-treatment techniques are used. It should be pointed out here that rules of axisymmetric laminal flow of metallic billets hydroextruded are dependent upon the material and mechanical boundary conditions. Such flow rules have influenced not only the stress fields of the deformation zone of billet, but also the distribution of residual stresses of the tube. The optimization of the parameters is also discussed.     

Gulliver''''s Travels and Tang-ao''''s Travels——A Comparison Study on their Similarities

Jonathan Swift is known to students of literature as one of thegreatest satiric writers.Gulliver's Travels is his most ambitious literarywork.In the nineteenth century Chinese literature,there is also a satiricnovel called Tang-ao's Travels by Li yu-zhen in the Qing Dynasty,the lastfeudal society in China.Although Tang-ao's Travels appears one centurylater and is less famous than Gulliver's Travels the two books resemble     

How to exert the student-center approach in middle school English teaching

In order to train a student to be a person with ability,who can self-study,use knowledge flexibly and bring firth new ideas constantly,the constant development of society demands a full exertion of student-center approach in the process of education.Therefore,how to exert the student-center approach is a question that every teacher is facing.I think that we can exert the student-center approach from the following aspects.One,a teacher must change his teaching conception.He should know that it's the students who are the main body of teaching and the teacher can act as a guider.The other,by all means,we ought to make the students know the purpose of their study and the function of themselves in learning.We also ought to culture their interest in learning,inspire and strengthen their main body consciousness.the teacher should,on the basis of full understanding his students and textbook,exert the leading function of himself.In the course of teaching,the teacher can exert the advantage of advanced teaching method,such as situational language teaching,and advanced teaching instrument,such as multimedia,which will inspire the students' interest and conscious activities.We can train the students' imagining ability through encouragement 、guiding and extracurricular activities.We can improve the students' ability of self-study.Thus,the students' main body function will reach a better exertion and the effect of teaching will be improved.This will train the students to suit the need of society.     

THE STRUCTURES OF 3-DIMENSIONAL MODELS OF THE 120-CELL & THE 600—CELL

The classic《Geometry and the Imagination》by D.Hilbert and S.Cohn-Vossen mentioned 4—dimensional space 120—cell and 600—cell.They are themost complicated two of the regular polytopes in 4—dimensional space.andthey are a pair of conjugate regular polytopes.Their vertex number,edgenumber,face number and 3—dimensional cell number are respectively 600,1200,720,120 and 120,720,1200,600.Owing to people's limited imagina- tion,it is difficult for people to make the 4—dimensional models.So,up tonow.people fail to watch their complete images.     

Towards an Integration of the Behaviorist,the Cognitivist and the Interactionist Models in SLA in China

Introduction English Language teaching as a profession has enjoyed a long history.And ever since itsinitiation,people have investigated different models in language acquisition/learning andteaching,although only in recent years has attention been paid to the studies of SLA.In theChinese setting,research in foreign language teaching(TEFL)has been made in the fashionof the theories of first language acguisition or SLA,for it is believed that the contributions tostudies of the input provided by mothers(i.e motherese) in L1 acquisition and teachers inter-locuters in SLA are necessarily important for understanding the direction that TEEL researchhas followed,as they have provided both a methodololgy for investigating input and the re-search questions.The behaviorist,the cognitivist and the interactionist approaches have putforward different models in interpreting L1 acquisition and SLA,which obviously have theirown merits and demerits,depending on the level at which they are employed and the purposethey are     

英文摘要

On the Path of Social Workers＇ Intervention in the Elderly Health Management in Communities
Abstract： The elderly health management in communities involves health assessment, classification and treatment. In the assessment stage of elderly health management, social workers play the role of managers and professionals of resource mobilization; in the stage of classification, social workers act as instructors and supporters; in the stage of treatment, social workers function as providers of services and advocates of policies. The paper holds that government should play a leading role in the process of elderly health management, strengthening the construction of social work human resources and broadening social workers＇ intervention in the elderly health management.     

On Cultural Background Information and English Teaching of Extensive Reading

The collar stodents majoring in English, after siryeal'S, l~ng of irish in their coddle school, have~ qUite a lot EMsh words and expreS8ionS andfnastetal the basic grammatical niles in the languid,which makes effective bang pesilile. Thus, in PlaCticalteaChing,a teaCher Of Extensive Reading should focus onfOStering his students' langUage competence, wideningtheir kno~ Of the langUage, their ~lug of culthalinformation and hapwhng their eding skills, instead ofexPAnning WOlds and expmeio…     

汉语谚语语义性质及其关系研究

As the oldest and most frequently used conventional expressions,Chinese proverbs usually represent the way of thinking of the Chinese people.Metaphors,one typical type of Chinese proverbs,try to establish a relation of equality between two relatively dissimilar entities, such as time and money.The ability to understand and to use figurative language is related to one's social competence and professional achievement.In order to reveal the mechanism of proverb processing,the current study takes a close look at the nature of semantic properties and their inter-relationships in Chinese proverbs.522 Chinese sentential proverbs(the two clauses of the proverb are of the same syntax,e.g.,“人活脸,树活皮”)were presented to 360 university students.They were asked to rate the familiarity(1 for least familiar, 7 for most familiar), predictability(1 for least predictable, 7 for most predictable),agreement(1 for least matched between the two clauses,7 for most matched between the two clauses),degree of being understandable(1 for least understandable,7 for most understandable),and imaginability(1 for least imaginable,7 for most imaginable)based on a 7-point Likert Scale,as well as age of acquisition(AOA).Correlation and regression analysis were conducted based on these ratings. The results show a significant positive correlation between familiarity and each of the rest semantic properties,which are consistent with the findings of the previous work.A significant negative correlation between age of acquisition and each of the rest semantic properties is also observed in the current study.However,no significant correlation is found between familiarity and degree of being understandable,which might be due to the low rating of familiarity and the wide dispersity.In order to further reveal the inter-relationships of semantic properties, hierarchical regression analyses are carried out and show that familiarity,imaginabiltity,agreement,and age of acquisition significantly predict the degree of being understandable,while familiarity and age of acquisition significantly predict the predictability of proverbs. Our results demonstrate that familiarity and age of acquisition are two important factors which influence our understanding of Chinese proverbs. In addition, the semantic consistency between two clauses of a Chinese sentential proverb and degree of imagination also play an important role in understanding idiomatic strings.Imaginability is related to the theory of″Dual Coding,″which argues that visual and verbal information are processed differently and along distinct channels in the human mind, creating separate representations for information processed in each channel.The mental codes corresponding to these representations are used to organize incoming information that can be acted upon,stored,and retrieved for subsequent use.Both visual and verbal codes can be used when recalling information.The ability to code a stimulus in two different ways increases the chance of remembering that item compared to if the stimulus is only coded one way.Our results suggest that the processing of a Chinese proverb partially relies on the accessibility to visual code of a proverb which is primarily affected by culture. Therefore, Chinese culture could influence the understanding of Chinese proverbs. Specifically,in the creating process,a number of concrete concepts are used to express the abstract inter-relationships through their similarity,e.g.,the relationship between a person(人)and his/her reputation(脸)is similar to that between a tree(树)and its bark(皮).In other words,the reputation of a person is as important as the bark of a tree.In order to successfully understand the Chinese proverbs,it is important to learn about the deeper meanings of″face″and″reputation″in Chinese culture.That explains why the comprehension of a proverb is significantly associated with one's culture understanding.Based on the current study,more studies should be conducted with a focus on the understanding process of proverbs,which will help reveal the mental mechanism of Chinese and preserving Chinese culture.     

A Tcntative Study of Sexism in English

Historically, women have becn considered to be inferior to men. They have discriminated in one way or another. This unequal sexist phenomenon is reflected in language, too. Rccently, thcre has becn a noticeablc increase in the numberof articles and books on the subject of Language and Sexism. We have noticed sexism exists in language and women have a language of their own, which is different from and inferior to the language of men in socicty, This paper attempts to discuss such kind of inequality in English language.     

Conents

Zhai Yongming, the herald of feminine poem writing in Mainland China, cheering for her consciousness of dark, blazed a trail for the poems of confessional style, which could be described as crazy and unscrupulous. Later, this style was transformed into a style of drama in which one can find intercourses and dialogues. The two different poetic styles imply two specific paradigms for the history of Chinese contemporary poems. The author adheres to the method called ＂the few is the numerous＂, with which she exposes many different aspects of life. Her works, mosf of which are both reserved and uncommunicative, and tempt the audience to thinking deeply of them. For these reasons, she can be recognized as one of the poets with both inner powers to write and outstanding profundity.     

Abstracts of Major Articles

Current Situation of Health Personnel in Community Health Care Center in Fujian Province and Suggestions for Their Development
Ruo-yan, LI Yue-ping （1. Department of Health Care Management and Social Medicine in Public Health School Medical University, Fuzhou 350108 ;2. Centre for Health Policy Research, Fuzhou 350108, of Fuj ian China）
Abstract： The paper investigates the current situation of health personnel in the centers for community health care in Fujian Province, and analyzes such existing problems as the number of personnel, the struc ture of their academic disciplines, the level of their educational bac while, some policy recommendations have been made for improving kg th round and job title structure. Mean e quality of the healthcare personnel, such as providing adequate healthcare workers and work-place oriented training, stepping up staff training and satisfying requirements of the workers.     

A Review of American Academic Research on Chinese Cities in the Twentieth Century

In the perspective of urbanization and city modernization, the study of American academic research on Chinese cities in the 20th century shows that much was done about Chinese cities before 1949 but scarce about ur- banization in the same period. Research related to Chinese cities （including urbanization and city modernization） during 1949--1978 was far from adequate, but most research work was done about city development in China after 1978. Academically American researchers have a broad vision, but practically their findings are rather unsatisfacto- ry and regretful although many of their opinions are “applicable” to Chinese realities.