独立定价还是共同定价:新支付工具的定价策略

基于新支付工具发展初期市场特征构建双边市场定价模型,分析共同定价和独立定价策略下企业利润和社会福利最大化新支付工具定价。研究显示：政府较企业对新支付工具制定更低价格水平促使用户支付选择转移,特别是在共同定价策略下会有效提升市场效率,达到社会福利最大;但若政府无法做到共同定价,特别在新支付工具成本优势不明显时,会使支付工具间存在过度补贴而降低社会福利,这时企业利润最大化定价为次优选择。     

双边市场中用户满意度与平台战略的选择

目前,有关双边市场理论的研究多在单期博弈模型中展开,并未在多期的情况下考虑平台的动态定价问题.显然,这与两边用户总是在平台中展开多次交易,平台总是面临动态定价的客观现实相违背.基于此,本文构建了一个双寡头两期动态博弈模型,通过引入用户满意度,研究了双边平台在不同定价策略(统一定价策略和歧视定价策略)和不同战略(短期战略和长期战略)情形下的最优定价,比较了策略间和战略间的差异性和有效性.研究发现: 第一期获得较大市场份额并不能保证平台在第二期竞争中占据优势地位,也不能保证获得较高重复购买率;歧视定价策略比统一定价策略更有利于平台获得较高利润,而不利于两边用户效用和社会福利水平的提升;(歧视定价策略,歧视定价策略)是帕累托上策均衡解;两期社会福利总水平仅仅与平台的定价策略有关,而与平台的战略无关.     

具有双边市场特征的产业中厂商定价策略研究

具有双边市场特征的产业不仅涵盖了传统产业,如房产中介,而且还包括新兴产业,如电子支付产业.以一类具有双边市场特征的企业为研究对象,它提供的产品不能被消费者独立消费,必须寄生于商品交易中.通过两阶段模型对平台企业的间接定价策略展开研究,研究表明:在双边市场同时具有初始规模优势,并且在双边市场同时具有较高品牌价值评价的平台企业将设定更加倾斜的价格结构(交换费),并且通过这种倾斜价格结构的强化机制削弱竞争对手.但是,当双边市场的交叉网络外部性比较弱的时候,弱势平台企业可以不断提高双边市场用户的价值评价来获得更多的市场.     

组内网络外部性对双边市场定价的影响分析

将组内网络效应引入双边市场定价模型中,研究组内网络效应和组间网络效应共同作用下的双边市场定价策略问题,突出分析组内网络效应对双边平台企业定价策略的影响;建立两阶段的定价博弈模型,得到组内网络效应和组间网络效应共同作用下的双边市场竞争价格均衡。研究结果表明,组内网络外部性强度对消费者价格和厂商价格的影响取决于双边用户接入平台后的市场结构,即在双边用户单平台接入市场结构和厂商多平台接入的竞争性瓶颈结构下,组内网络外部性对双边市场定价的影响是不相同的;在这两种市场结构下,双边平台竞争获得的利润水平与组内网络外部性成正比,与组间网络外部性成反比。同时,双边用户的价格在单平台接入和多平台接入的市场结构下的大小关系取决于厂商组内网络外部性的强度。     

双边市场中在线音乐平台的定价策略选择

正一方面,音乐人痛斥消费者的免费下载行为;另一方面,在线音乐平台却迟迟不愿实行全面收费。如何拓展国内在线音乐的利润来源?在线音乐应采取怎样的定价策略?近年来,不时传出国内在线音乐要全面收费的新闻,尤其在2013年,这样的新闻从年初"炒"到了年尾。一方面,音乐人痛斥消费者的免费下载行为;另一方面,在线音乐平台却迟迟不愿实行全面收费。大多数平台厂商还是依靠用户免费、广告商或第三方增值服务付费的商业模式实现稳定收入。美国唱片业协会公布的《2014     

双边网络环境下的网络团购定价策略研究

网络团购是一种典型的具有双边市场特征的商业模式,如何满足消费者和商户的需求,合理制定双边价格结构和定价水平已成为团购网站运营企业面临的挑战性问题。本文应用双边市场理论,构建了网络团购双边客户多归属条件下的定价模型,分析了垄断模式和竞争均衡状态下的定价机制,并讨论了网站固定成本、搜索匹配度、服务差异化程度以及交叉网络效应等关键因素变化对网络团购平台企业定价策略的影响。最后,通过拉手网的案例分析佐证了文中提出的定价机制与策略。     

双边市场视角下的反垄断规制——以中国电信反垄断案为例

众所周知,由于双边市场和单边市场机制的不同,双边市场的出现对反垄断规制提出了一个更高的要求。进一步说,一方面,如同单边市场一样,企业的私有信息使得市场势力、掠夺式定价等企业行为的界定的难度大大增加;另一方面,由于存在两组参与者之间的网络外部性,双边市场的竞争天然地存在"鸡和蛋"的问题,平台通常会对一边市场采取低价而吸引另一边顾客,此时很难裁定是否为掠夺式定价。因此,本文从双边市场理论的视角来研究中国电信的反垄断案及规则问题,最后对平台性产业提出一些建议。     

双边市场中平台企业搭售行为分析

搭售是现实中双边平台企业常用的促销策略之一。通过构建一个两阶段完全信息动态博弈模型,将买方分为搭售喜好型和搭售无差异型,从垄断和竞争两种情形研究了双边平台企业采取搭售策略时,具有不同搭售偏好的买方对最优均衡解的影响以及相应的社会福利变化。研究发现:不论是垄断情形还是竞争情形,搭售对买卖双方均衡进入价格的影响都不确定,而搭售产品的定价则按照传统单边市场的定价方式制定;垄断情形下,搭售能增加买方数量、卖方数量及双边平台企业的利润,而竞争情形下,搭售产品成本较小的双边平台企业将获得较大买方数量、卖方数量及利润。在两种情形下的买方总效用、卖方总效用以及社会总福利均随搭售喜好型买方数量的增加而增加。     

基于双边市场的平台所有权研究

本文研究了双边市场中不同平台所有权安排对市场结构的影响.主要探讨了两种所有权结构:独立的第三方拥有平台和供应商拥有平台,在垄断、双寡头单归属和双寡头多归属三种市场竞争结构下对这两种所有权的不同安排基于市场规模、利润和社会福利进行排序,并且比较了同一所有权制度对三种市场结构的影响.本文的结论是第三方拥有平台是社会福利最优的所有权结构;当平台间的相互影响因子为零或较小时,双寡头多归属产生的社会福利大于垄断和双寡头单归属,当平台间的相互影响因子足够大时,垄断产生最大的社会福利.     

Contract Pricing in Consumer Credit Markets

We analyze subprime consumer lending and the role played by down payment requirements in screening high‐risk borrowers and limiting defaults. To do this, we develop an empirical model of the demand for financed purchases that incorporates both adverse selection and repayment incentives. We estimate the model using detailed transaction‐level data on subprime auto loans. We show how different elements of loan contracts affect the quality of the borrower pool and subsequent loan performance. We also evaluate the returns to credit scoring that allows sellers to customize financing terms to individual applicants. Our approach shows how standard econometric tools for analyzing demand and supply under imperfect competition extend to settings in which firms care about the identity of their customers and their postpurchase behavior.     

银行卡网络交换费差别定价模型研究

银行卡支付服务定价是金融领域富有挑战性的研究难题,它事关银行卡交易市场的稳定和繁荣.交换费是银行卡网络价格体系的核心,对发卡机构与收单机构的利益关系具有重要的调节作用.结合中国银行卡市场的特殊性以及发展需求,基于差别定价理论,采用数量分析方法,提出优化商户分类、引入层级定价与二部制定价相结合的交换费优化思路,建立基于消费的银行卡跨行支付服务交换费差别定价模型.通过数据分析,得出基于交易特征的商户分类及动态调整方法、层级定价思路和二部制定价标准,为商业银行定价决策提供急需的管理方法,为政府部门制定相关政策提供决策依据.     

Measurement and Pricing of Risk in Insurance Markets

The theory and practice of risk measurement provides a point of intersection between risk management, economic theories of choice under risk, financial economics, and actuarial pricing theory. This article provides a review of these interrelationships, from the perspective of an insurance company seeking to price the risks that it underwrites. We examine three distinct approaches to insurance risk pricing, all being contingent on the concept of risk measures. Risk measures can be interpreted as representations of risk orderings, as well as absolute (monetary) quantifiers of risk. The first approach can be called an "axiomatic" one, whereby the price for risks is calculated according to a functional determined by a set of desirable properties. The price of a risk is directly interpreted as a risk measure and may be induced by an economic theory of price under risk. The second approach consists in contextualizing the considerations of the risk bearer by embedding them in the market where risks are traded. Prices are calculated by equilibrium arguments, where each economic agent's optimization problem follows from the minimization of a risk measure. Finally, in the third approach, weaknesses of the equilibrium approach are addressed by invoking alternative valuation techniques, the leading paradigm among which is arbitrage pricing. Such models move the focus from individual decision takers to abstract market price systems and are thus more parsimonious in the amount of information that they require. In this context, risk measures, instead of characterizing individual agents, are used for determining the set of price systems that would be viable in a market.     

基于用户规模的双边平台适应性动态定价策略研究

鉴于交叉网络效应导致用户加入双边平台的效用随用户规模动态变化,提出根据用户规模进行适应性动态定价的策略思想,并运用数值计算方法对该定价策略的效果进行深入研究。首先,引入平台动态竞争建模方法,构建了包含用户规模的双边平台适应性动态定价模型;接着,根据数值计算结果对动态定价与静态定价的效果进行比较;最后,考察了平台竞争主要参数的变化对动态定价策略效果的影响。研究表明：（1）动态定价显著优于静态定价,模型主要参数的取值变动不会改变动态定价具有相对优势这个定性结论;（2）提升服务质量或改变基准用户数不会明显增加动态定价的相对优势,但强交叉网络效应或前瞻性用户都会增强动态定价的相对优势。研究结果有助于平台企业管理者更好地制定平台定价策略。     

Media Appropriateness: Effects of Experience on Communication Media Choice

Organizations are faced with a myriad of emerging advanced information technologies. Management may be anxious about the numerous choices while simultaneously yearning for instant realization of benefits promised by the adopted technologies. Management should also be aware that the eventual institutional use of these technologies is dependent upon the learning and training opportunities presented to individuals. Individual approval or established perceptions toward technology appropriateness are mostly idiosyncratic and contingent upon numerous factors such as task goals or prior technology experience. This paper examines the effect of learning experiences with nine communication media, based on perception changes of media appropriateness. Two hundred and ninety-five MBA students participated in a longitudinal quasi-experimental study. Results indicate that traditionally rich media such as face-to-face, group meetings, and telephone were consistently perceived to be more appropriate than emerging new media over time. However, an individual's specific experience with communication media affects perceptions of media appropriateness, and this is particularly evident in computer-based communications. In addition, changes in perception of media appropriateness were directly related to the participants' learning experience and were particularly salient with new media. Furthermore, increased use of some media was found to be associated with decreased use of other media. This study demonstrates that deliberate technology-use mediation can be an effective management mechanism to facilitate an individual's ability to gain experience in the use of new technologies. This paper also suggests that an individual's media experiences and temporal factors are two important but underemphasized factors in understanding and studying technology choice and use.