中国农村贫困人口问题研究

中国是世界上人口最多的一个农民大国 ,中国的贫困问题主要是农村的贫困人口问题。解决中国贫困人口问题的有效途径是 :加强贫困地区的基础设施建设 ;改善贫困地区的发展和投资环境 ;高度重视贫困地区的基础教育 ,提高贫困地区人口的素质 ;加强计划生育宣传的力度 ,严格控制人口增长 ;改变贫困地区以农业为主的单一产业结构 ,努力开发当地资源 ,大力发展第二、第三产业。     

论政府在统筹城乡发展中的功能与作用

统筹城乡发展是一项非常复杂的社会系统工程,加强政府对城乡关系的宏观调控至关重要,不可或缺。政府对统筹城乡发展具有规划功能、导引功能、调节功能、服务功能。政府必须把加快城镇化建设,实现城乡劳动者充分就业,培育城乡统一市场,实现城乡居民收入增长作为调控现阶段城乡关系的方向和重点。应注意充分发挥规划、政策、法律等机制在调控城乡关系中的作用。     

A reassessment of the association between social disorganization and youth violence in rural areas

Objective: To study the association between social disorganization and youth violence rates in rural communities. Method: We employed rural Missouri counties (N = 106) as units of analysis, measured serious violent victimization data via hospital records, and the same measures of social disorganization as Osgood and Chambers (2000). Controlling for spatial autocorrelation, the negative binomial estimator was used to estimate the effects of social disorganization on youth violence rates. Results: Unlike Osgood and Chambers, we found only one of five social disorganization measures, the proportion of female-headed households, to be associated with rural youth violent victimization rates. Conclusion: Although most research on social disorganization theory has been undertaken on urban areas, a highly cited Osgood and Chambers (2000) study appeared to extend the generalize ability of social disorganization as an explanation of the distribution of youth violence to rural areas. Our results suggest otherwise. We provide several methodological and theoretical reasons why it may be too early to draw strong conclusions about the generalize ability of social disorganization to crime rates in rural communities.     

京郊农村蔬菜产销专业合作组织兴起的制度分析

目前,京郊农业产业结构正在进行调整,粮食种植面积逐渐减少,而蔬菜种植面积开始大规模增加,一个规模庞大的蔬菜产销市场正逐步形成.技术的进步使得传统种植方式和种植品种发生转变,农户与市场间的直接或间接联系日渐紧密,各种蔬菜产销专业合作组织应运而生.     

Computer services and the development of rural areas: Trends in the Pacific Northwest in the 1990s

Some researchers hypothesize that the increasing use of computers and telecommunications will lead to a greater flexibility in the location of jobs, particularly in nonmetro counties. Others see the continued dominance of metro counties, especially in well-paid employment. This research examines change in employment in the service category of computer and data processing comparing this with the broader categories of business and producer services. Trends in metro and nonmetro counties of the Pacific Northwest in the 1990s are evaluated to see if inequality between county types in these industry categories widened or narrowed over time. Findings from this research indicate that while nonmetro counties did increase their share of overall employment, employment in producer, business and, notably, computer services remained highly concentrated in metro counties. Location quotients also show that computer service employment was increasingly over-represented in dominant metro economies. In addition, the inequality in estimated salaries between the two largest metro counties in the region and other county types increased substantially in the short time period under consideration.     

农村老年人口闲暇生活状况与影响因素分析——基于湖北省长阳县农村调查数据

随着人口老龄化的到来,农村老年人生活质量与闲暇生活问题日益突显。本文运用实证研究方法,通过对湖北省长阳县387名农村老年人的问卷调查与结构式访谈,运用单变量描述性统计分析和双变量交互分析,探讨当前农村老年人的闲暇生活状况,发现农村老年人闲暇生活普遍不丰富;文化程度、收入状况、照顾孙辈与农村老年人闲暇生活质量关联颇深,而性别、田间劳作与农村老年人闲暇生活质量不存在明显关系。在此分析的基础上,本文还提出提高农村老年人闲暇生活质量的一些建议,从而促进新农村建设。     

The impact of religiousness, spirituality, and social support on psychological well-being among older adults in rural areas

This paper presents the results of a study on the impact of spirituality, religiousness, and social support on the psychological well-being among rural elderly. With a rural community sample of 215 older adults, hierarchical regression analyses found significant associations between dimensions of spirituality/religiousness, social support, and psychological well-being, with spirituality/religiousness inversely related to depression and social support, positively related to life satisfaction. Findings of this study suggest that practitioners need to develop programs or services that are congruent with religious/spiritual beliefs and practices in order to better enhance the psychosocial well-being and improve the quality of life among older persons in rural areas.     

A study of inadequate consumer demand among Chinese residents --based on data for urban and rural areas in different provinces

本文运用1995—2005年中国除西藏和台湾外30个省、自治区和直辖市城乡面板数据建立随机效应模型对中国城乡居民消费需求的影响因素分别进行计量分析,结果发现：中国居民人均可支配收入与居民人均消费支出高度相关,且在这11年里中国城乡居民消费函数相对稳定。在这个发现的基础上,本文又进一步运用1992—2004年中国的资金流量表（实物交易）数据,解释了1997—1998年以来中国居民消费需求持续低迷的原因之一是在国民收入分配和再分配过程中,政府在总收入和可支配收入中占有的份额越来越大,而居民占有的份额不断下降。     

Moderation effect of social capital on flourishing among left-behind and other children in rural China

ABSTRACT

This study examines the ways that social capital sustains flourishing among rural Chinese children, including left-behind children (LBC). Social capital combines structural, substantive, and functional components. Data came from a survey of 995 children in rural areas of China. Results show that LBC experienced significantly lower flourishing and social capital than did other children. In addition, background factors including caretakers’ education and parental marital status had great positive effects on flourishing. Furthermore, the interaction effect of social capital and parental marital status was significantly positive on flourishing. The findings imply the need to boost social capital and flourishing in LBC. Meanwhile, maintaining parental marriage is important for boosting flourishing.     

Race,victim precipitated homicide,and the subculture of violence thesis

The subculture of violence thesis suggests that African Americans are disproportionately likely to respond to minor transgressions with lethal force because of a culturally defined need to protect one’s reputation and a normative aversion to legal forms of dispute resolution. Using data on over 950 non-justifiable homicides from police files, the present study tests this hypothesis by examining race-specific patterns of victim precipitation (i.e., the victim’s role in initiating the homicide). If, as the theory suggests, African Americans are more likely to respond to minor affronts with lethal violence than Whites, then African American homicide incidents should have more victim precipitation, particularly in the form of minor acts of provocation. The results of the current analysis do not support this hypothesis and therefore are inconsistent with the notion that a unique subculture of violence among African Americans explains their disproportionately high levels of homicide victimization and offending.     

刍议我国区域间经济发展的差异问题

改革开放以来,我国区域间经济发展差距日益扩大,已成为影响我国经济发展、社会稳定的重要因素。形成区域间市场发育程度不同的原因:政策体制环境差异、循环累积效应、地方市场分割,加剧了区域间市场发育程度的差距。为此,应采取相应的对策。     

Effect of population growth on changes in the agrarian structure of rural Bangladesh

The author examines available information on the effect of population growth on the agrarian structure of Bangladesh. Trends and patterns of land distribution over time are reviewed. The effects of changes in land distribution on productivity are investigated, and the relationship between family size and land ownership is analyzed.     

Do universal non‐contributory old‐age pensions make sense for rural areas in low‐income countries?

The need for old‐age security coverage in rural areas of many developing countries is rapidly increasing for several reasons, including population ageing and the weakening of family support networks. These trends have generated intense interest in policies that might help respond to the growing problem of rural old‐age destitution. The focus of our analysis is on one of the most promising alternatives under consideration: universal non‐contributory old‐age pensions. This model has some limitations and it is not appropriate for all developing countries, but it would be of potential benefit to far more than the six that have already implemented variants of this approach.     

北京市乡镇企业技术创新服务体系建设研究

本文认为 :北京市乡镇企业在技术创新服务上存在着一系列问题 ,必须由政府介入 ,构建乡镇企业技术创新服务体系。总体思路是 :以企业产权制度改革为突破口 ,以服务实体建设为核心 ,以政策创新为基础 ,构建具有首都特色的乡镇企业技术创新服务体系 ,不断提高北京市乡镇企业的技术创新水平和区域竞争力 ;服务实体建设是成立北京市乡镇企业技术创新和技术转移服务中心。最后 ,提出了旨在促进北京市乡镇企业技术创新水平提高的对策建议。     

中国农地流转供求态势探析

农地流转取决于有效的农地需求和农地供给,通过中国农地市场流转理论决策模型的研究,动态考察当前中国农产品价格、非生产性收益、生产性成本、非生产性成本、土地使用成本、土地交易成本等因素对农地供求的影响作用,可得出结论:中国农村土地市场流转供求态势既存在有效供给不足,同时还存在有效需求不足。为此,促进中国农村土地使用权市场流转,其前提是打破垄断,培育市场,大力发展与农业经营紧密相关的“非农产业”,创造市场需求主体。     

区域创新网络中组织间学习机制研究

在区域创新网络中,创新的主要特点体现为由组织间的知识互动所产生的网络式创新。创新网络中的行为主体是组织间学习的基本实体要素,它包括企业、高等院校和研究机构、政府、中介组织以及金融机构。组织间学习过程中的一系列行为可以划分为知识共享、知识吸收和知识创新三个过程,并且这三个过程是动态循环的,单个组织在这一系列过程中,都需要将知识信息反馈到网络知识库,以保证知识库的不断丰富和组织间学习层次的提升。组织间学习作为网络组织的一种社会行为,其动机受创新网络外在的经济技术环境和组织内部经济技术活动的双重驱动。因此,其动因可以归结为利益驱动、技术创新的复杂性以及对组织间学习的认同。虽然区域创新网络具有自组织功能,但仍然需要从内因和外因两个方面,从环境营造、利益整合和意识培养三个维度构建创新网络中组织间学习的动力机制,进而使各学习主体进行互动和联系,保证组织间学习的高效有序。     

简论区域历史地理学研究的若干问题

区域历史地理学的区域是一个具时空特性的四维空间实体,在进行区域划分时必须遵循自然性、历史性、完整性、现实性和人文性五个原则;区域历史地理学的研究对象为历史时期特定地区内受人类活动影响的地理环境,它具有区域性、环境性和历史性等特点;区域历史地理学的研究内容主要包括区域历史自然地理、区域历史人文地理、区域历史地理专题研究和区域历史地理综合研究;进行区域历史地理研究必须遵循一些基本原则和采用得当的方法;区域历史地理学的研究具有理论和现实的双重意义。     

巴基斯坦对南亚地区安全局势的认知

此文系巴基斯坦驻华大使马苏德·汗先生于2009年5月27日在中国社会科学院亚洲太平洋研究所的讲演。原稿为英文。     

论农村政策基础研究--对当前中国农村研究的反思及建议

当前以实证材料为基础的中国农村研究,主要是以与西方对话为特点的农村学术研究和以总结推广农村实践经验为特点的农村政策研究.这两类研究的共同弱点是,缺乏对中国农村社会状况尤其是其非均衡状况的关注.通过研究农村政策在农村实践的具体机制及后果,以理解中国农村非均衡的内部结构,从而将抽象的中国农村具体化,可以构成农村政策基础研究,从而为农村政策研究提供理论资源.