经济学何去何从?——兼与金碚商榷

金碚教授于2019年2月在《管理世界》的大作《试论经济学的域观范式——兼议经济学中国学派研究》讨论了现代经济学的主流学术范式的缺陷,并提出"域观"范式,强调不同人、不同文化与制度背景下,经济行为与关系有很大的差异性。此文有重要论述,也有很大的代表性,但部分有夸大,部分有扭曲,需要商榷。"域观"范式也有很有用的观点,但传统范式并不否认"域观"所强调的差异性,其不考虑这些差异性的简单分析,只是方便分析的简化。在传统范式下,也可以拓展成为可以分析不同文化与制度下的不同"商域"。传统的约束最大化下的变量选择,变量之间的相互作用而达到的供需均衡,以及对均衡的评价,是经济分析的核心。这个核心不能放弃,不论是在教学还是应用上,还应该是主角,但要加强与拓展,包括在分析收入分配平等程度与处理污染等外部性等问题上。有关拓展与创新的一些方法论问题,本文也略为讨论。     

经济学:睁开眼睛,把脉现实!——敬答黄有光教授

经济学必须睁开眼睛,观察现实世界。理论经济学的"假定"尽可能地接近现实,具有真实性,这应该成为经济学范式变革的方向。经济学何去何从涉及一个最根本的问题:现实经济在向何处去?因为,现实经济态势归根到底是经济学何去何从的决定性因素。所以,问题的核心在于:现实世界正在发生巨大变化,经济学就不能停留于传统状态而不思进取和变革。也许继续沿着传统范式走下去,以求更精致地表达抽象符号世界的"最大化"或"最优"图景和努力探讨新的范式结构,以增强经济学的解释力,都是值得经济学家们努力的方向。不过,依我之见,年轻一代的经济学者,值得把更多的精力投入到上述第二个方向上。切准现实世界跳动的脉搏,才能构建更具科学性和解释力的经济学体系。     

经济学中最优化范式反思

随着经济学各种学派不断发展,现代主流经济学正面临着严重危机。很多经济学家认为现代主流经济学:在研究内容上,排挤伦理学内容而越来越狭隘化;在行为假设上,抽象为原子经济人而撇开对真实人性探讨;在数理建模上,日益机械进而形式数理化道路离现实越来越远;在意识形态上,崇尚单一个人主义而窒息思想自由;在知识结构上,强调统一专业训练而忽视作为一门社会科学所需要知识多样性。正因如此,经济学思想越来越枯萎,不可避免地越来越衰落;在很大程度上,现代主流经济学正处在新危机之中,其理论发展越来越有赖于其他学科中过时思想以及出身于其他学科学者。那么,现代经济学如果摒弃"最优化范式"这一理论体系能否更好地发展呢?本文观点认为:在目前经济学发展阶段来看,只有在"理性人"这一前提假设下通过"最优化范式"对经济学进行研究和发展才是具有意义。本文就此观点进行反思和论证。     

新凯恩斯主义经济学微观基础的构建初探

凯恩斯主义经济学因无法解释"滞涨"和无力应付现实和理论挑战而陷入困境,传统凯恩斯主义经济学的一个致命缺陷是缺乏微观基础,忽视供给分析,违背了经济人追求最大化的假设。新凯恩斯主义经济学家通过分析微观经济主体的理性选择和追求最大化行为,深刻论证了导致宏观经济失衡的供给因素,强调粘性价格理论是宏观经济学解释失业与非市场出清的重要前提假设,揭示了微观主体行为同宏观经济失衡的内在联系,为凯恩斯主义的宏观经济学构筑了比较牢固的微观经济学基础。     

《西方经济学》学习辅导

一、学习目的和要求 《西方经济学》是经济管理学的基础性学科,其主体内容共分三大部分,即微观经济学、宏观经济学和当代西方经济学流派。 微观经济学以单个经济单位(居民户、厂商)为研究对象,研究单个经济单位的经济活动和经济行为,以及相应的经济变量的单项数值如何确定。需掌握的核心理论包括均衡价格理论、消费者行为理论、生产理论、厂商均衡理论和分配理论。 宏观经济学以整个国民经济活动为考察对象,研究经济中各有关总量的决定及其变化。这部分内容应重点把握国民收入与总就业量如     

《当代西方经济学》学习辅导

一、学习目的和要求 《当代西方经济学》是经济管理学的基础性学科,其主体内容共分三大部分,即微观经济学、宏观经济学和当代西方经济学流派。 微观经济学以单个经济单位(居民户、厂商)为研究对象,研究单个经济单位的经济活动和经济行为,以及相应的经济变量的单项数值如何确定。需掌握的核心理论包括均衡价格理论、消费者行为理论、生产理论、厂商均衡理论和分配理论。     

西方主流经济学的演变和发展趋势

从16世纪古典经济学的创立到20世纪最辉煌的一百年发展,西方经济学经过了几百年的演变,期间主流学说地位更迭、众多学说流派百家争鸣。在不同时期由于客观的实际经济活动的发展和变化,人们提出了、接纳了、怀疑了、抛弃了很多经济学知识体系,在不同时期形成了不同的经济学主流和范式。本文将从历史角度,阐明西方主流经济学的更选和发展趋势。     

《当代西方经济学》学习辅导

一、学习目的和要求 当代西方经济学,是研究当代西 方发达国家市场经济特点及其运行规 律的科学。本书共包括十一章,三大部 分内容:微观经济学、宏观经济学和流 派。学习本书要求准确把握相关基本 概念,掌握均衡价格理论、消费者行为 理论、生产者行为理论、分配理论、国 民收入决定理论、失业和通货膨胀理 论、经济增长理论、宏观经济政策等一 般原理,并对当代西方经济学的主要 流派有所了解。 二、重点问题解答 1.微观经济学的研究对象和主要 内容 微观经济学,以单个经济单位作 为研究对象,通过研究单个经济单位     

经济学与财务管理理论的发展

财务管理理论作为一门新型学科,是从微观经济学中发展而来的,被视为微观经济学的一个分支。随着市场经济的快速发展和进步,财务管理在现代企业管理中的地位和作用越来越明显。为此需了解财务管理理论,而财务经济学理论一般被称之为现代企业财务管理的基础理论。本文就此主要探讨经济学与财务管理理论的发展,旨在为企业现代财务管理提供重要理论依据。     

浅谈建筑经济学的研究对象及理论构架

本文通过分析建筑经济学的研究对象,并简要探索对于其理论构架的建设和发展,借此考察建筑经济学中涉及到的有关生产要素和经济活动带来的行业影响。希望能够为经济学和建筑经济学的进一步完善和提升提供研究方向。     

实验经学与2002年诺贝尔经济学奖

0引言 2002年10月8日,瑞典皇家科学院宣布,将2002年度诺贝尔经济学奖授予美国普林斯顿大学心理学和公共事务教授Daniel Kahneman 和美国乔治梅森大学经济学和法律教授Vernon L Smith,表彰他们在心理学和实验经济学研究方面做的开拓性工作.     

The Economics of Counterfeiting

We develop a strategic theory of counterfeiting as a multi‐market large game. Bad guys choose whether to counterfeit, and what quality to produce. Opposing them is a continuum of good guys who select a costly verification effort. In equilibrium, counterfeiters produce better quality at higher notes, but verifiers try sufficiently harder that verification still improves. We develop a graphical framework for deducing comparative statics. Passed and counterfeiting rates vanish for low and high notes. Our predictions are consistent with time series and cross‐sectional patterns in a unique data set assembled largely from the Secret Service.     

Financial Health Economics

We provide a theoretical and empirical analysis of the link between financial and real health care markets. This link is important as financial returns drive investment in medical research and development (R&D), which, in turn, affects real spending growth. We document a “medical innovation premium” of 4–6% annually for equity returns of firms in the health care sector. We interpret this premium as compensating investors for government‐induced profit risk, and we provide supportive evidence for this hypothesis through company filings and abnormal return patterns surrounding threats of government intervention. We quantify the implications of the premium for the growth in real health care spending by calibrating our model to match historical trends, predicting the share of gross domestic product (GDP) devoted to health care to be 32% in the long run. Policies that had removed government risk would have led to more than a doubling of medical R&D and would have increased the current share of health care spending by more than 3% of GDP.     

Simon's Grand Theme and the Economics of Organization

Journal of Management and Governance -     

会计收益演进的经济学思考

会计收益与经济收益有着密切的关系.本文论述了会计收益的演进过程:原始财产观-传统收益观-全面收益观.其演进过程循着两条线索:一是经济环境的变化,日益复杂,不确定性增加;二是趋于经济收益,即净财富增加接近.两方面都要求财务会计用全面收益观来反映企业真实的业绩,为使用者提供更相关的信息.最后从经济环境和会计特征分析我国实施全面收益的可能性.     

The Economics of Labor Coercion

The majority of labor transactions throughout much of history and a significant fraction of such transactions in many developing countries today are “coercive,” in the sense that force or the threat of force plays a central role in convincing workers to accept employment or its terms. We propose a tractable principal–agent model of coercion, based on the idea that coercive activities by employers, or “guns,” affect the participation constraint of workers. We show that coercion and effort are complements, so that coercion increases effort, but coercion always reduces utilitarian social welfare. Better outside options for workers reduce coercion because of the complementarity between coercion and effort: workers with a better outside option exert lower effort in equilibrium and thus are coerced less. Greater demand for labor increases coercion because it increases equilibrium effort. We investigate the interaction between outside options, market prices, and other economic variables by embedding the (coercive) principal–agent relationship in a general equilibrium setup, and studying when and how labor scarcity encourages coercion. General (market) equilibrium interactions working through the price of output lead to a positive relationship between labor scarcity and coercion along the lines of ideas suggested by Domar, while interactions those working through the outside option lead to a negative relationship similar to ideas advanced in neo‐Malthusian historical analyses of the decline of feudalism. In net, a decline in available labor increases coercion in general equilibrium if and only if its direct (partial equilibrium) effect is to increase the price of output by more than it increases outside options. Our model also suggests that markets in slaves make slaves worse off, conditional on enslavement, and that coercion is more viable in industries that do not require relationship‐specific investment by workers.     

The New Economics of Personnel

Abstract. Traditional issues in personnel have generally been analysed by industrial psychologists or sociologists. While their work has produced insights, some of the problems are inherently economic. This paper examines some traditional personnel issues in an economic framework. Worker turnover, incentive problems, promotion decisions, compensation methods, up-or-out arrangement and job tenure are analysed. Some questions for future research are presented in conclusion.     

The Economics of Equal Value

Equal pay for work of equal value has come to be seen as the policy most likely to reduce the gender earnings gap. This paper explores the theoretical basis for widespread undervaluation of women's work and argues that institutionalised discrimination in the labour market also affects internal pay and grading structures. Recent recognition of the scope for discretion in pay determination undermines the “market forces” argument against equal value. The current wage structure reflects an outdated model of social and family organisation. Much poverty is now the result of women seeking economic independence in a market which rewards them as subordinate family members. However, the main obstacles to equal value lie in labour market institutions. The increasing fragmentation of pay bargaining and moves to performance-related pay will reduce rather than promote the relationship between pay and job content.     

从经济学中学习领导智慧

经济学起源于希腊哲学,被视为"社会科学皇冠上的明珠".简而言之,经济学就是一门研究如何将有限资源进行合理配置的社会科学.美国著名经济学家曼昆在其著作<经济学原理>中指出了学习经济学的原因,一是能使我们更精明地参与经济,二是有助于我们理解所生活于其中的世界,三是能使我们更好地理解经济政策的潜力与局限性.那么,作为国家权力的掌握者、在经济建设中发挥重要作用的领导干部,应该从经济学中学到什么呢?     

Economics of academic medical consultations.

For the urology faculty at the University of New Mexico School of Medicine, consultations for hospitalized patients produced too little revenue and took to much time. To test faculty perceptions of the consultation process, a study was conducted and is reported in this article.