战略人力资源管理的理论模式

本文将战略人力资源管理中关于人力资源管理与企业绩效关系的研究总结为三种不同的理论模式:根据最佳实践模式,一些HRM活动是普遍有效的,组织采用这些最佳的HRM活动就会获得相当好的绩效;在权变模式里,HRM活动的效率是随着企业战略等因素而变化的,组织采用适合于其战略的HRM活动将更有效率;在形态模式里,HRM活动通过内部匹配形成特定的HRM系统形态,HRM系统与组织战略等因素的外部匹配会对组织绩效产生重要影响。     

传统企业如何通过内部创业实现数字化转型?——基于资源匹配的战略演化视角

传统企业实施数字化转型会遇到组织惯性、需求冲突等挑战,实践中有企业通过内部创业化解了上述挑战,成功实现了数字化转型,然而现有文献对该现象却缺少足够的解释.本文基于资源匹配的战略演化视角,采用案例研究方法剖析了两家传统服务型企业的数字化转型过程,并探究了背后的机理.具体而言,本文主要做出了以下三方面贡献:首先,本文归纳出一条新的战略演化路径,即从内部创业,到组织内的数字化创新,再到跨组织的外部协同;其次,本文发现内部创业能够通过结构区分和权力分配克服组织惯性,从而促进对组织资源的快速更新以及对数字化创新的探索;最后,本文还将组织和环境的关系细化为资源更新方向以及幅度和环境的不匹配,并探讨了促进二者匹配的关键行为,丰富了资源匹配的相关研究.     

组织结构变革中的路径依赖与路径创造机制研究——以联想集团为例

经典的路径依赖理论因具有较强的历史决定论倾向,因而无法解释重大的技术和制度变革以及新路径的产生,这些问题推动着研究者将研究视角转向了路径创造和路径突破。战略行为具有路径依赖的特征,根据"战略决定结构、结构跟随战略"的思想,组织结构系统内生地蕴含着路径依赖特性。从组织结构模式演进的角度对组织中的路径依赖形成机制和路径创造机制进行研究,并讨论了组织结构变革中的路径依赖和路径创造对组织运行的双重影响。以联想集团为例,探讨了联想集团组织结构模式选择演化历程中的路径依赖和路径创造。     

多重制度压力下"战略柔性-环境伦理"匹配对企业绿色创新路径的影响北大核心

针对绿色创新过程中企业对制度压力的异质化响应机理不明的研究缺口,本文通过模糊集质性比较研究方法(fsQCA)进行条件组合,识别了企业绿色创新过程中"制度压力-战略柔性-环境伦理"的四种匹配路径类型:被动求生型、趋利避害型、认同应变型和自发变革型路径.研究发现,在趋利避害型和自发变革型路径中,资源柔性和协调柔性互补型联动匹配可响应甚至替代制度压力.在认同应变型路径中,环境伦理可促使企业认同规范压力,并通过与战略柔性的互补联动匹配响应规范压力.在被动求生型绿色创新路径中,规范压力可替代环境伦理和战略柔性,直接促发企业绿色创新.结论揭示了制度压力、战略柔性和环境伦理三者内部及彼此间的联动匹配关系,对制度理论和动态能力理论具有理论意义,且有助于企业绿色创新和政府政策制定.     

软预算约束与国企改革：从要素投入的视角分析

论文运用动态模型对软预算约束的形成路径进行了理论研究,并对中国国有企业改革的路径选择进行实证研究。研究结果表明软预算约束起源于企业要素投入与生产模式的匹配模式,而中国国有企业改革路径选择的结果是使要素投入和生产模式满足弱匹配条件。     

一种具有预充电功能双稳态充电电路

提出了一种具有预充电功能的双稳态电池充电电路。其机理是通过增加一个正反馈回路,利用MOS管的阈值电压值来设定一个转换电压。当电池电压低于此电压时,正反馈回路有源器件关断,电路处于低电流的充电状态,当电池电压高于此电压时,正反馈回路启动,并迅速使得电路进入大电流充电状态,这种双稳态电路无需引入电压比较器即可实现不同稳态之间的转换。     

组织变革中的战略风险控制——基于企业互联网转型的多案例研究

互联网转型是当前传统企业面临的重大组织变革,基于企业互联网转型的高风险和双重风险特征,本文通过4家企业的多案例研究,对企业互联网转型的战略风险识别与控制机制进行探讨。研究表明:企业互联网转型由突破组织惯性和形成新惯例两个阶段构成。前一阶段,企业面临的战略风险主要是模式、能力和资源的变异风险,企业通过组合变革、组合学习和组合重构形成风险控制机制,以降低突破组织惯性过程的风险;后一阶段,企业面临的战略风险主要是模式、能力和资源的适应风险,企业通过模式迭代匹配、能力迭代提升和资源迭代整合形成风险控制机制,以降低形成新惯例过程的风险。由此提出企业互联网转型的"组合—迭代"战略风险控制框架。这一研究一方面将战略风险引入到组织变革和组织惯性的讨论中,丰富了组织变革和组织惯性的研究视角;另一方面,通过对互联网转型情境下战略风险的探讨,拓展了战略风险领域对转型战略风险的讨论。研究结论对技术突变情境下的转型风险控制形成理论创新,对解决企业互联网转型面临的"转不好找死"的现实难题具有启示意义。     

制度转型期中国本土企业适应性成长路径——基于海尔不连续创新的经验研究

探讨了中国制度转型背景下动态环境对企业组织适应性成长路径的影响,提出不连续创新是中国企业适应性成长的战略选择。在文献分析的基础上,将中国本土企业的不连续创新的发生情境界定为战略更新、业务领域调整、组织结构战略性变革和海外市场扩张4种,并以海尔1984~2009年间发展历程中的不连续创新事件为对象进行分析和论证,研究外部环境特征、企业不连续创新和组织适应性之间的共同演化关系。研究结果表明:环境不连续变化是企业不连续创新的直接诱因;不连续创新是转型经济背景下中国企业加速组织适应性的战略性选择,其演化趋势是更加强调外部资源整合、战略柔性、多元化和组织结构的网络化;在动态环境下企业战略选择与组织结构变革的长期协同演化将导致企业组织适应性的形成。     

登高望远，乘势而上：伊利持续竞争优势构建的适应性管理之道

采用纵向单案例研究,对伊利集团董事长潘刚突破企业资源和整合能力的限制,带领伊利通过战略转型应对环境变化,构建持续竞争优势的全过程进行分析,并对在此过程中发挥重要作用的潘刚的适应性管理思想进行总结凝练。研究结果表明：企业家认知与时间领导力视野的交互匹配推动企业适时转换阶段性成长逻辑以有效应对外部情境变化;空间领导力视野有利于增强企业的资源识取及资源整合能力从而提升创新活动的实施效果;战略实施通过产品创新及互补性资产创新两类活动的开展将外部资源进行吸收转化,补齐企业的资源和整合能力缺陷并培育核心能力,而企业家“顺势”“拓荒”和“借力”的适应性管理思想是指导企业战略更新、实施,最终构建持续竞争优势的关键。     

产品-服务离散性与动态匹配视角下的制造业企业服务创新能力构建机制研究

基于产品-服务离散过程,采用跨案例研究方法,从动态匹配视角探索不同组织情境下制造企业服务创新能力的构建及其实现路径.研究结果显示:企业资源/能力与环境的动态匹配有结构匹配和功能匹配两种模式;制造企业通过资源能力要素的不同组合与环境因素进行结构匹配和功能匹配以构建其服务创新能力,匹配过程的不同导致服务创新能力的异质性和序列效应;由于产品-服务离散程度的不同,制造企业服务创新能力可分为低离散性、融合型和高离散性3种类型.     

Educational Landscapes and Urban Development. Contextual and Spatial Interfaces and Linkages

In the broad sociopolitical discussion on education quality within the last decade, it has become apparent that education is gaining importance for urban development, as well as space and the urban context are important dimensions of education. This becomes particularly evident in concepts for local educational landscapes (Ger. Bildungslandschaften). The young field of research on educational landscapes is currently lacking empirical research from spatial and planning sciences. In the paper, the current state of scientific research on educational landscapes in Germany and Europe and first insights to contextual and spatial interfaces and linkages between education and urban development in general are presented.     

Inventory Models with Continuous and Poisson Demands and Discounted and Average Costs

We develop a new, unified approach to treating continuous‐time stochastic inventory problems with both the average and discounted cost criteria. The approach involves the development of an adjusted discounted cycle cost formula, which has an appealing intuitive interpretation. We show for the first time that an (s, S) policy is optimal in the case of demand having a compound Poisson component as well as a constant rate component. Our demand structure simultaneously generalizes the classical EOQ model and the inventory models with Poisson demand, and we indicate the reasons why this task has been a difficult one. We do not require the surplus cost function to be convex or quasi‐convex as has been assumed in the literature. Finally, we show that the optimal s is unique, but we do not know if optimal S is unique.     

E-governance and Corruption-developments and Issues in Ethiopia

This paper reports the results of a survey of 400 respondents in Ethiopia about factors generating corruption and the potential of e-Governance to mitigate corruption. It is suggested that e-Governance can help not only in weeding out corruption but also in the establishment of sounder government citizen relationships in Ethiopia. While e-Governance cannot cure all the structural factors that breed corruption in the society, strategic implementation of e-Governance can help improve the critical variable in combating corruption-government citizen relationships. It is argued that while e-Governance initiatives can make important contributions to improving public services they can best do so by helping improve overall relationships between governments and citizens.

CEO and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance

This paper focuses on the relationship between Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance. Specifically, the study examines the association between the characteristics of the CEO and the Chairperson of the board and firm performance. Using a sample of S&P 500 firms, the evidence found suggests that demographic and experience-related characteristics may be associated with the market valuation and financial performance of the firm. In particular, the reported results indicate a positive relationship between the presence of female CEOs or Chairs and firm performance, thus suggesting that gender-based differences may affect the CEO’s/Chairperson’s success. Moreover, the findings concerning the age of the CEO or Chair are mixed, while their experience and quality appear positively related to firm performance. Interestingly, a CEO or Chairperson holding multiple board seats is negatively associated with firm performance, whereas CEO duality has a positive relationship with Tobin’s Q and the return on assets (ROA) of the firm.     

David and Goliath: causes and effects of coopetition between start-ups and corporates

Coopetition (collaboration between competitors) among young firms (i.e. start-ups) and larger, more established firms (i.e. corporates) may be beneficial for both partners as each party typically has something to offer that is missing in the other. Start-ups often develop innovative ideas, are flexible and agile, willing to take risks, and aspire to achieve high growth, but they tend to lack the required resources, capabilities, and knowledge due to their newness and smallness. Corporates have resources, routines, and experience that enable them to work efficiently but lack a certain innovation capability. Research has suggested that coopetition represents an opportunity for start-ups facing restrictions in resources, while corporates benefit from start-ups’ innovative ideas. However, it is yet unknown whether start-ups and corporates engage in coopetition with each other and, if so, how and why they do this. This study seeks to fill this void by exploring the motives of coopeting start-ups and corporates, how they manage their coopetitive relationship, and what implications occur including potential benefits and risks. We present a multiple case study based on qualitative data collected through 70 interviews with Austrian-based start-ups and corporates representing 35 coopetitive partnerships. Discussing the findings based on our data, we propose relationships concerning coopetition and its role to enlarge resource- and technology-bases as well as its role in the development of dynamic capabilities.     

Career orientations and career success among research,and development and engineering professionals

Managing the careers of research, development and engineering (RD&E) professionals is important to the strategic use of RD&E in the economy. Appropriate mechanisms for motivating RD&E professionals will probably emerge as a critical success factor for organizations that want to compete in world markets. This study examines dimensions and levels of career orientation and their correlations with individual and work-related outcome variables among 78 RD&E professionals. The findings reveal a rich diversity of career orientation in RD&E professionals. The data strongly suggest that RD&E professionals are service, lifestyle and security oriented. However, they scored low on technical orientation and entrepreneurship. This paper suggests that the dual career ladder is not an effective device for managing RD&E professionals. Organizations must be careful to provide career paths that retain and motivate workers and, more importantly, find matches between organizational needs and individuals' needs, and restructure jobs accordingly. The authors offer suggestions for future research and identify implications for management.     

Work and shopping overflow — Consequences and differentiation among selected psychological and demographic characteristics

Contemporary individuals are forced to deal with excessive stimulation, which causes an overload in the cognitive and emotional areas. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possible factors differentiating the perceived level of work and shopping overflow experienced by individuals and consequences of these states. Two psychological variables: cognitive control and sensation seeking, are chosen as potential factors differentiating the perceived levels of overflow. We assume that individuals with high cognitive control and sensation seeking will report lower levels of both types of examined overflows. Experiencing low overflow levels may manifest in the search for additional stimuli, rather than in the desire to limit them. Two indexes of behavior connected to seeking extra stimulation are selected: one belonging to the area of consumer behavior (readiness to participate in the experience economy) and one belonging to vocational behavior (choosing a boundaryless career). The quantitative study is conducted on a sample of 297 management students who are currently employed. The research results support the relation between cognitive control and perceived level of work and shopping overflow. Individuals who can cognitively control the situation and the incoming stimuli report lower levels of overflow. No significant relationship between sensation seeking and the level of overflow is found. The demographic variables that influence the perceived overflow are age and salary for work overflow and age for shopping overflow. As far as consequences of overflow are concerned, a low level of shopping overflow is related to readiness to participate in the experience economy. However, there is no link between work overflow and preferred career pattern. The managerial implications for human resource management and marketing strategy design are discussed.     

Review and reappraisal of modelling and predicting mental workload in single- and multi-task environments

The concept of mental workload has long been recognized as an important factor in individual performance within complex systems. It is documented that either overload or underload may degrade performance, and further affect the efficiency of the whole system. Therefore, systems designers need some explicit models to predict the mental workload imposed on individuals by the system at an early design phase so that alternative system designs can be evaluated. In examining mental-workload literature, it is found that few predictive mental-workload models have considered factors specific to individuals. This research aims to develop a practical framework for predicting mental workload in both single- and multi-task environments considering such individual factors. In order to describe mental workload more precisely and more completely, a framework for mentalworkload definitions, which contains instantaneous workload, average workload, accumulated workload, peak workload and overall workload, is proposed. In order to model individual factors, two new variables, i.e. effective workload and ineffective workload, are introduced to model the taskgenerated workload and individual-generated workload. The extension of the model to multi-task environments is also discussed. The proposed conceptual models are domain-independent and could be used to guide the development of operational models for different specific tasks.