哪些创业失败者更可能卷土重来?———基于松 － 紧文化与制度环境的跨国比较研究

高失败率是创业热潮中创业者必须面对的基本事实.创业失败在为创业者带来大量情绪与财务成本的同时,也提供了独特的学习经验.如何激活创业失败者卷土重来的激情是降低创业社会成本的关键.文章整合组织学习和创业认知理论构建了统一的创业失败学习理论逻辑,结合全球创业观察(Global Entrepreneurship Monitor)、世界银行和松-紧文化3个跨国数据库,考察了不同国家文化与制度环境下不同性别个体的创业失败经历对其创业选择的影响.研究发现:与没有失败经历的个体相比,有创业失败经历的个体更可能选择创业;高宽松度的国家文化、好的制度环境分别强化了这一关系;性别与文化宽松度对这一关系有显著的三重调节效应.即在高宽松度的国家文化下,有创业失败经历的女性创业者再次创业的概率更高.将性别角色差异纳入到创业失败的分析框架中,同时也扩展了创业失败的文化与制度分析.     

基于随机抽样调查的外地创业者特征及其创业过程解析

中国外地创业者的队伍不断壮大,他们为当地经济社会发展做出了重要的贡献,但目前的创业理论研究很少关注这一特殊的创业群体。以中国创业动态跟踪调查项目(CPSED)数据为基础,通过探索性实证研究,从微观层次分析外地创业者特征及其创业过程。研究发现,与本地创业者相比,外地创业者在创业初始条件特征、创业行为及创业结果预期等多方面均存在显著差异。     

创业失败归因、创业失败学习与随后创业意向

基于因果归因理论与经验学习理论,构建创业失败归因、失败学习与随后创业意向的理论模型。研究发现,创业失败的内部归因可以提高双环学习的概率;外部归因或可以提高单环学习的概率,或对创业失败学习无显著影响。创业失败学习对随后创业意向有"双元"作用:单环学习提高随后创业意向,但创业者并未对行为范式做深刻反省;双环学习使创业者获得成长,但却降低了随后的创业信心和意向。     

交情行为与创业机会：基于农业创业的多案例研究

在中国情理文化背景下,创业者在社会交往中注重人际情感交流,这种交情行为对把握创业机会具有重要作用。选取央视《致富经》栏目中20个农业创业故事作为研究样本,运用扎根理论方法对数据进行编码,探析创业者如何在创业实践中运用交情行为获取创业机会。研究结果表明,创业者采用面子、人情和关系等社会技巧,向创业资源所有者寻求情感交汇以获得对方的社会认同,以此揭示创业者运用交情行为塑造创业导向性社会情境的行为机理;通过构建创业网络和激活创业资源,交情行为促进创业者对创业机会的探索和利用,具体表现为交情行为能够促进创业者从社会网络关系中构建创业网络、提高从创业网络中调用创业资源的效率、强化将社会资源激活为创业资源的机会。     

首次创业失败学习:来自创业新手、新创企业与行业特征的解释

聚焦创业者从首次创业失败经验中的学习,基于以往文献提出创业新手、新创企业与行业特征对创业失败学习影响的理论假设,通过深度访谈法获取首次创业失败的情景材料,使用内容分析方法来验证理论假设。研究发现,首次创业失败学习内容包括自我学习、内部学习与外部学习3个方面;高科技创业者更倾向内部学习,非高科技创业者更倾向自我学习与外部学习;首次创业经营时间较短的创业者更倾向自我学习和内部学习;创业失败财务成本较高的创业者倾向自我学习,创业失败财务成本较低的创业者倾向内部学习与外部学习。     

创业者如何从事件中塑造创业能力?——基于事件系统理论的连续创业案例研究

本文采用探索性案例研究方法,以连续创业者10年创业经历为纵向研究案例,基于事件系统理论深入探索创业者创业能力形成的过程机理,并揭示创业活动的差异、创业者自我效能感、创业认知、创业学习对该形成过程的影响。研究发现:事件空间、强度影响连续创业者的创业认知模式支配地位,创业者在被动性事件中倾向于采用分析式认知模式识别创业机会,采用直觉式认知模式发现创业资源,通过创造主动性事件在行动学习中利用创业机会,在经验学习中获取并管理创业资源;创业自我效能感能够调节创业者认知模式的转变,创业学习能够促进主动性事件对创业能力的提升效果;连续创业过程中,被动性和主动性事件的交互作用形成创业能力提升的正反馈,被动性事件变少、主动性事件变多,创业能力得以巩固。研究结论对创业者如何在复杂事件环境中提升创业能力具有一定的启发和指导意义。     

中国式创业失败：归因、学习和后续决策

  失败是多数创业活动的必然结果,创业者对创业失败的行为反应是创业研究的一个重要议题。意义建构是一个嵌入式的社会化过程,文化是影响创业者意义建构创业失败的重要因素,中国创业者对创业失败的行为反应可能有别于西方创业者。然而,已有关于创业失败的研究主要来自欧美国家,对中国创业者在创业失败之后的行为研究很少。此外,中国的相关研究主要是概念性研究,缺少质化或量化的证据。因此,有必要探索中国情景下创业者在创业失败后的行为反应的独特规律。         基于文化比较视角,使用中国创业失败的典型事例,采用扎根理论设计,以中国创业者对创业失败的归因、学习和后续决策为切入点进行探索性研究,并与欧美研究的结果进行比较。通过霍夫斯泰德文化维度理论对中西方创业者在创业失败之后的行为差异进行分析并提供解释,提出中国式创业失败在归因、学习和后续决策方面的7个命题。         研究结果表明,与欧美创业者相比,中国创业者在创业失败后的总体归因倾向、内部归因倾向、外部归因倾向、学习内容、学习导向和后续创业意向等方面存在独特规律;文化是创业者在创业失败之后行为反应的重要影响因素,不同文化维度的具体取向会对创业者在创业失败后的行为反应产生不同的影响。         研究结果增强了对中国创业者如何对创业失败归因、如何从创业失败中学习以及在创业失败之后倾向选择坚持还是放弃这3个问题的认识,为中国本土化的创业失败研究提供了经验证据;强调了文化在创业失败研究中的重要作用;深化和拓展了创业失败归因、学习和后续决策的相关理论,为未来进一步的理论研究提供了思路。研究结论为创业者管理失败、推动创业教育改革、营造更有利于连环创业的制度环境提供了有针对性的建议。     

服务还是监控:风险投资机构对创业企业的管理——行业专长与不确定性的视角

本文以中国中小板和创业板上市公司为研究样本,探析并检验了风险投资机构的基本管理手段对创业企业绩效的影响,以及行业专长和不确定性对上述影响的调节机制。开创性地对创业企业和风险投资管理模式进行分类,探讨并验证了二者之间的匹配关系。研究结果表明:(1)风险投资机构提供的增值服务对创业企业绩效有显著的正向影响,且风险投资机构的行业专长越高,越能增强这种影响;(2)风险投资机构实施的监督控制对创业企业绩效的影响不显著,但是当创业企业面临的不确定性越高时,越多的监督控制对企业绩效会产生负向影响;(3)风险投资管理模式与创业企业类型之间存在匹配关系:在风险投资机构具有高行业专长和创业企业面对低不确定性的情形下,教练型管理模式的效果最好;在风险投资机构具有高行业专长和创业企业面对高不确定性的情形下,服务加强型管理模式的效果最好;在风险投资机构具有低行业专长和创业企业面对低不确定性的情形下,控制加强型管理模式的效果最好;在风险投资机构具有低行业专长和创业企业面对高不确定性的情形下,与理论预期不同的是放养型管理模式在统计上不显著。本文开创性地研究了风险投资机构介入创业企业进而创造价值的内在管理机制,对丰富风险投资理论和创业企业理论具有较高的学术和实践价值,为风险投资机构"合理"介入创业企业提供了实证参考。     

创业者印记影响机会评估和利用的认知机制——基于晨光生物的案例分析

近年来在创业领域中有关创业认知的研究受到极大关注，但现有研究主要集中于回答“创业认知影响了什么”,少有研究深入探讨创业者认知差异的根本来源，以及这种认知差异的根本来源如何进一步影响创业机会的评估和利用过程.本研究基于印记理论和社会认知理论，通过对晨光生物的探索性案例分析，探讨了创业者印记对机会评估和利用的影响.研究发现：1)创业者贫困经历、失败经历、专业技术相关经历能够形成创业者印记，即贫困印记、失败印记、专业技术印记.2)创业者的贫困印记能够通过诱发压力学习机制来塑造其基于节流逻辑的创业认知；创业者的失败印记能够通过诱发试错学习机制来塑造其基于保守主义逻辑的创业认知；创业者的专业技术印记能够通过诱发利用式学习机制来塑造其基于专家逻辑的创业认知.3)基于不同逻辑的创业认知使得创业者以不同的标准来评估机会的合意性和可行性并运用不同的战略制定、资源获取和配置的方式来进行机会利用.本文通过丰富的案例素材构建了创业者印记影响创业机会评估和利用的认知机制模型，从认知视角打开了创业者印记影响机会评估和利用过程的黑箱，为创业机会、创业认知相关领域的文献提供了洞见.     

坚持还是放弃? 基于前景理论的新生创业者承诺升级研究

坚持或者放弃创业是新生创业者面临的重要且艰难的抉择。已有研究主要基于理性决策的假设分析个体特征、创业活动以及创业环境对坚持或者放弃创业的影响。与已有研究不同,本文认为新生创业者的坚持不是完全理性的决策,其中存在承诺升级现象。研究基于前景理论(框架效应和反射效应)分析了坚持创业中的承诺升级,识别了可能的影响因素:前期投入时间、前期投入资金、创业计划的规范性、技术创业和心理预算,并利用面向中国新生创业者的动态跟踪调查数据(Chinese Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics,CPSED)进行了实证检验。针对两类样本(所有273个样本、没有盈利的182个样本)的实证研究取得了一致的结论 :前期投入的时间越多,新生创业者越倾向于坚持创业;前期是否投入资金以及创业计划的规范性对是否坚持创业的影响不显著;存在心理预算负向影响新生创业者的坚持;与非技术创业者相比较,技术创业者更倾向于坚持创业。     

Productivity: Lessons from Japan

The purpose of this article is to compare Japanese productivity on an industry basis with the U.S. and European companies, and then to examine the factors and methods that underline the Japanese success to determine what, if any, lessons Western companies can draw from the Japanese approach.     

Separating research from development: Evidence from the pharmaceutical industry

From an organisational point of view, corporate research and development (R&D) has always been viewed as one function. That view, however, has undergone some changes in the last few years, and many major corporations have changed their R&D organisation or re-thought their overall structure on the basis of their technical competencies.With the example of the pharmaceutical industry, in which R&D has a particularly strong role to play, Vittorio Chiesa reports on a survey of nine major pharmaceutical firms which have recently instigated such changes. Among the changes are a separation of the ‘research’ and ‘development’ activities organisationally and sometimes physically. The author puts forward explanations for this trend and weighs the advantages and disadvantages.     

Gender Differences in Transitions from Unemployment: Micro Evidence from Finland

Abstract. This paper examines gender differences in labour market transitions in Finland. The empirical analysis carried out using multinomial logit model is based on a 1996 sample of unemployed people. The results indicate that female labour market position is inferior to male and that female labour market outcomes are more responsive to family‐related background characteristics. Previous unemployment is observed to be particularly scarring on male labour market position. According to the results education improves female labour market position significantly. Higher education diminishes gender differences in the labour market and is therefore a particularly equalizing factor.     

The Transition from Temporary to Permanent Employment: Evidence from Tuscany

Abstract. In this paper, by distinguishing between the decisions made by the workers and those made by the firms, we provide a probabilistic evaluation of the transition from temporary to permanent employment in a regional context. Specifically, by exploiting a multinomial nested logit strategy of estimation, we find that the transition to a permanent job is far from certain, especially for women and older workers.     

Stories from the circle: Leadership lessons learned from aboriginal leaders

While much has been written about leadership, very little research has examined North American Aboriginal leadership. Drawing upon a qualitative methodology, our findings suggest several differences in how Aboriginal leaders view leadership; compared to non-Aboriginals or mainstream approaches to leadership. We found that Aboriginals view leadership as a spiritual endeavor that is holistic and egalitarian in nature. Aboriginal leaders use a more indirect style of communication that frequently invokes traditional imagery, story-telling and animal-based metaphors. Aboriginal leaders also draw from the Medicine Wheel as a guide. In conclusion, we discuss several challenges shared by Aboriginal leaders including the tall poppy syndrome and walking in two worlds and accordingly, offer managerial implications of our findings.     

Mentoring: women learning from others

Informal mentoring allows a relationship to evolve naturally over time much like a friendship, without an official obligation or commitment to coach someone. However, some women prefer a more formal, organizationally driven approach to mentoring. In either case, both represent an opportunity to learn and grow. In Learning from Other Women, Carolyn Duff interviewed many women to understand their expectations, preferences, and experiences. Mentoring, Duff says, "begins with affinity between two people, but the focus remains around work. It's a magical thing that happens when one person sees something in another person and wants to help that person grow." This column explores some of the barriers, as well as how to ask for help and benefit from a mentor. Whether you like the word "mentoring" or not, whether your organization has a formal program or not, always be thinking about how you can learn from others. Keep your eyes and mind open, look around to see who is doing what you want to do.     

Pre-certification: lessons from diagnostic imaging

Recently, managed care has received a great deal of criticism from the public and press, some of it richly deserved. One of the areas of greatest concern is pre-certification requirements and possible denial of services. Experience with programs of this sort in diagnostic imaging suggests that, implemented correctly, the consultative interface created by a pre-certification program can be of tremendous value in physician education. Appropriate behavior modification programs need to be crafted with an educational rather than economic bias and the methodology not be totally abandoned simply because it has been misused by some. The pre-certification process can be used as a vehicle to disseminate information about rapidly emerging new therapies and technologies.