闭环供应链及逆向物流的理论结构简析

在国家提倡保节环保的大背景下,现代物流亦须要通过自身的完善遵从和支持其发展。本文通过对逆向物流的分析,提出闭关供应链的结构模型,说明了建立闭关供应链是实现可持续发展战略的重要手段之一。     

基于废钢回收的闭环供应链模型及协调研究

考虑环境立法对废钢回收的奖惩力度,在不确定需求条件下建立了基于废钢回收的闭环供应链模型.在集中决策系统下比较了传统供应链与闭环供应链系统的经济效益,分析了闭环供应链系统实现增值的条件;在分散决策系统下分析了闭环供应链中制造商与销售商的最优订货量和最优批发价格,并讨论了批发价格合同实现供应链协调的条件.最后结合某钢铁公司废钢回收的实际运作情况进行了仿真计算与分析.     

基于第三方的Push-Pull逆向物流模式

首先阐述了逆向物流的内涵、功能以及基于第三方逆向物流的提出,其次分析了外包逆向物流的优势,最后分析了生产控制系统中的Push-Pull方法.在此基础上,提出基于第三方的Push-Pull逆向物流模式.     

逆向物流浅析

本文阐述了逆向物流的涵义及其类型,从厂商和顾客的关系和环境保护的角度分析了逆向物流,说明了逆向物流的起因来自竞争和环境保护,然后讨论了供应链中逆向物流的流程,最后对逆向物流发展的趋势——第三方逆向物流做了初步探讨。     

信息分享模式对第三方负责回收闭环供应链的影响

研究了零售商预测信息分享对第三方负责回收闭环供应链的影响.分别建立了集中式闭环供应链下信息分享模型以及四种信息分享模式(无信息分享、信息仅与第三方分享、信息仅与制造商分享和信息与制造商和第三方均分享)的闭环供应链模型.研究发现,零售商分享其私有预测信息对其收益是不利的,但信息分享使得信息仅与第三方分享模式下供应链预期利润增加,通过建立信息分享补偿机制使得零售商有动机分享其需求预测信息.同时发现信息分享对各方的价值以及各方对信息分享模式的偏好取决于回收旧产品价格.     

具有逆向物流的三级供应链契约机制研究

笔者在随机市场需求下,研究三级闭环供应链的协调问题。为实现该闭环供应链的完美协调,笔者采用了两种契约机制:一是将收入—费用共享契约与回购契约相结合的联合契约,二是线性转移支付契约。结果表明,两种契约机制都可实现闭环供应链的协调。     

三级闭环供应链系统的定价、回购及协调策略

基于单一制造商、单一零售商和单一第三方物流服务提供商构成的三级供应链系统,将第三方物流引入到闭环供应链协调中来,在第三方物流服务提供商负责废品回收、正向物流服务价格由零售商承担的条件下,通过独立决策和联合决策两种决策方法,运用博弈理论进行求解,给出了两种不同决策方法下的定价策略;通过对两种定价方法的对比,认为联合决策下不仅系统利润明显提高,而且消费者也从中获益,并通过等利润增长率的方式对三者利润进行分配,实现共赢.最后通过实例进一步对结果进行验证.     

基于供应链的逆向物流管理初探

阐述了逆向物流产生发展的背景、涵义及其分类,分析了基于供应链的高效逆向物流管理的重要性.在此基础上,提出了企业把逆向物流管理同总体供应链网络进行有效整合的几点建议.     

渠道结构对第三方负责回收闭环供应链的影响

研究了四种渠道结构对第三方负责回收闭环供应链的影响。分别建立了四种再制造闭环供应链模型,给出了这些模型的最优零售价格、批发价格、回收比例以及各方的最优利润,并对这四种模型进行了比较分析。研究发现回收方制定回收策略时需考虑回收品价格和回收努力成本的大小,闭环供应链中任意两方的战略联盟有利于另外一方利润的增加,而且,闭环供应链中的任意两方都有战略联盟的动机。     

建立第三方负责回收的再利用逆向物流网络的可行性研究

中在人们对环境保护和经济可持续发展重要性的认识日益加深的背景下,逆向物流应运而生。面对包装废弃物这类可再利用资源的浪费和对环境造成的污染,人们正在努力寻找能减少污染和使企业获益的途径。在介绍国内再利用逆向物流的现状后,针对存在的问题提出了利用第三方物流公司建立再利用逆向物流网络的必要性和可行性,然后提出了建立第三方负责回收的再利用逆向物流网络的思路。     

Models for closed-loop supply chain with trade-ins

Three kinds of decision models for closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) with trade-ins are developed in this paper, including the centralized collection (Model C), the retailer collection (Model R), and the manufacturer collection (Model M). By analyzing these models, we argue that there are three types of optimal collection strategies, namely, no collection, partial collection, and full collection. We provide conditions under which one of these three collection strategies is optimal for different supply chain models. By comparing the impact of trade-ins on these different supply chain models, we find that only when the direct net value of a used product derived from the trade-ins for the whole CLSC system including the consumers is high enough can trade-in strategy be adopted to stimulate consumer demand and improve the manufacturer׳s and retailer׳s profit. Based on the life-cycle assessment method, we find that when the marginal effect of the product on environment in the continue-to-use phase is more significant than in other phases, trade-ins can promote the environmental performance of the CLSC system. Further, by comparing the optimal solutions for the different models, we find that one collection model may dominate the others in terms of the economic performance of the involved parties. Specifically, Model M dominates Model R in terms of the profits of the manufacturer and the profits of the whole supply chain; Model R dominates Model M in terms of retailer׳s profit; and Model R dominates all other models in terms of environmental performance.     

A model for reverse logistics entry by third-party providers

Reverse logistics has become an important entity in the US economy. Nonetheless, many companies are not capable of or are unwilling to enter the reverse logistics market. Such reluctance appears to be attributed to lack of knowledge of reverse logistics. This paper reviews current industry practices in reverse logistics. Specifically, we examine the issues and processes that an organization has to address to engage in the reverse logistics business. A reverse logistics decision-making model is developed to guide the process of examining the feasibility of implementing reverse logistics in third-party providers such as transportation companies. The purpose of this model is to help those companies who would like to pursue reverse logistics as a new market. A field study was conducted with a larger US transportation company to validate the proposed model.     

Fresh-product supply chain management with logistics outsourcing

We consider a supply chain in which a producer supplies a fresh product, through a third-party logistics (3PL) provider, to a distant market where a distributor purchases and sells it to end customers. The product is perishable, both the quantity and quality of which may deteriorate during the process of transportation. The market demand is random, sensitive to the selling price as well as the freshness of the product. We derive the optimal decisions for the three supply chain members, including the 3PL provider's transportation fee, the producer's shipping quantity and wholesale price, and the distributor's purchasing quantity and retail price. We find that the presence of the 3PL provider in the supply chain has a significant impact on its performance. We propose an incentive scheme to coordinate the supply chain. The scheme consists of two contracts, including a wholesale-market clearance (WMC) contract between the producer and the distributor, and a wholesale-price-discount sharing (WDS) contract between the producer and the 3PL provider. We show that the proposed contracts can eliminate the two sources of “double marginalization” that exist in the three-tier supply chain, and induce the three parties to act in a coordinated way.     

An integrated closed-loop product lifecycle management approach for reverse logistics design

Nowadays, reverse logistics is gaining importance for many companies in different industries. This importance is rooted in the fact that it generates profit and decreases the environmental impacts of products. Even though the decrease of environmental impacts is an indispensable requisite, reverse logistics design is only driven by cost indicators. The main reason behind this high cost is access to environmental information is difficult and is directly linked to data all along the lifecycle of the product. This paper presents a method by which reverse logistics design integrates environmental impacts based on the management of closed-loop product lifecycle. This method is divided into two processes: from beginning of life to end of life and from end of life to beginning of life. The first process integrates product data in order to calculate environmental impacts of the potential reverse logistics networks, whereas the second process selects the most appropriate reverse logistics network before optimising the product based on this particular network. The proposition is illustrated by a case study on a recycled aluminium automotive part.     

An environmentally conscious robust closed-loop supply chain design

Strategic network planning activities of national and even more of multinational companies are recently influenced by an increasing number of laws and regulations regarding environmental issues. On top of that non-governmental bodies pose additional pressures on companies to comply with environmental as well as social standards. Therefore, this paper presents a multi-objective and robust optimization-based closed-loop supply chain design model. In the objective function both expected total costs as well as carbon dioxide equivalents (CO₂e) are to be minimized. Customer demands and used-product return ratio are considered to be uncertain. The model supports the decision makers to better understand the influence of parameters and their values as well as the interrelationship between these when deciding on the structure of the entire value chain.     

An integrated production and inventory model for a whole manufacturing supply chain involving reverse logistics with finite horizon period

This paper proposes a model and solution method for coordinating integrated production and inventory cycles in a whole manufacturing supply chain involving reverse logistics for multiple items with finite horizon period. A whole manufacturing supply chain involving reverse logistic consists of tier-2 suppliers supplying raw materials to tier-1 suppliers, tier-1 suppliers producing parts, a manufacturer which manufactures and assembles parts from tier-1 suppliers into finished products, distributors distributing finished products to retailers, retailers selling products to end customers and a third party which collects the used finished products from end customers, dissembles collected products into parts, and feed the parts back to the supply chain. In this system, we consider a finite horizon period. A mathematical model for representing the behaviors of the system is developed. Solution methods based on decentralized and a combination of decentralized and centralized decision making process, referred to as the semi-centralized decision making process, are proposed to solve the model while the centralized decision making process is solved by a mixed integer nonlinear programming method. A numerical example is used to demonstrate the model and the solutions based on the three types of the coordination.     

SM两级闭环供应链系统建模与仿真研究

与传统正向供应链相比,处于闭环供应链中的制造商将对消费阶段后的废弃产品进行回收再处理,从而形成一种制造与再制造并存的混合模式,导致供应链系统复杂化.本文利用控制理论对一个供应商和一个制造商构成的两级闭环供应链系统进行建模与仿真研究,着重分析确定性需求和再制造环境下系统的动态行为和运作绩效.研究结果表明,再制造活动会对上...     

Models for supply chain reengineering

The goal of this paper is to provide a first step in the development of a coherent set of modelling methods for supply chain reengineering. This paper shows that different fields of attention in supply chain management should be approached with different modelling methods. Three modelling methods are presented: the event process chain (EPC) method; the activity chain model (ACM) method; and the GRAI grid method (adjusted for supply chains). EPC modelling focuses on time relationships between primary processes/functions, and is customer oriented. ACM modelling focuses on functions/processes and information flows. GRAI focuses on decision structures and information flows. The three methods are described, and an application of the methods to a case study company is presented. This paper concludes with a comparison of the methods and a discussion of their applicability.