就业机会中的性别不平等--市场转型与不平等关系的另一面

本文利用实证资料深入分析了社会转型过程中就业机会性别不平等的变化模式,认为社会转型具有多重纬度,快速的市场转型使得就业机会性别不平等问题明显化,就业机会性别不平等是市场转型与不平等关系的一个重要方面;并对已有的研究模式进行反思,认为在认识中国社会转型的过程中不应刻意追求"统一"模式,而应该致力于贴近具有多重纬度的真实的社会生活.     

持续不平等与贫困的累积

市场经济的效率功能并没有解决不平等与贫困这一经济社会问题.贫困是经济性权利与非经济性权利相对缺乏的不平等状态.贫者和富者在持续不平等条件下的无限重复动态博弈,促使两者的差距即贫困的累积呈现出递增趋势,但它也受人们对贫困的容忍程度诸如贫困的外部性、经济波动与增长、环境退化以及可持续发展问题等因素的约束.而对这种约束条件的改善,不仅可以提高效率,还为贫困的累积扩展了新空间.     

经济增长、不平等与贫困的变化机制分析

充分了解贫困的变化机制,对贫困消减政策的制定无疑具有重要意义。经济增长和社会不平等状况对贫困无疑具有决定性的影响,但其决定机制并非简单。通过对贫困指数进行分解,从总体经济增长速度、社会各阶层实际经济增长的差异、社会不平等程度与社会各阶层人口变动对贫困的影响等四个方面分析后发现,促进社会平等与社会成员自由流动的社会改革对贫困的消减具有重要的作用。而这并不是单纯的经济政策可以实现的,有效的贫困消减策略需要一整套系统协调的社会经济政策。     

高等教育机会性别不平等的因素分析与对策思考

无论是衡量性别平等还是表述女性综合发展状况,高等教育机会的公平赋予都是不可或缺的评价指标.本文在描述高等教育机会的性别差异现状基础之上,分析了当代中国影响高等教育机会性别不平等的主要因素,检视了高等教育机会性别不平等给女性就业造成的问题,提出了改善高等教育机会性别不平等的策略建议.     

性别平等对经济增长的功能性影响

经济增长本身并不足以改善性别不平等状况,即性别平等并不完全取决于经济发展水平,它需要坚定的政治承诺和可持续的政策机制。如果仅仅依赖财富的增加,认为生产力的发展自然而然会带来妇女地位的提高;或把经济发展和性别平等对立起来,牺牲弱势群体的利益以求得经济发展,这种片面的发展观和经济决定论不但会导致性别平等事业的停滞和倒退,而且也不会真正推动经济的发展。因为以发展市场经济为目标的经济改革弱化了国家对妇女的保护,在一定程度上加剧了劳动力市场上男女之间的不平等和在工资、招聘、提升等方面对女性的歧视。     

试论高等教育机构的性别不平等机制

文章从高等教育中的若干性别差异现象出发,揭示了在社会性别刻板印象和社会性别权力结构深刻影响下,高等教育中人们长期习焉不察的性别权力关系;探讨了高等教育机构的性别不平等机制,尤其是高等教育机构时父权社会中性别权力结构的复制和再生产机制.     

性别平等教育试析

中国追求性别教育公平由来已久,取得了一定的成绩,但性别教育依然存在歧视;究其原因包括传统文化的影响、学校教育的影响以及个体自我意识的影响等因素;抵制歧视性别的传统文化、重视学校中的因性施教、改变课堂中的各种不平等现象当是教育界努力的方向。     

发展中国家妇女贫困问题探源

对于亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲的发展中国家而言,确保妇女拥有平等的经济社会地位、实现妇女在经济发展和现代化进程中的全程参与,具有非常重要的意义.而要实现这些目标,就必须清除导致妇女经济社会地位不平等的一些主要因素和障碍,如妇女的无偿劳动和双重负担、就业上的不公平待遇、资源获取上的不平等、有限的教育、以及在社会保障和卫生保健方面的不利境地等等.同时,由于上述因素或障碍十分复杂且相互关联,只有通过一系列相互配套、良好整合的政策而不是彼此孤立的政策,才能使这些政策取得良好成效.作为发展中国家,中国迄今也依然存在着诸如妇女劳动负担过重、卫生保健状况较差、就业难度大且工资低、土地权益得不到保护、受教育程度低等种种不利于妇女脱贫、减贫的因素,因此关于发展中国家妇女贫困的根源分析和政策建议对未来中国妇女贫困问题的解决必然会产生一定的借鉴意义.     

性别平等视野下的公共政策

促进性别平等,有利于维护社会公共利益,实现男女共同发展,是我国全面建成小康社会的题中应有之义,有助于构建社会主义和谐社会。以科学发展观作为我国公共政策的价值诉求;以社会性别主流化优化公共政策的策略;建立性别平等工作的考评机制,以规范公共政策的实施。     

和谐社会与欠发达地区农村义务教育

教育公平,特别是义务教育公平是和谐社会的重要内涵。我国当前的义务教育,对农村,特别是欠发达地区农村有失公平。采取一系列有效对策逐步扭转,是构建和谐社会的要求。     

Gender Inequality and Economic Growth in Rural China

This article joins the debate over the effect of market-driven economic development on women's work opportunities and household gender inequalities. It assesses women's opportunities for off-farm employment, the relative contributions of female off-farm workers to household income, and the distribution of power in families whose male members have left for off-farm jobs, leaving women behind in agricultural work. We find that women are not uniformly excluded from opportunities for off-farm employment and that economic development does not uniformly increase gender inequalities within Chinese households. Although men are more likely than women to obtain off-farm employment in China, women's opportunities for off-farm work improve significantly when the coexistence of local and regional marketization creates a shortage of male workers and compels employers to hire women. The relative size of contributions to household income for male and female nonfarm workers also narrows incrementally with increased marketization. In addition, women who are left in agricultural work are more likely to become heads of household, a position which brings greater household decision-making power to female family members.     

农村留守儿童社会化困境与学校教育对策——对浙南R市的调查与实践

对浙南R市的调研发现,家庭教育功能退化、同辈群体影响具有"双面性"、学校教育乏力是导致农村留守儿童社会化困境的主要原因。学校层面的对策是在开展对留守儿童的直接教育之外,拓展教育领域,对留守儿童家庭教育进行功能补偿,同时积极引导留守儿童同辈群体的文化走向,发挥学校在农村留守儿童社会化中的有力主体与主要行动空间作用。     

简析扶贫叙事的启蒙意识

扶贫叙事往往将扶贫失败的原因归结为农民的愚昧,提出教育农民的问题,但细读作品不难发现,扶贫悖论固然反映出农民思想的愚昧,但也与扶贫者的扶贫方式乃至扶贫过程中的功利思想密不可分。扶贫过程中,乡村权力的干预更使扶贫呈现出复杂的态势。挟贫叙事通过权力、功利等思想对扶贫的干扰表现出农民科学意识形成的艰难,也显示出知识者与农民-e．．N的隔膜,暴露出知识分子的话语霸权,也质疑了知识分子的启蒙意识。     

Exploring the spatial wage penalty for women: Does it matter where you live?

Inequality between men and women has decreased over the past four decades in the US, but wage inequality among groups of women has increased. As metropolitan women’s earnings grew by 25% over the past four decades, nonmetropolitan women’s earnings only grew by 15%. In the current study we draw on data from the Current Population Survey to analyze the spatial wage gap among women. We explore differences in the spatial wage gap by education, occupation, and industry. Regression models that control for marriage, motherhood, race, education, region, age, and work hours indicate that metropolitan women earn 17% more per hour than nonmetropolitan women. Nonmetropolitan women earn less than metropolitan women who live in central cities and outside central cities. The gap in metropolitan-nonmetropolitan wages is higher for more educated women than for less educated women. The wage gap is only 5% for women without a high school degree, but it is 15% for women with a college degree and 26% for women with an advanced degree. Nonmetropolitan college graduates are overrepresented in lower-paying occupations and industries. Metropolitan college graduates, however, are overrepresented in higher-paying occupations and industries, such as professional services and finance.     

Gender,status, and psychiatric labels

We examine a key modified labeling theory proposition—that a psychiatric label increases vulnerability to competence-based criticism and rejection—within task- and collectively oriented dyads comprised of same-sex individuals with equivalent education. Drawing on empirical work that approximates these conditions, we expect the proposition to hold only among men. We also expect education, operationalized with college class standing, to moderate the effects of gender by reducing men’s and increasing women’s criticism and rejection. But, we also expect the effect of education to weaken when men work with a psychiatric patient. As predicted, men reject suggestions from teammates with a psychiatric history more frequently than they reject suggestions from other teammates, while women’s resistance to influence is unaffected by their teammate’s psychiatric status. Men also rate psychiatric patient teammates as less powerful but no lower in status than other teammates, while women’s teammate assessments are unaffected by their teammate’s psychiatric status. Also as predicted, education reduces men’s resistance to influence when their teammate has no psychiatric history. Education also increases men’s ratings of their teammate’s power, as predicted, but has no effect on women’s resistance to influence or teammate ratings. We discuss the implications of these findings for the modified labeling theory of mental illness and status characteristics theory.     

Cauchy-Schwarz不等式的应用及推广

Cauchy-Schwarz不等式是异于均值不等式的另一个重要不等式,不仅在数学分析、高等代数中应用比较广泛,在竞赛数学和工程实际计算中也有广泛的应用.研究Cauchy-Schwarz不等式的几种特殊形式,并分别给出了它们的证明,最后给出了Cauchy-Schwarz不等式的推广形式.     

Feeding the pipeline: Gender,occupational plans,and college major selection

In this article, we analyze gender differences in college major selection for respondents to the Education Longitudinal Study (2002–2006), focusing on educational pathways through college that lead to science, engineering, or doctoral-track medicine occupations and to non-doctoral track clinical and health sciences occupations. We show that gender differences in college major selection remain substantial, even for a cohort in which rates of enrollment in postsecondary education are more than ten percent higher for young women than for young men. Consistent with other recent research, we demonstrate that neither gender differences in work–family goals nor in academic preparation explain a substantial portion of these differences. However, the occupational plans of high school seniors are strong predictors of initial college major selection, a finding that is revealed only when occupational plans are measured with sufficient detail, here by using the verbatim responses of students. We also find that the association between occupational plans and college major selection is not attributable to work–family orientation or academic preparation. Finally, we find gender differences in the associations between occupational plans and college major selection that are consistent with prior research on STEM attrition, as well as with the claim that attrition also affects the selection of majors that are gateways into doctoral-track medicine. We discuss the implications of the predictive power of occupational plans formed in adolescence for understanding sex segregation and for policies intended to create a gender-balanced STEM and doctoral-level medical workforce.     

义务教育免费陛问题的实证研究

本文探讨当前农村免费义务教育政策推行过程巾出现的新问题和新挑战,     

论先进性别文化的构建

构建先进性别文化,主要指树立社会公众共享的、以性别平等为核心的价值观念,传播体现性别平等和谐的语言和知识,创造表现性别平等和谐的物质和非物质形式的社会过程。构建先进性别文化是以推进性别平等和社会和谐为根本目的、顺应文化演进规律、引导文化前进方向、与时俱进的社会行动。思考构建先进性别文化的战略和策略,需要开拓思想和视野,不仅要将其纳入先进文化建设的理论框架,视为社会主义精神文明建设的重要组成部分,而且还要将其纳入社会管理的范围,视为一项社会系统工程,动员全社会力量,从不同的角度和层面开展行动。