卢梭的公民观

在西方政治思想史上,存在着共和主义与自由主义两种公民传统.在现代社会中,人性的自我分裂表现为人的"市民"和"公民"二重身份的紧张.Citizen概念的两歧性,表征着人性的分裂以及现代社会结构的内在冲突.卢梭是第一个反思现代性的批判理论家.他的新共和主义政治理论,正是围绕公民与布尔乔亚的二元对立而展开的.令卢梭忧思的一个基本问题,是现代性与道德的冲突,亦印市民的财富世界与公民的美德世界的对立.其现代性批判的焦点,是布尔乔亚的反公民性的异化本质.卢梭对现代性与人的困境的反思,对布尔乔亚和市民社会的批判,对代议制的公民参与缺失的揭示,显示了一位社会批判家对现代性的深刻批判.然而,卢梭的困境在于:古代公民的政治自由以奴隶的受奴役为代价;现代公民则以出让主权换取市民的个人自由.现代的商业社会、民族国家、民主社会,与卢梭小国寡民的古典城邦式公民政治理想格格不入.卢梭心仪的公民城邦毕竟属于业已衰落的小共同体.因而卢梭的最大困境,在于其以小共同体的美德政治模式来作为组织大社会的政治原则.     

共和主义公民身份的当代价值

在自由主义公民身份大行其道的今天,强调自由、参与、共和与美德的共和主义公民身份对于克服自由主义所导致的孤立原子主义与激进个人主义、政治市场化与公民的消费者形象、弱势民主与"温和的"专制主义等弊病,对于培养造就"好公民"、促进民主良性运转和提高制度改革绩效具有重要价值和意义.当然,共和主义公民身份也面临着一些严峻的问题和挑战,需要认真面对并采取有效措施加以克服或化解.     

德鲁兹的反柏拉图主义哲学

本文是对德鲁兹的反柏拉图主义哲学的探讨,其内容包括三个部分:第一部分论述他对柏拉图学说和柏拉图主义的解构,第二部分论述他对哲学史上与柏拉图主义相对立的一些人物的解释,而第三部分则根据他对其学说的相关内容的直接阐发来说明其基本观点.     

“客观性”问题及两种不同的解决方案之比较——马克思主义哲学和胡塞尔现象学

“客观性”是西方哲学中的重要概念,并引申出所谓的客观性问题;马克思主义哲学通过“实践”概念的引入来解决这个问题,而现象学则引入“主体间性”概念试图消解这个问题.这两种方案存在认识论和方法论的差异,但同时也具有共同之处,即对于相对主义、主客体关系以及人类生活意义的关注.     

作为“无蔽”的真理:论海德格尔思想中的根本上的柏拉图主义特征

海德格尔区分了"存在"与"存在者",认为"真理"的原初含义是"无蔽",而柏拉图的形而上学则遗忘了存在的意义,把一个最高的存在者——"善的理念"看成了存在本身。文章通过对柏拉图《理想国》中洞穴喻和太阳喻的研究指出,正是通过柏拉图哲学,真理才具有了一种存在论上的"无蔽"含义,"Eidos"才取代了质料成为了"真理"的首要含义。     

柏拉图与"快乐论者":盟友还是敌手?——哲学治疗的"加法"与"减法"

柏拉图和以自然哲学为代表的哲学快乐论伦理学在反对纵欲主义上是"盟友".然而,他们采取的哲学治疗的策略却基本相反,一个是加法,一个是减法.这导致他们相互批判,甚至因此相互认为是主要敢手.柏拉图在有的对话录中也尝试过快乐主义,用它建立道德.但是他最终完全否认这一路径,这是因为他在这种"元伦理学"的背后看到十分严重的理论和实践的威胁.这里的分歧暗示了所谓"古今之争"的对峙的基本原因--主观价值论还是客观价值论.     

公民资格的解释范式与分析走向

公民资格是政治学研究的重要主题.本文归纳和总结了公民资格的两大解释范式:自由主义范式和共和主义范武.自由主义范式主要表现在洛克、T.H.马歇尔等人的理论建构上,它以个人权利为核心,强调政府对于社会的工具性职能,把公民资格看作是通往个人自由的手段.共和主义范式主要体现在亚里士多德、西塞罗、马基雅维利、卢梭等人的思想中,它把公民美德、公民对公共事务的参与和对共同体的奉献看作是公民资格的核心,把公民资格看作是自由本身.在此基础上,本文还探讨了范武差别和更替后面所反映的深层问题,分析了两大范武在当前社会背景下所面临的挑战及未来走向.     

从微观基础研究到宏观基础研究:后瓦尔拉斯主义的兴起

宏微观经济学经历了三次融合.在微观基础研究中,新古典主义把预期形成机制理论作为连接宏微观经济学之间的桥梁,而新凯恩斯主义则通过工资-价格粘性的原因解释和不完全市场结构的分析来构建宏观理论的微观基础.他们关于代表性主体、理性、均衡以及协调问题的观点都是不合理的,因此必须研究微观经济学的宏观基础.早在宏微观经济学分立之初,凯恩斯对这一问题就有所关注,西蒙开创性地提出了以"有限理性"为基础的"满意决策理论",新凯恩斯主义则从制度上来研究宏观基础,其协调失灵学派还提出了协调失灵理论.对宏观基础进行系统研究的是20世纪90年代以来兴起的后瓦尔拉斯主义,其学者指出,具有有限理性的微观主体之间的相互作用使得经济系统方程具有多重均衡解,从而引起经济周期性波动,但宏观制度的协调功能会使经济处于相对稳定状态.     

论本体论的演进

众所周知,巴门尼德哲学是西方古典哲学和本体论哲学的逻辑开端,它为古典哲学的主流奠定了初步的基础,后来经过苏格拉底-柏拉图在到亚里士多德,以及后来的新柏拉图主义,逐渐形成了蔚为大观的形而上学或本体论传统.后经德国古典哲学集大成者黑格尔达到了本体论、认识论和逻辑三者的统一.德里达沿着海德格尔开辟的"遮蔽-解蔽的本有运作"的路径.受列维纳斯的"他者:踪迹现象"的影响,提出了"延异"的概念.当海德格尔用"此在"来颠覆一切形而上学和本体论的时候,可以说它的希望并没有落空,这场革命是由马克思来开始的,提出了实践唯物主义新的本体论,并显现出的它在理论上和方法上的独特价值.     

《不能承受的生命之轻》中自我探寻的永恒悖论

探究人的悖论性存在状态、展示人性的多种可能性是米兰·昆德拉挑战自我的确定性本质、解构绝对主义的一个尝试,《不能承受的生命之轻》正是这一尝试的力作。小说中的四个主要人物体现了自我悖论性存在的两种方式,即横向坐标轴上不同自我同时存在的矛盾性和悖论性,以及纵向坐标轴上自我探寻中行为结果对行为意愿的否定性与嘲弄性。昆德拉认为,自我存在的不确定性和悖论性状态是现实世界荒诞感和人的精神世界复杂性的体现,相对性与模糊性则是自我探寻的永恒悖论,人对于自我的认识永远处于"无知"和谬误之中。     

生态文明视阈下中国生态制度建设的路径选择

生态文明是人类在处理与自然的关系时所达到的文明程度,生态制度是调整人与生态环境关系制度规范的总称。生态制度是生态文明建设的重要内容。国际社会关于生态制度设计的经验为中国生态制度建设提供了借鉴。在转换经济发展方式的同时,我国应切实加强生态制度建设,健全保护生态环境的市场化制度,完善促进生态和谐的法律,推动政府行为的生态化转向,促进全体公民的生态参与。     

Partial cooperation in strategic multi-sided decision situations

We consider a normal-form game in which there is a single exogenously given coalition of cooperating players that can write a binding agreement on pre-selected actions. The actions representing other dimensions of the strategy space remain under the sovereign, individual control of the players. We consider a standard extension of the Nash equilibrium concept denoted as a partial cooperative equilibrium as well as an equilibrium concept in which the coalition of cooperators has a leadership position. Existence results are stated and we identify conditions under which the various equilibrium concepts are equivalent. We apply this framework to existing models of multi-market oligopolies and international pollution abatement. In a multi-market oligopoly, typically, a merger paradox emerges in the partial cooperative equilibrium. The paradox vanishes if the cartel attains a leadership position. For international pollution abatement treaties, cooperation by a sufficiently large group of countries results in a Pareto improvement over the standard tragedy of the commons outcome described by the Nash equilibrium.     

城市社区的国家与社会：现实诉求和路径依赖——对Ｃ市“市长公开电话”的个案研究

一般来说,任何社会的形成都是由个人、制度和文化三种动态关系所组成的,因此,一定的社会关系就成为社会学研究的对象(邓伟志,1991)。本文的分析就建立在社会关系的分析基础之上。在当代中国城市社区,随着市场经济体制的建立和逐渐完善,随着淹没社会的国家权力在诸如经济、市场等领域的有限退出,随着万能的“单位制”的逐渐解体,市民与国家(政府)的互动关系发生了根本性大变化:一方面,市民的职业流向分布于国营、私营、外资、个体等多种经济所有制,市民对“单位”的依赖趋弱,对政府的指令依赖趋弱;另一方面,政府的职能角色定位发生改变,…     

宪法财产权与纳税人权利保障的宪政维度

宪法财产权是指公民创造的全部财产不受任何侵犯的自然法权,它由公法上的纳税人权利与民法上的私有财产权两个部分组成。依照与国家之间在先的契约原则,公民须向国家交纳自己创造的一部分财产作为国家赋税,并由此成为纳税人;宪法赋予国家与公民之间对于公民创造的全部财产的分割程序与原则,公民由此享有对国家赋税征收列支等经济政治社会诸事务的广泛参与权,这种由公民财产分割程序与原则延伸出来的政治参与权就是纳税人权利。保障宪法财产权基础上的纳税人权利,是宪政治理逻辑与历史的双重起点。     

走向法庭还是走上街头：超越维权困境的一条行动路径

制度外抗争与制度内法律维权有着显著不同的结果和制度逻辑。现有文献中的“依法抗争”或“以法抗争”可以通过制度外或者制度边缘的集体行动获得政府及时的反应,但却有着多重困境：机会困境、风险困境、组织困境、制度困境。制度内法律维权可以很大程度上破解这些困境,但也有着该模式下独特的结果困境：费时费力而又缺乏即时直接的回报困扰或者阻碍制度内法律维权者去为了获得长期的有益于整个群体的普遍性制度化后果采取行动。但本研究中的业主维权行动在一定程度上破解了这一困境。他们的制度内维权行动让法律在实践中最大可能地运转了起来,从而超越了传统维权的困境。独特的政治机会结构和制度内维权本身所具有的特征,促进一些群体走向法庭,而非走上街头。     

In Search of an Effective Coercive Strategy to Deter the Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction

The study of suicidal behavior (actual suicides, attempts, or simulated attempts on one's life) touches upon the profound question of the purpose and meaning of human existence. In the words of Vladimir Solov'ev, "There are serious people among those who deny any meaning to life: there are those who consummate their denial with action, suicide, and there are people who are not serious, who deny the meaning of life only through arguments and whole spurious philosophical systems" (quoted in [1]). The problem of suicide has regularly attracted the attention of philosophers, theologians, writers, and scholars since the times of Plato and Aristotle.     

启蒙的悖论及其出路

文章对近代以来由启蒙所带来的各种悖论问题进行了重新反思,并对霍克海默、阿多诺、哈贝马斯、福柯、德里达等哲学家的相关思想进行了梳理、比照和批判性的检讨,指出其各自得失,提出在伦理实践的层面上寻求走出启蒙困境的道路,从而避免对启蒙进行二元论解释.文章试图以卢梭晚年的思想和生活为例来重新理解亚里士多德所说的"审慎"的"实践智慧",用以发掘我们这个时代的"启蒙"的意义.     

The impossibility of the Paretian liberal and its relevance to welfare economics

The purpose of this study is to analyse the implications of Sen's impossibility result, the liberal paradox, for orthodox welfare economics. Because the rather special format of social choice theory makes it a little difficult to be sure of the relevance of this result, the whole dilemma is posed here in terms of a rather informal analysis of information al patterns.On the one hand, it is argued that the traditional approach to welfare economics, including both utilitarianism and Paretian ordinalism, contains severe informational constraints eliminating the use of all kinds of independent non-utility information in the social evaluation process. This property, called welfarism, is also present in the weak Pareto principle, which conflicts with even minimal requirements of personal liberty according to Sen's result.On the other hand, it is argued that there is in fact little to be resolved in this problem in spite of several attempts to circumvent the conflict. These studies are argued to be mainly ad hoc solutions to the formal problem and relevant only to the extent they indicate how severe restrictions are needed to avoid the paradox. The analogy with the prisoner's dilemma does not work either. Since liberal values are intrinsically non-welfaristic, the liberal paradox can be interpreted as only one, but a rather powerful, example of the informational deficiency of the orthodox approach.Finally, it is argued that the liberal paradox has striking implications for both the concept of preference and social optimum as well as empirical research on social welfare. This means that if the impossibility is to be taken seriously we need to revalue both the status of utility information and the role of the Pareto principle in social welfare analysis.The author is grateful to Professor Amartya Sen and Matti Tuomala for helpful comments and suggestions.     

Building a Preaching Ministry in the English Church during the Reformation

Martin Luther’s concept of “priesthood of all believers” implies that everyone who has been baptised not only becomes a Christian, but also becomes a consecrated priest. There is room for a logical extension of Luther’s concept. If every Christian is a consecrated priest and has the right to administer the sacraments for himself, is there any necessity to retain a professional priesthood for the Church? While detailing how Luther’s concept entailed the shift of clerical functions from a sacramental priesthood to a preaching ministry as occurred within the evolving Protestant Churches, this paper offers a clarification of what Luther actually meant by his formula.     

Defining Community Care: realities and myths

This article looks critically at the concept of community care and argues that it is unhelpful and redundant. It makes three main points: first, that many care settings have elements of institutional and so-called community care and that there is no clear dichotomy between the two. Second, it is argued that the real distinction is not between the institution and the community but is between the institution and home. Community care is not provided by anonymous, altruistic others but comes from specific individuals (usually women) in domiciliary settings. The concept and definition of “home” are briefly discussed and it is suggested that most care is delivered either in a home , from home or at home. The third argument is that careful individual assessment is required to ensure that dependent people are not offered housing or residential solutions when what they need (and want) is care and services.