我国高龄老人照料资源分布及照料满足感研究

高龄老人是一个对照料需求更高的群体,目前,高龄老人的照料完全满足感并不高。在居家养老建设不断加快的背景下,高龄老人的照料资源仍然集中在家庭内部,他们对社会服务的利用率极低;高龄老人的年龄、健康状况、经济状况、所在城乡以及照料者类别及其意愿对照料满足感的影响较大。政府及社会在提升高龄老人照料满足感的过程中,要科学规划居家养老服务,关注贫困、认知能力差和空巢高龄老人群体,重视家庭代际和谐建设,加快专业社工队伍发展,加强国际交流。     

正式照料抑或非正式照料:照料模式对高龄老人临终照料成本的影响

本文基于2014～2018年中国老年人健康影响因素跟踪调查数据(CLHLS),尝试探究了机构照料、社会照料和家庭照料3种照料模式对我国高龄老人临终照料费用和天数的影响.结果发现,家庭照料和社会照料均与较高的临终照料费用与临终照料天数显著相关,但机构照料仅与较高的临终照料天数显著相关.此外,临终老人的照料依赖程度对于不同...     

高龄老人自理能力和生活照料及其对策

本文利用1998年在全国22个省、自治区、直辖市进行的中国高龄老人健康长寿监测服务调查的数据对高龄老人生活照料、自理能力及影响因素进行分析.并通过Logistic回归分析探讨影响高龄老年人日常生活自理能力下降的因素.     

代际支持对高龄老人身心健康状况的影响研究

文章利用"中国高龄老人健康长寿调查"的数据,研究子女的代际支持行为对高龄老人的生理及心理健康的影响。结果表明,代际支持对高龄老人的生活自理能力水平和心理状况都有显著影响,对生活自理能力的影响主要是通过日常照料和经济支持进行的,而感情交流在对心理状况的影响中发挥着重要作用。儿子的代际支持在维持改善高龄老人的生活自理能力和心理状况方面尤为重要。     

从调查数据看高龄老人的家庭代际关系

家庭各类成员之间的关系会直接影响到老年人的晚年生活.本研究利用中国1998年高龄老人健康长寿基础调查资料从生活来源、日常生活能力、婚姻状况、居住状况、照料提供者这几个指标,分析了高龄老人的家庭代际关系.     

农村高龄老人的照料需求与照料供给分析

本文利用2005年"中国高龄老人健康长寿调查"跟踪调查的数据,通过对照料需求和照料供给的分析,揭示出农村高龄老人的照料现状并提出解决供需矛盾的对策。研究结果表明,我国农村地区有1/3的高龄老人需要他人提供某种日常生活方面的帮助,女性的照料需求高于男性。大多数农村高龄老人能够获得较为满意的家庭照料,但是社区照料基本处于空白,同时机构照料也处于发展的低级阶段。鉴于农村特殊的经济社会环境,应继续鼓励和支持家庭照料,大力发展机构照料,而探索适合农村地区的社区照料服务也刻不容缓。     

代际支持对老年人主观幸福感的影响--基于年龄组的差异性分析

本文从年龄组差异的角度分析了代际支持对老年人心理健康的影响。研究发现,在控制了客观健康状况等变量后,老年人的心理健康水平并非随着年龄增长呈现出下降趋势。其次,接受代际支持和给予代际支持都对老年人心理健康有着显著的促进作用。第三,对于不同年龄组来说,代际支持对老年人心理健康产生的效果既有共同点也存在着差异。相似之处在于充足的经济支持对65－74岁、75－84岁和85岁及以上这三个年龄组老人的心理健康都是有利的。然而,更突出的是这三个年龄组之间的相异点：对于65－74岁这一组别而言,老人与子女之间的经济交换最为频繁。这种经济上的互惠提升了老人的积极情绪、抑制了消极情绪的产生。就75－84岁的老年人来说,子女在日常照料的作用表现的十分显著。和子女共同居住、在生病时由子女照料的老人表现出更少的消极情绪。至于85岁以上的高龄老人,得到充足的情感支持对于提升主观幸福感的作用更为显著;最先和子女分享想法的老人有着更高的心理健康水平。因此就现实状况来看,当父母逐渐衰老,作为子女,应当更加关注对父母的日常照护和情感关怀。尤其是对于这些高龄老人,他们对子女的情感态度更为敏感;子女提供的充足的情感支持对其心理健康有着十分显著的促进作用。     

中国老年家庭空巢化态势与空巢老年群体基本特征

第七次全国人口普查首次增加了老年人居住状况项目，有助于直接精准地识别空巢老人。根据2000、2010和2020年全国人口普查数据，考察中国老年家庭空巢化态势和空巢老人基本特征，结果发现，近20年城乡老年家庭空巢化水平不断提高；近10年各省老年家庭空巢化水平均有所提升；2020年空巢老人规模近1.5亿，高龄独居空巢老人达772万人；高龄、女性老年人面临更加严峻的独居空巢形势；独居空巢老人近七成处于丧偶状态，近一成仍未婚；空巢老人生活来源主要为家庭赡养、社会保障和劳动收入；空巢老人的健康状况整体良好，但仍有小部分生活不能自理；独居空巢老人中接受保姆照料的比例较低，即使失能也仅不到两成接受保姆照料。应加快建立健全多层次、全方位的老年空巢尤其是高龄空巢问题应对政策体系和制度框架。     

高龄老人临终前完全需要他人照料状况研究

文章运用1998年高龄老人健康长寿调查和2000年死亡跟踪调查数据,通过对不同健康情况高龄老人临终前完全需要他人照料状况分析,得到了健康老人临终前完全需要他人照料的时间最短仅为76.6天;带病老人临终前完全需要他人照料的时间相对较长为124.5天;中国高龄老人临终前完全需要他人照料的平均时间为92天。这对中国未来家庭养老资源短缺、社会养老功能匮乏的老龄化社会无疑是一种挑战。     

异质性、家庭支持与中国高龄老人的死亡率:虚弱度模型的应用

本文通过虚弱度模型展示了中国高龄老人死亡率模式中的个体异质性,女性内部异质性远大于男性。在控制未观测异质性后,结果显示:男性和女性高龄老人的基准死亡率呈现交叉效应;配偶对男性高龄老人的存活存在显著的保护作用,已婚有偶的男性高龄老人死亡风险较之无偶的低22%(=1-e-0.253);除日常照料和精神慰藉外,子女对烟酒嗜好等不健康生活方式的监督,对男性高龄老人的存活也可能存在不可替代的保护作用。女性高龄老人在社会支持网络依赖、社会经济地位与健康生活方式上迥异于男性,使得配偶和子女以上支持作用并不显著。     

A new method for correcting under-estimation of disabled life expectancy and an application to the chinese oldest-old

This article demonstrates that disabled life expectancies that are based on conventional multistate life-table methods are significantly underestimated because of the assumption of no changes in functional status between age x and death. We present a new method to correct the bias and apply it to data from a longitudinal survey of about 9,000 oldest-old Chinese aged 80-105 collected in 1998 and 2000. In our application, the age trajectories of disability (activities of daily living--ADL), status-specific death rates, and the probabilities of transitions between ADL states of the oldest-old were investigated for the first time in a developing country. In this article, we report estimates of bias-corrected disabled and active life expectancies of the Chinese oldest-old and demonstrate patterns of large differences associated with initial status, gender, and advances in ages. Using combined information on ADL disabilities and length of having been bedridden before dying, we analyze gender and age patterns of the extent of morbidity before dying among the oldest-old and their implications for debates on the hypothesis of compression of morbidity.     

The association of childhood socioeconomic conditions with healthy longevity at the oldest-old ages in China

Based on unique data from the largest-ever sample of the Chinese oldest-old aged 80 and older, our multivariate logistic regression analyses show that either receiving adequate medical service during sickness in childhood or never/rarely suffering from serious illness during childhood significantly reduces the risk of being ADL (activities of daily living) impaired, being cognitively impaired, and self-reporting poor health by 18%-33% at the oldest-old ages. Estimates of effects for five other indicators of childhood conditions are similarly positive but mostly not statistically significant. Multivariate survival analysis shows that better childhood socioeconomic conditions in general tend to reduce the four-year period mortality risk among the oldest-old. But after additional controls for 14 covariates are put into the model, the effects are not statistically significant, thus suggesting that most of the effects of childhood conditions on oldest-old mortality are indirect-at least to the point of affecting current health status at the oldest-old ages, which itself is strongly associated with mortality. While acknowledging limitations of the present analyses due to a lack of information on childhood illness, the oldest-olds'recollection errors, and other data problems, we conclude, based on this and other studies, that policies that enhance childhood health care and children's socioeconomic well-being can have large and long-lasting benefits up to the oldest-old ages.     

城市高龄老年人的医疗问题调查——以湖南省长沙市310位高龄老年人为例

随着我国人口的高龄化,高龄老年人的医疗问题日益凸显。实地调查表明:他们的身体状况不好,医疗支持不够,对医疗的满意度不高。因此,依据城市高龄老年人的医疗现状及其对医疗的心理预期,改进和完善城市高龄老年人的医疗支持体系势在必行。     

Personal networks and the incomes of men and women in the United States: Do personal networks provide higher returns for men or women?

Despite the many studies focusing on the relationship between social networks and labor market outcomes, few have examined differences in returns to personal networks by gender. Informed by the Social Resources Theory, this study tests whether various types of employment job search networks provide greater returns for males or females. Of the few studies examining gender differences, some find that the benefits of social networks are specific to males; others maintain that they also extend to females, and others argue that the benefits are greater for females than males. There are several limitations of the studies focusing on gender and social networks within the labor market. Such studies have not employed nationally representative datasets. They also neglect important distinctions between various types of personal networks. In this study, these limitations are rectified. A nationally representative dataset, the 2002 General Social Survey, is employed to address how personal networks operate for men and women within the US labor market. Additionally, various types of personal networks are employed to enable a more nuanced approach than previous research. The study provides evidence that social networks provide higher returns to women than men, as women receive returns from their networks while men do not.     

农村妇女对子女的效用预期与其男孩偏好的关系

文章利用中国人民大学2010年相关调查数据从经济、照料和文化三个方面分析了我国农村地区妇女对孩子未来效用的总体预期和分性别预期,以及这种预期效用的性别差异与人们的强性别偏好之间的关系,并得出以下结论:随着经济社会的发展和人口流动的频繁,人们目前对子代的养老效用预期在经济和居住方面已经很低,但在生病照料和赡养、传宗接代方面期望依然很高;人们对男孩和女孩的预期各有侧重,依然体现了传统的"男主外,女主内"的性别认知;人们对孩子效用预期的性别差异与人们的性别偏好呈显著正相关,尤其体现在老年照料、赡养责任和传宗接代等方面,代际经济支持已经不再是影响人们男孩偏好的重要原因。     

Caregiver stressors and depressive symptoms among older husbands and wives in the United States

Framed by Pearlin’s Stress Process Model, this study prospectively examines the effects of primary stress factors reflecting the duration, amount, and type of care on the depressive symptoms of spousal caregivers over a2-year period, and whether the effects of stressors differ between husbands and wives. Data are from the 2004 and 2006 waves of the Health and Retirement Study and we included community-dwelling respondents providing activities of daily life (ADL) and/or instrumental activities of daily life (IADL) help to their spouses/partners (N = 774). Results from multivariate regression models indicate that none of the primary stressors were associated with depressive symptoms. However, wives providing only personal care had significantly more depressive symptoms than wives providing only instrumental care, while husbands providing different types of care showed no such differences. To illuminate strategies for reducing the higher distress experienced by wife caregivers engaged in personal care assistance, further studies are needed incorporating couples’ relational dynamics and gendered experiences in personal care.     

Patterns of Time Use Across the Life Span in Korea: A Latent Class Analysis and Age and Gender Differences

The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of time use and the patterns of time use across the life span using a socioemotional selectivity theory. The data used for this study were from the “Korean Time Use Survey,” which is collected every 5 years by Statistics Korea (KOSTAT). The data collected in 1999, 2004, and 2009 were used to analyze the patterns of time use using latent class analyses and to observe the differences of time use by age and gender. The results were summarized as follows: Based on the analyses of nine behavior classifications, after sleep and personal care, Korean allocated more time in daily activities to relationship and leisure time, followed by education, paid work, and household management, with the order differing between each age group and gender. Three different classes of time use were classified at each age group. Education-centered time use was revealed to be mainly in the young, paid work-centered in the middle-aged, and relationship and leisure-centered in older adults. We find significant gender differences. Men’s patterns of time did not change markedly across the 3 years, while women’s patterns have shifted. Meanwhile, in the age 65 and older group, paid work appeared alongside as well as leisure among most prominent activities, were appeared as dominant forms of time use. This phenomenon is closely related to reflecting high rates of elderly poverty in Korea. Further discussions concerning the time use by age and gender were provided and countermeasures for changing time use in later life were discussed.     

Economic Stress, Quality of Life, and Mortality for the Oldest-Old in China

China??s oldest old population is estimated to quadruple by 2050. Yet, poverty rate for the oldest old has been the highest among all age groups in China. This paper investigates the relationship between economic stress, quality of life, and mortality among the oldest-old in China. Both objective economic hardships and perceived economic strain are examined. We base our investigation on data drawn from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey conducted between 2000 and 2005. Our sample includes 10,972 men and women between the ages of 80 and 105 in 2000. The data show that about 16% of these oldest-old lived under economic stress in 2000. The risk factors that make one vulnerable to economic stress include age, being male, being widowed or never married, being a minority member, having no education, having no living children, and not having children as main source of income, and having no pension. Economic stress is negatively associated with indicators of quality of life, such as the quality of medical care and mental well-being. The poor quality of life contributes to the higher mortality rate for the oldest old who are under economic stress. Results also show that perceived economic strain increases the risk of mortality by 42% in rural areas, even after controlling for basic demographic characteristics, life style factors, and major health events.?For the rural oldest-old, having children as a main source of income and having access to pension alleviates the negative impact of economic hardship on mortality hazard by 23 and 66% respectively. However, in urban areas, economic stress has no direct impact on the hazard of mortality.     

Gender Differences in Retirement Planning Among Educators:

Genger differences in amount of retirement financial planning were examined among 3,064 retirees from a major state retirement system. Significant gender differences were found in amount of personal financial planning, perceived adequacy of planning and attendance at retirement workshops with women planning less than men. Factors most important for retirement planning among women are identified and intervention strategies for practitioners to help women better prepare for retirement are suggested.