The Many-Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, and the Atlantic Working Class in the Eighteenth Century

Abstract This article uses the myth of the many-headed Hydra, commonly employed by members of various ruling classes around the Atlantic to describe the class struggles that surrounded them, to illuminate the history of the working class in the eighteenth century. It concentrates on two groups of workers, wage laborers (especially sailors) and slaves, two zones of the Atlantic, Europe and North America, and four moments in the history of the Atlantic working class: 1747, when, in the Knowles Riot in Boston, sailors and slaves fought the King's press gangs and in so doing created one of the central ideas of the 'Age of Revolution' 1768, when, in the London port strike, sailors, Irish coal heavers, and others pioneered one of the central ideas and activities of the modern working-class movement, the strike; 1776, when, in the American Revolution, sailors and slaves helped to instigate and win the world's first colonial war for liberation; and 1780, when, in the Gordon Riots, the polyglot working class of London liberated the prisons amid the greatest municipal insurrection of the eighteenth century. It argues that fixed, static notions of race, ethnicity, and nationality among historians have obscured a vital world of cooperation and accomplishment within a multi-racial, multi-ethnic, international working class.     

Globalization of Culture and the Arts

This article examines the state of the field in the sociological literature on the globalization of culture and focuses on key empirical works in the globalization of the arts. The first part of the article presents the main trends in theorizing about the globalization of culture in its broadest terms, that is, the large-scale changes in worldviews that both facilitate and are made possible by globalization such as modernization, universalism, consumerism, and McDonaldization. The second part of the article examines empirical work on television, music, and the performing arts in light of theorizing about globalization and commodification, audience reception, localization and glocalization, the role of the state, imperialism, global cultural fields, and global norms. In terms of theory, the article explores the tension between globalization's homogenizing and diversifying tendencies. The review of the empirical literature includes research conducted in Cuba, Israel, Italy, Japan, Russia, Singapore, the USA, and Uzbekistan.     

上海建设全球宜居城市研究

针对城市发展出现的4个重大变因,即人口持续增加、污染排放增加、资源短缺加剧和全球气候变化,为优化和改善上海的城市生态、生活环境,提升城市的宜居水平,应从调结构、控规模、谋布局三大战略思路出发,实现城市大数据全覆盖,提供城市安全保障;分散城市核心功能,降低城市生活成本;优化城市用地布局,提升城市生态品质.     

Intimacy and its Denial: When Sons and Daughters Talk About Fatherhood,Marriage, and Work

In this article, I want to offer two vignettes to show the internal workings, or the psycho-social interiors, of the Chinese family. How are the private, the personal, the internal, the local, and the familial being affected by the public and the global, by the external forces in the midst of globalization—and, of course, vice versa? One vignette concerns children: sons and daughters, talking about their own fathers and about fatherhood in Singapore. The other vignette concerns daughters and single women in Hong Kong talking about men, intimacy, sexuality, marriage, family, and, more importantly today, work. The two post-colonial societies are similar and different in a number of ways.     

Preliminary analysis of emigration dynamics in Sub-Saharan Africa

Migration is so prominent in African history that several observers have concluded that it is a way of life for many Africans. Considerable migration has occurred historically throughout Africa in response to political, economic, religious and security situations, ethnic tensions, and demographic pressures. Patterns, directions, and motivations of migration have been severely affected by the colonial experience which, in turn, has influenced economic, sociocultural, political, and demographic development. Historical and political links between African and colonial countries initially facilitated migration toward the UK, France, Belgium, and later to the US, Canada, and Germany. Under a lengthy recession, however, these Western economies have severely restricted the flow of immigration. This paper discusses the data situation, the economic regime, the demographic regime, the political regime, the micro-macro context, the cultural regime, the ecological setting, political change and uncertainty in South Africa, the intra-African exchange of skilled manpower, and implementing the IOM/UNFPA project in sub-Saharan Africa.     

农村青年留守妇女发展问题分析

随着农村进城务工人员的增加,出现了农村留守青年妇女这一特殊群体。受到传统观念、自身素质、经济因素以及社会制度因素等的制约,农村留守妇女普遍存在着家庭经济状况不理想、对婚姻家庭有心理压力、身体健康堪忧、政治参与度不高、精神文化生活欠缺、未来愿景体现传统倾向等现实问题,这些也成为阻碍其进一步发展的根源。为解决此问题,需要从提高农村青年留守妇女自身素质、发展农村经济、健全社会、基层组织功能3个层面进行推进。     

深化农村土地管理制度改革研究

上海要深化农村土地管理制度改革,在农村承包地流转方面:要加强引导,规范农村土地承包权流转;加强扶持,构建完整的政策制度体系;制定规则,形成机制保障。在农村集体建设用地流转方面:要真正实施国有土地与集体土地"同地、同价、同权";要正确处理集体建设用地节约、集约利用与增加农民财产性收入的关系;要制定郊区集体建设用地的各类标准,控制用地总量;要制定集体建设用地使用权流转的配套政策;要建立完善的农民社会保障体系,清除集体建设用地流转的障碍。在农村宅基地置换、退出方面:要建立农民宅基地分配、使用、置换、流转、收回政策体系;要采取限制措施,严控宅基地的新增趋势;要采取滚动发展模式,解决宅基地置换资金缺口大的问题。     

上海推进新市镇建设研究

上海要立足于长期发展,将新市镇培育成产业集聚的新高地、功能集成的新平台、要素集约的新载体,建成布局合理、产业发展、功能完善、生态宜居、特色明显、层次分明的与上海现代化国际大都市相协调、相匹配的新型城镇;要将一批人口数量多、产业基础好、发展潜力大、区位条件优、带动能力强的新市镇,建成人均地区增加值、人均财政收入达到全市平均水平以上的现代化新型中等城市;将一批发展潜力弱、生态环境好的新市镇建成功能完善、生态宜居型新市镇。为此,上海要加大综合改革力度,激发近郊型、门户型、特殊型新市镇的发展活力,创新一般型、新城组团型新市镇建设的体制机制,完善盘活存量土地资源的配套政策。     

高职院校创新办学体制机制探究

建立"政府主导、行业指导、企业参与、院校主体,人才共育、过程共管、成果共享、责任共担,合作办学、合作育人、合作就业、合作发展"的新办学体制机制,是新时期高职院校提高人才培养质量的关键抓手,是实现让政府、用人单位、学生家长和学生满意服务宗旨的必由之路。文中对高职院校创新办学体制机制进行了系统分析,对各高职院校在新时期创新办学体制机制有一定的启发借鉴意义。     

守住底线、深化改革，确保社会稳定和发展——2012／2013年上海社会形势分析

2012年,在“创新驱动、转型发展”的方针指引下,上海进一步加快社会建设步伐,坚持做优做强公共服务,探索创新社会管理,居民生活质量得到稳步提升,为“四个中心”和现代化国际大都市建设提供了有力的社会支持。当前,上海社会正处于全面转型的关键时期,社会建设的机遇将更好、要求将更高、压力将更大。为此,根据“十八大”的战略部署,2013年上海的社会建设既要守住民生底线,确保社会稳定,又要深化改革、完善制度,推进社会发展,为上海“创新驱动、转型发展”创造良好的社会环境。     

Migration, Displacement, and Violence: Prosecuting Romanian Street Children at the Paris Palace of Justice

This paper examines the displacement and vulnerability associated with the migration of unaccompanied illegal Romanian minors who came as economic migrants to Western Europe, found no legal opportunities for work or education, and were forced into criminal activity on the streets of French cities such as Paris, Lyon, and Nice. Beginning in 1997 growing numbers of unaccompanied Romanians, mostly boys, some as young as age ten, many younger than age 15, were subject to systematic prosecution rather than protection in Paris, the site of the largest and most influential juvenile court in the nation. They were arrested, detained, indicted, released pending trial, judged, and sentenced in absentia, multiple times with different identities. The Romanian minors were caught without legal papers or visas, claimed to be squatters living in abandoned buildings, trailers, or camps outside Paris, and gave little reliable information about their families or lives. Initially arrested for the destruction of city property and the theft of the proceeds from city parking meters, they gradually turned to begging, shoplifting, and prostitution when the city switched from coin to card payment. Deeply concerned by the penalization of a vulnerable population, the president of the Paris juvenile court created a special court to deal more humanely with unaccompanied minors in general, and Romanian children in particular, by establishing their identities and reconnecting them with their families. This article explores the contradictions that emerged between the representation of Romanian children in the media, the legal establishment, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and the Government, on the one hand, and their treatment in the juvenile justice system, on the other. It examines the discourse and the context of judging as well as the interactions between court personnel and Romanian minors from in‐take interviews in jail and indictment hearings in chambers to judgment in absentia in the formal court. It compares and contrasts cases heard before and after the creation of the special court and centres on the gaps between official rhetoric, legal norms, and judicial practice. It concludes that the creation of the special court may be having the unintended effect of reinforcing and institutionalizing the very judicial practice it was designed to prevent, namely the penalization of marginality.     

中国青年文化景观的形成轨迹与引导理路

中华人民共和国成立以来,特别是改革开放以来,青年文化发展出现服从与反思、解放与迷茫、理性与矛盾勾勒的变迁图景,也反映出新时代青年文化的发展趋向。新时代的青年文化景观既具有青年文化的预见性与超越性、进取性和建构性、理想性和生活性等共性特征,又突出表现为雅俗共赏、进退有度、家国兼顾的时代特性。新时代,应注重从个人追求与社会理想的统一、独立思想与过硬本领的统一、青春热情与社会担当的统一几方面入手,突出政治引领、思想引领、责任引领在青年文化引导上的关键作用,推动青年文化持续向前发展。     

长短结合,扶优扶强“稳”增长——2012上半年上海产业结构调整跟踪分析

当前,世界经济结构的深度失衡并未简单地消除,世界经济和中国经济都进入深度调整周期。从产业跟踪分析来看,上海工业总体增长乏力,强未很强,弱未很弱,这是导致上海经济增长和结构调整均在低位徘徊的重要原因,政策面临既要稳增长,又要调结构的双重压力。上海不能将有限的资源平均使用,需要根据产业发展的规律,结合经济周期阶段和产业的实际情况,集中资源发展优势产业,培育强势企业,长线促升级、短线稳增长,长短线结合,才能获得最佳的资源配置效果,提高上海的产业竞争力。     

Eastern Europe and Community of Independent States

This article reviews the literature on migration, HIV/AIDS, and sexually transmitted diseases in Eastern Europe and the Community of Independent States (CIS): Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the former Yugoslavian countries; and Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. There is little in-depth research on the prevalence of HIV/AIDS. After the collapse of the USSR, the opening up of borders presented greater options for the spread of HIV. During 1991-1996, HIV-infected persons increased from 0.3/100,000 to 7.8/100,000. Syphilis and gonorrhea also spread in the 1990s. The increased prevalence is attributed to changes in sexual behavior due to increased travel and migration, disruption among families, and changes in sexual mores; and changes in the structure, availability, and effectiveness of health services. Many migrants in the CIS are young people. Mobile populations in the CIS include labor migrants, refugees, persons displaced by armed conflicts, repatriates, forced migrants, resettlement of formerly deported persons, and ecological migrants. It is general knowledge that migrants are poorly informed about HIV/AIDS. Condoms are not readily available in the CIS. Eastern Europe has high rates of HIV among migrant sex workers.     

NGOs and Their Vulnerabilities During the Time of Transition: The Case of Poland

This paper focuses on the development of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in Poland, as a case study of the sector's development in the Central and Eastern European countries of transition. It is argued that, in this situation, the development and growth of the NGO sector though shaped, as in the West, by a set of legislative, political, economic, cultural, and historical forces, nevertheless is circumscribed by the specific conditions of political transformation. The nature of and the power with which legislative, fiscal, or organizational forces condition the development of the sector varies according to the scale at which they operate (local, national, or international). Moreover, it is argued that the position of NGOs is significantly regulated by the state's political ideology, and the formative and evolving character of the latter translates into instability in states' actions vis-à-vis the nonprofit sector.     

浅谈一体化教学与职校教师的职业能力提升

实施一体化教学的首要条件是教师队伍的建设,其核心是教师职业能力的提升。现阶段职业学校教师职业能力仍有不足,尚未完全适应一体教学的需要。这些不足主要有理念不到位、教师一言堂、管理任务重、职业经历缺和企业深入少五点。针对不足,提出了营造氛围、注重反思、主配互换、剥离职能、培训多样、产学合作和强化考核七条操作性强的具体措施。     

Movements post-hegemony: how contemporary collective action transforms hegemonic politics

‘Post-hegemony’ is a critical notion introduced by theorists who take issue with the modern politics of hierarchical organization, representation, unification, the state and ideology: the politics of ‘hegemony’ according to A. Gramsci and E. Laclau. Post-hegemonic thinkers tend to celebrate, by contrast, contemporary social movements which appear to be horizontal, leaderless, participatory, diverse, networked and opposed to the state, global capitalism and ideological closures. Critical responses to the ‘post-hegemonic’ thesis object that contemporary democratic resistances do not attain, in effect, a full rupture with hegemony or they should not attain it. The paper offers, first, an illuminating, up-to-date map of the different positions in the debate over post-hegemony. It seeks to demonstrate, then, that diverse figures of contemporary activism are indeed post-hegemonic not as this has been understood in most post-hegemonic accounts till now, but in the sense of the ‘post-’ which implies an impure, ongoing development: a time and a space in-between. The second half of the paper is devoted, thus, to recasting and reformulating the conception of post-hegemony, tracing it out in the values, the practices and the logics which inform recent democratic movements, as these craft new modes of unification, leadership and representation beyond the hegemonic mould.     

Reforms of Tax Systems in Transition Countries

In the 15 years since the beginning of their transformation reforms, nearly all 27 post-socialist countries have adopted the three main taxes typical for a market economy, namely, personal income tax, corporate income tax, and value-added tax. However, there is great diversity in the detailed solutions, rates, deductions, allowances, and tax bases applied to taxes in these countries. Nevertheless, the basic prerequisite for the further enhancement of these systems has been met. In recent years, it has been possible to observe a clear tendency to broaden tax bases and reduce the top income tax rates. In spite of this, serious problems persist, as regards further improvement of the functioning of the system, increasing its transparency and homogeneity, and limiting implementation problems. For some countries, this is a very serious problem, particularly in connection with the so-called quasi-tax activity in the area of energy resources and the size of the informal economy. The paper also provides a short comparative analysis of the size of public revenues in a historical context – from the beginning of the transformation process to the beginning of the current millennium.     

关于推进新型城镇化健康发展的思考

新型城镇化可定义为:坚持以人为本、以新型工业化为动力、以城乡统筹为原则、以科学发展来统领区域协调发展和城镇规划建设,全面提升城镇化的质量和水平。上海的新型城镇化推进,必须以人为本,加快转变城市发展方式,推进城市发展由外延式扩张向内涵式发展转变,由关注速度向提升质量转变,突出有效增长和品质提升,不断增强城市集聚、辐射、服务功能,不断优化国际化大都市空间布局和提升国际竞争力。     

2011年中国内地港口城市空间价值评估

港口城市具有港口和城市的双重内涵,是港口和城市的有机结合体。本报告选取了中国（大陆地区）2010年货物吞吐量超过1亿吨的23个港口城市进行研究。报告共分六部分。报告的序中介绍了港口城市的内涵、特征及选取;第一部分分析了中国港口城市经济发展现状、特点、趋势及存在的问题;第二部分首先介绍了本报告的理论基础——资源空间理论,重点介绍了价值五力,然后分析了港口城市价值影响因素,即资源空间承栽力、资源空间驱动力、资源空间辐射力、资源空间整合力和资源空间支撑力（亦即价值五力）;第三部分介绍了中国内地港口城市空间价值评估评价思路与原则、评价技术方法和指标体系;第四部分是中国内地港口城市价值综合排名、分要素排名和价值提升因素分析;第五部分是对上海、深圳、广州等重点港口城市空间价值评估的实证研究;第六部分是提升港口城市价值的对策建议。通过运用价值五力模型对2010年中国内地港口城市的价值分析,报告得出上海、深圳、广州、南京、苏州、天津、武汉、青岛、宁波、大连位于内地港口城市价值排名前十。