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This study was designed to examine the link between values and life satisfaction, examining the role of culture in this process.
Secularism was found to predict life satisfaction scores at a small but statistically very significant level in persons from
all nations participating in all four waves of the World Values Survey. The direction and strength of this relationship was
moderated, however, by the country’s human development index—people in low-HDI countries consistently showed a negative relationship
between secularism and happiness across the four waves of the WVS; people in high-HDI countries initially showed a negative
relationship between secularism and happiness in Waves 1 and 2, but a positive relationship between secularism and happiness
in Waves 3 and 4. These results thus appear to support a “cultural fit” hypothesis consistently for persons in low HDI countries,
and a transition towards a “cultural fit” for persons in HDI countries as data was collected across the four waves. By Wave
4, it is clear that citizens who endorse values consistent with their county’s developmental trajectory are more satisfied
with their lives. This study demonstrates the amenability of the data collected by the World Values Survey to individual-level
analysis of psychological process that is responsive to the shaping influence of variations in their nation’s societal characteristics. 相似文献
3.
Theorizing indicators 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Ivar Frønes 《Social indicators research》2007,83(1):5-23
Policymakers and social theorists have increasingly come to rely on social indicators to guide their decisions and theories.
Social indicators are also useful in bridging theory and empirical research as well as the traditional gap between policymaking
and social theory. The concept of social indicators covers interpretation of cultural signs, simple statistical measures,
and complex statistical indexes related to sets of domains. The article views the development of child well-being indicators
as central not only in the social welfare field, but as an indicator of future societal conditions, given that children’s
lives are especially sensitive to social change. The paper addresses the development of indicators of children’s well-being,
arguing that the expansion of the field, the complexity of new domains and indicators, and the position of children as “being”
and “becoming”, they are citizens of the present as well as being socialized for the future, illustrates that the next crucial
step for the field is to further elaborate theories and models. 相似文献
4.
There is an ambiguity in Amartya Sen’s capability approach as to what constitutes an individual’s resources, conversion factors
and valuable functionings. What we here call the “circularity problem” points to the fact that all three concepts seem to
be mutually endogenous and interdependent. To econometrically account for this entanglement we suggest a panel vector autoregression
approach. We analyze the intertemporal interplay of the above factors over a time horizon of 15 years using the BHPS data
set for Great Britain, measuring individual well-being in functionings space with a set of basic functionings, comprising
“being happy”, “being healthy”, “being nourished”, “moving about freely”, “being well-sheltered” and “having satisfying social
relations”. We find that there are indeed functionings that are resources for many other functionings (viz. “being happy”)
while other functionings (“being well-sheltered” and “having satisfying social relations”) are by and large independent, thus
shedding light on a facet of the capability approach that has been neglected so far. 相似文献
5.
Neil T. Higgs 《Social indicators research》2007,81(2):331-356
South Africa has a Gini co-efficient of 62, one of the world’s highest (Finmark: Project FinScope 2004 and 2005, FinMark Trust, Johannesburg). Hence, measures of wealth are ubiquitous social indicators in South Africa. However, a growing emphasis in government towards measurable service delivery targets and remedial action to redress the inequalities of our past makes the reliable measurement of people’s quality of life in greater depth in quantitative terms an imperative.We have developed a simple framework to measure people’s quality of life in key domains that extend beyond that simply of wealth, using composite indices to allow progress to be tracked and to make valid comparisons across our diverse population. Termed the Everyday Quality of Life Index (EQLi), it comprises a suite of measures encompassing socio-economic status (with special reference to poverty), urbanisation, health (nutrition, exercise and fitness), stress/pressure, quality of the environment, satisfaction of human needs, connectivity, optimism, subjective well-being (happiness, after Diener and Lucas: 2000, in M. Lewis, J.M. Haviland (eds.), Handbook of Emotions. (2nd ed) (Guilford, New York)), and the overall measure of well-being, the EQLi itself.The initial framework was developed from a structured questionnaire administered to a probability sample of 2000 South African adults in 2002. From this, a 52-item shortlist was derived to create the series of measures. This has been tested and refined in three subsequent annual studies, each of 3500 people across urban and rural South Africa. In 2004, items involving work as well as determining the balance of skills and challenges at work using the concept of “flow” (Csikszentmihalyi: 1990, Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience (Harper and Row, New York)) were added.This paper outlines the rationale behind the selection and development of these measures, describes the EQL of South Africans using these and other key measures and concludes with implications for policy-makers and service providers in South Africa. Some marketing implications are also given: there is a growing emphasis worldwide on corporate social investment initiatives and, particularly in South Africa, on community upliftment and development – poverty alleviation and improving the lives of the disadvantaged (“people” rather than “consumers”). Further, people’s well-being affects how they react to marketing activities. 相似文献
6.
Maralani V 《Demography》2008,45(3):693-717
Many studies from developed countries show a negative correlation between family size and children’s schooling, while results
from developing countries show this association ranging from positive to neutral to negative, depending on the context. The
body of evidence suggests that this relationship changes as a society develops, but this theory has been difficult to assess
because the existing evidence requires comparisons across countries with different social structures and at different levels
of development. The world’s fourth most populous nation in 2007, Indonesia has developed rapidly in recent decades. This context
provides the opportunity to study these relationships within the same rapidly developing setting to see if and how these associations
change. Results show that in urban areas, the association between family size and children’s schooling was positive for older
cohorts but negative for more recent cohorts. Models using instrumental variables to address the potential endogeneity of
fertility con rm these results. In contrast, rural areas show no significant association between family size and children’s
schooling for any cohort. These findings show how the relationship between family size and children’s schooling can differ
within the same country and change over time as contextual factors evolve with socioeconomic development. 相似文献
7.
Christabel Young 《Journal of Population Research》1989,6(1):38-56
This paper compares international population policies with respect to population growth, fertility and immigration, and discusses
current attitudes to the demographic situation in developed countries. Only Canada, the United States and Australia have a
policy of continuing high immigration, and Australia’s migrant intake per head of population is considerably higher than for
the other two countries. An emerging philosophy in Britain and Europe is a focus on “child quality” and the well-being of
a near stationary population, rather than continued population growth. There is also an awareness that immigration is not
a solution to the ageing “problem” and that there are more efficient non-demographic means of coping with an older population. 相似文献
8.
Richard J. Estes 《Social indicators research》2007,83(3):375-411
“Economies in Transition” (hereafter EIT or EITs) are countries in the process of shifting from “command” to “more open”,
liberalized, free market economic systems. In addition to achieving major structural adjustments to their economies, the transformational
process requires the introduction of a high degree of transparency in both the economic and political spheres of society.
The transfer of state assets to private ownership is one part of the process as well, as is the creation or opening of “political
space” that permits the emergence of private enterprise, multiparty political systems, and the introduction of a broad range
of non-governmental organizations that carry out missions and functions which people themselves prefer to perform. Thus, the
process of economic transformation requires a major socio-political-economic paradigm shift...one that places people and their
needs at the center of the transformational process. The process is extremely difficult to achieve and is fraught with many
dangers for countries that enter into it without substantial guidance from more economically advanced countries.
This paper reports on the social development successes and failures of 31 economies in transition over the 15-year period
1990–2005. Included in the analysis are EITs located in East and South East Asia (N = 5), Central and Eastern Europe (N = 10), all 12 members of the Commonwealth of Independent States including the Russian Federation (N = 12), Turkey (N = 1), and the three Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania (N = 3). Using the author’s extensively pre-tested Weighted Index of Social Progress (WISP), the paper reports data at three
levels of analysis: (1) WISP performances for all 31 EITs-as-a-group; (2) sub-regional performances on the WISP and its component
sub-indexes for each of the six EIT sub-regions included in the analysis; and (3) country-specific performances on the WISP
for each of the 31 countries included in the analysis.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 2006 International Symposium and Lecture Series on Social Policy sponsored
by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and held on the campus of Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China, 24–27 August,
2006. 相似文献
9.
Dr. J. Mayone Stycos 《Population and environment》1995,16(3):205-219
Population projections depend on censuses, vital statistics and sample surveys, all of which have deficiencies that are most
marked in the less developed countries (LDCs). Long-range projections by international agencies have recently undergone major
revisions, while forecasts of the U.S. population have changed drastically over the past four years. The United Nations typically
prepares “high,” “medium” and “low” projections. Even the high projection contains optimistic assumptions about fertility
decline, while assumptions of constant or increasing fertility receive no serious attention. The paper suggests that high
and constant fertility projections should receive more attention from policy makers, with medium estimates treated more as
targets achievable only through considerable programmatic effort. At the same time, economic and social plans should be laid
for dealing with the population sizes implied by the “high” variants. 相似文献
10.
Ming-Chang Tsai 《Social indicators research》2007,81(1):103-126
The prevailing theorizing of globalization’s influence of human well-being suggests to assess both the favorable and unfavorable
outcomes. This study formulates a dialectical model, adopts a comprehensive globalization measure and uses a three-wave panel
data during 1980–2000 to empirically test direct and indirect effects of global flows’ human consequences. The outcomes from
random effect modeling reveal significant positive impacts of political globalization, whereas economic and social globalization
do not generate favorable influences when development level and regional differences are operated as controls. The overall
globalization index is found to generate expected favorable influence on an overall human development index. Within developing
countries, globalization’s human influence was not as significant as in industrial countries, however. Several hypotheses
about globalization’s potential negative effects through increasing societal instabilities and reducing state power and social
spending are not supported in analysis. It is concluded that globalization identified by increased global flows and exchanges
contributes rather than hampers progress in human welfare. 相似文献
11.
The second half of the twentieth century witnessed the development of a crusading spirit and massive technical aid aimed at
reducing fertility levels and rates of population growth in developing countries, and also the involvement of demographers
in these events. The demographers at Princeton University’s Office of Population Research, Frank Notestein and his colleagues,
have been singled out by recent authors as playing a unique role in bringing about these changes, and they have been criticized
for encouraging demographers to become involved, so eroding their scientific objectivity. This paper examines the development
of relevant population thought and theory in the English-language literature over the first half of the twentieth century.
It concludes that in the circumstances of the second half of the twentieth century, it was inevitable that developed countries
and their demographers would become involved in controlling fertility levels in developing countries. The OPR story should
be seen largely in terms of how the world’s leading demographic center and its demographic transition theory were swept along
by global changes. As those developments started, attitudes to population change in densely settled Asia became Malthusian,
even as population growth accompanied by mortality decline in Asia demonstrated that, at least in the short term, the positive
checks were disappearing. 相似文献
12.
Frank W. Young 《Social indicators research》2012,107(1):71-78
Using an “ecological regional analysis” methodology for defining types of communities and their associated mortality rates,
this study of Georgia’s 159 counties finds that the suburban and town centered counties have low mortality while the city-centered
type predicts low mortality for the whites. The military-centered counties do not predict. The rates for circulatory disease
deaths show the same pattern. These findings are interpreted with the help of a new version of social ecology grounded in
the ratio of the county’s problem-solving capacity to the threats it faces. 相似文献
13.
Maria Francesca Cracolici Miranda Cuffaro Peter Nijkamp 《Social indicators research》2010,95(2):339-356
This paper presents a new analytical framework for assessing spatial disparities among countries. It takes for granted that
the analysis of a country’s performance cannot be limited solely to either economic or social factors. The aim of the paper
is to combine relevant economic and ‘non-economic’ (mainly social) aspects of a country’s performance in an integrated logical
framework. Based on this idea, a structural simultaneous equation model will be presented and estimated in order to explore
the direction of the causal relationship between economic and non-economic aspects of a country’s performance. Furthermore,
an exploration of the trajectory that each country has registered over time along a virtuous path will be offered. By means
of a matrix persistency/transition analysis, the countries will be classified in clusters of good/bad performance. One of
the most interesting conclusions concerns the inability of most countries to turn the higher educational skills of the population
into greater economic performance over time. In addition, our analysis also shows that making an accurate picture record and
formulating related policy aiming at environmental care is highly desirable. It is surprising that only a few countries have
reached a favourable economic and environmental performance simultaneously. 相似文献
14.
The paper indicates using community development and sustainable livelihood theories as lenses that well-being indicators vary
among societies, especially in developing countries due cultural differences. The study which was carried in three rural communities
in Ho Municipality in the Ghana was to show the extent to which men’s and women’s sense of well-being were determined by their
local economic, religious, social, and education indicators; all of which were driven by their cultural values. Since men
and women placed different values on religious, social, economic, education indicators, the paper discusses that their importance
to overall well-being also differs between men and women. 相似文献
15.
Contrary to Bourdieu’s theory (Distinction: A social critique of the judgment of taste. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard
University Press (1984)) that cultural consumption of so-called “high” versus popular culture is determined by socio-economic
class, Peterson (Poetics 21:243–258, 1992; Poetics 33:257–282, 2005) finds that higher income and education groups are more
likely to be “cultural omnivores”—consumers of a wide variety of both high and popular cultural goods. Omnivores were also
found to be much less likely to exclude other cultures and to be more open to, and tolerant of, the views of others than those
with narrower cultural tastes, called “cultural univores”. This article investigates the omnivore/univore hypothesis in a
South African context, using survey data collected from 500 attendees of live theatre performances at the National Arts Festival
in 2008. Multiple correspondence analysis (also called perceptual mapping) shows an interesting intermediate state between
Boudieu-like high culture univores and Peterson omnivores, which could have interesting implications for the development of
social tolerance in multi-cultural South Africa. 相似文献
16.
In the Human Development Index (HDI), life expectancy is the only indicator used in modeling the dimension ‘a long and healthy
life’. Whereas life expectancy is a direct measure of quantity of life, it is only an indirect measure of healthy years lived.
In this paper we attempt to remedy this omission by introducing into the HDI the morbidity indicator, “expected lost healthy
years” (LHE), used in the World Health Report Though LHE is only weakly correlated with life expectancy and displays considerable
variation across countries, the ranking of nations using the adjusted HDI is very similar to that from the HDI. Nevertheless,
there are some outlier countries (including large countries like China and the United States) that experience notable changes
in rank. Given the considerable variation in the morbidity data across gender, we also adjust the Gender-related Development
Index (GDI) in a similar fashion. The ranking using the adjusted GDI is very similar to that from the GDI, but it has a lower
rank correlation with the HDI. 相似文献
17.
Robert L. Boyd 《Population research and policy review》1990,9(2):117-132
This article examines public policy and social welfare issues related to a recent trend in black business ownership: the decline
of black-owned businesses in ‘traditional’ personal services serving a predominantly black clientele, and the corresponding
increase of black-owned businesses in ‘emerging’ capital- and knowledge-intensive fields. It is argued that, while the growth
of black business ownership in emerging fields is a sign of black economic progress, overall trends in black business ownership
are not entirely positive. For one thing, the divergent trends in traditional and emerging black-owned firms reflect widening
socioeconomic disparities within black communities. Moreover, the decline of traditional black-owned firms bodes ill for disadvantaged
blacks in inner-cities. After reviewing the development of black business enterprise in the United States, trends in black
business ownership since the 1970s are examined. Patterns of change in traditional personal services and emerging business
services are then linked to social and economic transformations that have enabled many blacks to participate in the larger
national economy. The article concludes by discussing the implications of declines in traditional black businesses for black
well-being and for public policy. 相似文献
18.
Demographic studies that search for signs of fertility transition in sub-Saharan Africa rarely examine the complex gamut of
individual aspirations and misgivings, hopes and frustrations, failures and triumphs that accompany the emerging declines
of fertility rates in the subcontinent. This study draws upon qualitative data collected in peri-urban areas of Maputo, Mozambique’s
capital and largest metropolis, to explore contradictory meanings and feelings surrounding changes in fertility intentions
and contraceptive choices. It argues that although changes in these two aspects of reproductive life are interrelated, they
are predicated on distinct types and configurations of external pressures and psychological apparatus, which is often manifested
as a puzzling disjunction between fertility preferences and contraceptive use. This disjunction can be further reinforced
by persistent gender divisions in reproductive views and strategies. Informal social interaction plays an important role in
building societal consensus over fertility matters, but because such interaction deals with reproductive intentions and contraceptive
use through largely different mechanisms, it may also help accentuate the intentions-contraception disjunction. This study’s
findings therefore call upon both researchers and policymakers to attend more closely to the multidimensionality of fertility
transitions in sub-Saharan societies and specifically to the complexities underlying such popular notions as “unmet need for
family planning,” “spacing” versus “limiting” births, or “spousal communication” on reproductive matters. 相似文献
19.
This article decomposes total population momentum into two constituent and multiplicative parts: “nonstable” momentum and
“stable” momentum. Nonstable momentum depends on deviations between a population’s current age distribution and its implied
stable age distribution. Stable momentum is a function of deviations between a population’s implied stable and stationary
age distributions. In general, the factorization of total momentum into the product of nonstable and stable momentum is a
very good approximation. The factorization is exact, however, when the current age distribution is stable or when observed
fertility is already at replacement. We provide numerical illustrations by calculating nonstable, stable, and total momentum
for 176 countries, the world, and its major regions. In short, the article brings together disparate strands of the population
momentum literature and shows how the various kinds of momentum fit together into a single unifying framework. 相似文献
20.
Dennis A. Ahlburg 《Journal of Population Research》1988,5(1):46-57
Some have argued that population growth deters development, while others claim that population growth either aids development
or has no significant effect on development. In a sample of South Pacific nations, population growth and size were found to
be unrelated to economic development, defined as GDP per capita. However, when indices of quality of life or social development
such as mortality, health services and education were used, population growth and size were found to be negatively related
to these indices. If these “quality of life” indices are valued by nations, an argument may exist for policy support for family
planning. 相似文献