中国区域经济增长收敛吗?——基于时序列的随机收敛和收敛研究

依据时序列分析界定的随机收敛和β收敛,本文研究了1952～2003年间我国东中西部地区和27个省份的相对实际人均产出增长动态。分析发现:一方面,中国东部地区随机收敛于其补偿差异均衡水平,而中部和西部地区则随机发散,但后两个地区间具有共同随机趋势。另一方面,27个省份中有23个随机收敛于其各自的补偿差异均衡水平,有11个省份在最后一次冲击后呈现β收敛。比较分析进一步发现在第二次冲击后呈现越来越穷态势的5个省份从国家的改革开放中受益相对较少。     

转移支付与地区经济收敛——基于面板数据的研究

当前,我国区域经济发展不平衡日益成为突出的社会问题。我国政府为了缩小区域发展差距,提出了西部大开发,中部崛起等区域发展政策,转移支付是政府协调区域发展的重要政策手段。本文考察了自1994年实行分税制以来,转移支付与地区经济收敛的关系,测算了1995——2007年,30个省（直辖市）的经济增长收敛检验,结论是：经济增长在全国范围内不存在绝对收敛,加入转移支付后,也不存在奈件收敛,转移支付不仅没有缩小地区发展差距,反而加剧了这种差距。     

产业异质性、产业结构与中国省际经济收敛

本文研究了经济收敛在我国不同部门间的异质性特征,并研究了产业结构对我国省际间经济收敛的影响。之前研究普遍发现人均GDP在省际间不存在绝对收敛。本文指出,这一总体性的结论忽略了不同产业在收敛性方面的巨大差异。我们发现,与人均GDP不同,我国工业部门的劳动生产率在省际间表现出稳健的绝对收敛特性。工业部门的收敛没有导致整体经济的收敛,原因有两个方面:(1)非工业部门劳动生产率不存在收敛。(2)各省份工业化程度不平衡。落后省份工业占比较小,导致工业生产率增长对整体经济增长拉动作用小。通过反事实分析我们发现,若缩小各省份之间工业占比的差距,省际间人均GDP即会出现明显的收敛。本文结论说明产业结构在解释我国地区经济收敛问题中起到了重要作用,优化落后地区的产业结构,推进落后地区工业化进程有助于缩小我国地区之间经济发展的差距。     

关于对外贸易与经济增长关系的研究综述

本文对国内外学者们对外贸-增长关系的理论研究与实证分析进行了简要的回顾,对各种观点作了分类和总结,归纳出以下三个要点:理论研究方面,经济学家们对外贸-增长的研究成果主要包括对外贸易对经济增长起推动作用、中性作用、阻碍作用三种观点;实证研究方面,国内学者对这一领域的研究主要经历了两次跨越,即从将对外贸易作为整体进行与经济增长的关系研究转向进口、出口分别对经济增长的作用研究,以及从一国对外贸易与经济增长的关系研究转向国内单个省区的外贸与经济增长的关系研究,更具有现实意义;研究方法方面,随着计量经济学等方法的引入和不断发展完善,对于外贸-增长的研究提出了更加严谨和科学的要求。     

保险业和经济增长关系综述

保险业作为现代金融业的三大支柱之一，也是国民经济的重要组成部分，它具有经济补偿、资金融通和社会管理三大功能，在国民经济发展中具有重要作用。银行业对经济增长的促进作用逐步被学术界所认同，但对保险业与经济增长之间关系的深入研究却相对较少。本文主要从保险业和经济的内在关联、保险业与经济增长关系、保险业对经济增长的贡献度以及保险业发展和经济增长的协调性四个方面对圆内外的相关文献进行综述。     

关于实体经济的发展综述

[摘 要]实体经济问题的研究主要集中于对实体经济与虚拟经济关系、实体经济空心化以及实体经济发展趋势和对策等角度的探讨.现有文献对实体经济的内涵外延等还缺乏统一认识,对实体经济发展的对策研究还不充分,因此对该问题的研究还有待深入.     

中国区域经济差距收敛性的协整检验

本文根据1957-2006年人均实际GDP数据,运用协整检验方法对中国东中西三大地带内和地带间经济增长的收敛性进行了检验,从一个新视角研究了我国的区域经济差距问题。结果发现,我国东部地区内部各省经济差距存在收敛趋势,而中部和西部地区内部的经济差距却不存在收敛趋势,但它们的经济增长在长期都受到三个共同冲击的影响;我国三大经济带之间以及经济带两两之间的经济差距不存在收敛趋势,但三大经济带的经济增长在长期受到两个共同冲击的影响。     

VaR估计中的模型风险——检验方法与实证研究

本文以上证A股指数为例对GARCH类模型在估计Value-at-Risk（VaS）值时所存在的模型风险进行了分析。我们分别考虑了基于EWMA，GARCH，EGARCH和FIGARCH模型的VaR估计方法。模型风险的存在意味着使用不同的估计方法得出的VaR值可能迥然不同。为了对这四种估计方法进行评判，我们在似然率和Kullback-Leibler信息准则的基础上运用四种统计检验方法对不同置信度水平下的VaR估计值进行了返回检验。实证结果表明EGARCH和FIGARCH方法的袁现明显比其它两种优越．     

房价与经济的关系研究

本文基于我国1991—2007年度的房地产价格和GDP的时间序列数据,并对二者关系进行了实证分析。结果证明我国房地产价格与GDP间存在长期稳定的均衡关系,二者互为Granger原因。     

西方社区建设与发展理论研究综述

文章通过对西方社区发展历程和理论的归纳、整理,综述了社区的起源、及理论流派的形成,和相关研究成果,为我国社区建设和理论研究提供了支持和借鉴。     

Convergence Properties of the Likelihood of Computed Dynamic Models

This paper studies the econometrics of computed dynamic models. Since these models generally lack a closed‐form solution, their policy functions are approximated by numerical methods. Hence, the researcher can only evaluate an approximated likelihood associated with the approximated policy function rather than the exact likelihood implied by the exact policy function. What are the consequences for inference of the use of approximated likelihoods? First, we find conditions under which, as the approximated policy function converges to the exact policy, the approximated likelihood also converges to the exact likelihood. Second, we show that second order approximation errors in the policy function, which almost always are ignored by researchers, have first order effects on the likelihood function. Third, we discuss convergence of Bayesian and classical estimates. Finally, we propose to use a likelihood ratio test as a diagnostic device for problems derived from the use of approximated likelihoods.     

基于知识溢出的中国省际区域经济增长收敛性实证研究

使用空间计量经济模型实证研究了知识溢出对中国省际区域经济增长收敛性的影响。研究发现省际区域间的知识溢出与区域经济增长存在关联性,以高技术产业为例的3种知识溢出形式对省际区域经济增长及其收敛性的影响是不同的。对省际区域经济增长收敛性的检验结果表明,在1996~2005年间不存在绝对收敛,但是存在条件收敛。条件收敛的实践启示是:如果贫困区域能受到发达区域的拉动和辐射,那么落后省际区域的增长将能成为中国整体发展中最有效的部分。     

Transition Modeling and Econometric Convergence Tests

A new panel data model is proposed to represent the behavior of economies in transition, allowing for a wide range of possible time paths and individual heterogeneity. The model has both common and individual specific components, and is formulated as a nonlinear time varying factor model. When applied to a micro panel, the decomposition provides flexibility in idiosyncratic behavior over time and across section, while retaining some commonality across the panel by means of an unknown common growth component. This commonality means that when the heterogeneous time varying idiosyncratic components converge over time to a constant, a form of panel convergence holds, analogous to the concept of conditional sigma convergence. The paper provides a framework of asymptotic representations for the factor components that enables the development of econometric procedures of estimation and testing. In particular, a simple regression based convergence test is developed, whose asymptotic properties are analyzed under both null and local alternatives, and a new method of clustering panels into club convergence groups is constructed. These econometric methods are applied to analyze convergence in cost of living indices among 19 U.S. metropolitan cities.     

Identification and Review of Sensitivity Analysis Methods

Identification and qualitative comparison of sensitivity analysis methods that have been used across various disciplines, and that merit consideration for application to food-safety risk assessment models, are presented in this article. Sensitivity analysis can help in identifying critical control points, prioritizing additional data collection or research, and verifying and validating a model. Ten sensitivity analysis methods, including four mathematical methods, five statistical methods, and one graphical method, are identified. The selected methods are compared on the basis of their applicability to different types of models, computational issues such as initial data requirement and complexity of their application, representation of the sensitivity, and the specific uses of these methods. Applications of these methods are illustrated with examples from various fields. No one method is clearly best for food-safety risk models. In general, use of two or more methods, preferably with dissimilar theoretical foundations, may be needed to increase confidence in the ranking of key inputs.     

经济复苏走势、经济刺激政策及其退出计划有关问题的国内外综述

为应对本轮经济危机,各国政府纷纷出台经济刺激计划及相应配套政策,以遏制经济增长显著下滑的态势。随着经济危机渐行渐远,如何实现经济刺激计划的平稳退出,成为各国政府亟需面对的首要问题,理论界也对此展开了激烈的探讨。本文以判断经济复苏走势为切入点,选择经济刺激计划退出过程中面临的相关问题为研究对象,对国内外学者的研究成果进行综述,并在此基础上展望了未来我国宏观经济政策走向。     

Weight of Evidence: A Review of Concept and Methods

"Weight of evidence" (WOE) is a common term in the published scientific and policy-making literature, most often seen in the context of risk assessment (RA). Its definition, however, is unclear. A systematic review of the scientific literature was undertaken to characterize the concept. For the years 1994 through 2004, PubMed was searched for publications in which "weight of evidence" appeared in the abstract and/or title. Of the 276 papers that met these criteria, 92 were selected for review: 71 papers published in 2003 and 2004 (WOE appeared in abstract/title) and 21 from 1994 through 2002 (WOE appeared in title). WOE has three characteristic uses in this literature: (1) metaphorical, where WOE refers to a collection of studies or to an unspecified methodological approach; (2) methodological, where WOE points to established interpretative methodologies (e.g., systematic narrative review, meta-analysis, causal criteria, and/or quality criteria for toxicological studies) or where WOE means that "all" rather than some subset of the evidence is examined, or rarely, where WOE points to methods using quantitative weights for evidence; and (3) theoretical, where WOE serves as a label for a conceptual framework. Several problems are identified: the frequent lack of definition of the term "weight of evidence," multiple uses of the term and a lack of consensus about its meaning, and the many different kinds of weights, both qualitative and quantitative, which can be used in RA. A practical recommendation emerges: the WOE concept and its associated methods should be fully described when used. A research agenda should examine the advantages of quantitative versus qualitative weighting schemes, how best to improve existing methods, and how best to combine those methods (e.g., epidemiology's causal criteria with toxicology's quality criteria).     

Expressing Economic Risk—Review and Presentation of a Unifying Approach

Risk related to economic values is treated by many disciplines, including safety and production engineering, business, and project management. Within each of these and across these disciplines different nomenclature and principles are adopted for describing and communicating risk. The situation is rather confusing. In this article, we review various approaches and concepts that are used to express risk. We present and discuss a unifying approach for dealing with economic risk, with uncertainty being the key risk concept. The approach represents a rethinking on how to implement the Bayesian paradigm in practice to support decision making.     

Deceptive Detection Methods for Effective Security with Inadequate Budgets: The Testing Power Index

Detection of contraband depends on countermeasures, some of which involve examining cargo containers and/or their associated documents. Document screening is the least expensive, physical methods, such as gamma ray detection are more expensive, and definitive manual unpacking is most expensive. We cannot apply the full array of methods to all incoming cargoes, for budgetary reasons. We study the problem using principles of game theory, and find that best detection rates are achieved when the available budget is allocated between screening and definitive unpacking using a mixture of strategies that maximize detection rate and, further, serve to deceive opponents as to the specific tests to which contraband will be subjected. This yields increases of as much as 100% in detection, with essentially no increase in inspection cost.     

Using Epidemiological Studies to Check the Consistency of the Cancer Risks Predicted by High-Dose Animal Experiments: A Methodological Review

Epidemiological studies have been cited in the literature as evidence both for and against the human cancer risks predicted by high-exposure rodent studies. However, there has been little overall consistency in the ways that these animal-to-human comparisons have been made. This review examines some examples of these types of comparisons and describes the methods and techniques used by different investigators. Eleven "key decision areas" that need to be addressed are identified and recommendations for consistent, logical, and statistically appropriate approaches that might be taken to standardize the process are provided. In general, it is suggested that investigators provide the most useful information when they use logical, transparent, and statistically valid comparisons to pursue limited and focused objectives, such as directly testing the validity of an existing regulatory guidance value. Other recommendations include selecting biologically plausible extrapolative models that fit the data and drawing conclusions that are consistent with the study results and objectives.