The changing fertility of the Japanese

The Japan of the middle of the nineteenth century was a backward agrarian state of perhaps 35 million people. Three-quarters of a century later, the 75 million people of an industrialized and urbanized Japan had challenged the industrial and military power of the West itself in a daring attempt to achieve economic and political control over eastern Asia and the islands of Oceania. Population growth had stimulated economic and political expansion, but in 1940 when the Planning Board of the Cabinet reported to the Imperial Japanese Government that the country would need perhaps 200 million people to maintain the hegemony of the East, population growth was already slowing. Japanese projections of the trends of the interwar period indicated that the maximum population would be reached by the end of the twentieth century, and that it would be slightly less than 125 million.²     

On the absolute or relative basis of perception: The case for middle class identification

Previous studies of the relationship between social structural changes and individual-level perceptions have focused on perceptions of ‘well-being’. Those studies conclude that relative position in the social structure (e.g., more or less income compared to others) determines perceived ‘well-being’. In contrast to those studies, this research focuses on social structural changes and perceptions of middle class identification and concludes that absolute position in the social structure (e.g., a certain amount of income in itself) determines perceptions of middle class identification.     

Long life of a short film

What follows is an account of my personal experiences as an independent Indian film director who had the fortune to make the country's first openly gay film, the short BOMgAY That said, I would like this essay to be accepted as, rather than a critical appraisal of Indian cinema, a humbly autobiographical account of one individual caught in the hectic throes of political (and cinematic) visibility.     

Effectiveness of coaching for enhancing the health of menopausal Japanese women

We conducted and evaluated a coaching intervention aimed at encouraging menopausal women’s engagement in goal-oriented actions, self-efficacy enhancement, menopausal symptom alleviation, and quality of life improvement. The study was a randomized controlled trial comprising women aged 40–60 who were not receiving hormone therapy. The intervention group received leaflets and three monthly coaching sessions. Instruments included the Simplified Menopausal Index, Medical Outcome Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey, and goal achievement scale. Participants were measured preintervention, immediately postintervention, and three months postintervention. A 3-month coaching intervention to enhance menopausal women’s health increased their self-efficacy. This effect was not maintained 3 months postintervention.     

19世纪末20世纪初美国对日本移民政策的演变

日本移民自19世纪末开始大量移入美国本土,在取代华人成为主要劳动力资源后,随之面临的是与华人一样被歧视、排斥的命运。美国白人,特别是西海岸民众将日本移民视为不可同化的黄祸,视他们为进犯美国本土的外来可怕力量。在某些政客的支持下,他们不断掀起反日、排日运动。日本移民试图以其勤劳、务实的精神赢得白人社会的认可,日本政府也屡次与美国政府交涉、谈判,试图保全其亚洲强国的颜面,避免其臣民遭受与华人一样被排斥的命运。然而,随着《君子协定》的确立,两个《外籍人土地法》的先后颁布,到1924年《移民法案》的出台,美国对日移民政策完成了彻底蜕变,完全暴露出了其根深蒂固的种族主义本色,日本移民与所有亚洲移民一样,被彻底排斥在了美国大门之外。     

The Japanese Women's Liberation Movement and the United Red Army

This article examines how the Japanese women's liberation movement responded to the news coverage of the United Red Army Incidents in 1972. The United Red Army was considered to be Japan's most violent domestic revolutionary sect. The United Red Army's misguided use of “revolutionary violence” in 1972 was devastating for Japanese leftist radicalism. The Japanese women's liberation movement was a political formation that emerged in 1970 in the wake of the Anti-Vietnam War and student movements of the late 1960s. In contrast to how the United Red Army received condemnation from across the political spectrum, from the right to the far-left, I focus on how these activists supported and identified with the women of the URA as an expression of their feminist politics. Through my analysis of the alternative media produced by these Japanese feminists and their multi-faceted support for the women in the URA, I argue that their intervention constituted a feminist praxis of critical solidarity and provides an illuminating feminist response to political violence.     

生活质量研究的两种取向

生活质量研究的兴起与工业化社会所存在的深层危机相关。理性化发展观和人性化发展观构成了生活质量研究的两种取向。人性化发展取向的生活质量研究旨在将生活世界从“理性化”的遮蔽下解放出来,是一种未受到重视但更有生命力的研究。     

Coexistence and weak amensalism of congeneric gall-forming aphids on the Japanese elm

Closely related species of gall-forming aphids are often associated with a single host species. SixTetraneura species coexist on the Japanese elm,Ulmus davidiana, in Sapporo, northern Japan. This paper describes the probabilities of coexistence on macro- and microgeographic scales (i.e., on host trees and host leaves) and examines whether coexistence with conspecific or heterospecific galls on leaves or shoots has any effect on the fecundity of each aphid species using multiple regression. A Monte Carlo simulation showed that the frequency distribution of the numbers of species on individual host trees differed significantly from that expected from the null model. There were significantly positive or negative associations between species.Tetraneura radicicola andsorini always coexisted with other species on trees they infested. Multiple regression revealed that the coexistence of conspecific or heterospecific galls on individual leaves had no influence on the fecundity ofradicicola andsorini, but had a negative influence on that of sp. O. On average,radicicola andsorini produced a smaller number of offspring in galls than sp. O, and obviously consumed only a small part of resources available on the galled leaves. Evidence available suggests that although amensalism does arise between sp. O and other species, its influence in not so strong as to exclude sp. O competitively from theTetraneura community.     

对"五普"和"四普"队列人口一致性的再检验

第五次全国人口普查改变了标准时点,使得在对比以往人口普查结果的一致性时需要先做调整。以往研究在进行这种一致性检查时均采用了对单岁年龄组人口内插分配的方法来取得与以前普查队列的相同口径。然而,这种调整方法所依赖的一些假定由于不符合实际可能导致较大的误差。本研究通过新的途径,根据第五次全国人口普查样本重新检查了"五普"和"四普"年龄别人口一致性,得到的结果与以往研究结果有显著差别。采用新方法来进行对比时,"五普"和"四普"队列人口的一致性显得比以往结果要好得多。     

Educational attainment and the transition to first marriage among Japanese women

I use data from a large nationally representative survey to examine the relationship between women's educational attainment and the timing of first marriage in Japan. The results indicate that later marriage for highly educated women primarily reflects longer enrollment in school, that university education is increasingly associated with later and less marriage, and that the trend toward later and less marriage is occurring at all levels of educational attainment. These findings are consistent, albeit weakly, with the argument that higher education should be negatively associated with marriage only in countries in which gender relations make it particularly difficult for women to balance work and family.     

日本未婚青年的生育意愿研究

随着日本经济的发展,日本未婚青年的生育意愿发生了很大的变化。原来对生育意愿起显著作用的因素变得不显著。现代经济、社会、文化及心理等因素的共同作用形成了新型的生育文化,它是生育意愿的决定性因素。     

日本养老保障制度中的女性利益分析及其对中国的启示

日本养老保障制度的建构以及改革都充分考虑了女性利益,以女性利益为基点,实现了家庭利益与社会利益的互补与互动,这也从一个角度反映社会保障制度是镶嵌于社会文化基础上的制度,社会保障制度的改革必须考虑即定的文化背景的约束。中国的改革不仅应该考虑儒家的家庭文化约束,而且应当发扬中国人的家庭观,使家庭保障与社会保障得以和谐并存与发展。     

Remembered branches: towards a future of Korean homosexual film

Korean cinema has long labored under an imported Confucian homophobia which, through its effects if not its causes, seems to mirror the Western conception of the closet. Recent cinematic developments in Korea, including a queer film festival in Seoul, are slowly but surely beginning to change that. Using as primary texts the recent Korean gay film Broken Branches and the long-forgotten lesbian film Ascetic: Woman and Woman, my essay hopes to serve as a set of introductory remarks on a queer Korean cinema culture whose surface has only just been broached.     

Fertility Decline in Czechoslovakia During the Last Two Centuries

The decline of fertility in Czechoslovakia on the territory of the Czech Socialist Republic began with a rise in the age at marriage; the decline of marital fertility began only after 1860. On the territory of the Slovak Socialist Republic marital fertility began to decline after 1900 without previous significant changes in the age at marriage. The differences between the demographic behaviour in the two parts of Czechoslovakia have persisted, although they are now gradually disappearing. There are other significant regional differences in the fertility decline caused by the overall process of economic and social development. The end of the demographic transition in the Czech Socialist Republic came during the 1930's and in the Slovak Socialist Republic during the 1960's.     

Two hundred years and counting: the 1990 census

On April 1, 1990, the US will take a national census, marking 200 years of census taking in America. A national census has been taken every 10 years in the US since 1790. Mandated by the US Constitution, the decennial census is the basis for reapportionment of the House of Representatives. California, Texas, and Florida are expected to gain the most Congressional seats following the 1990 Census, reflecting above-average population growth in these states. The census also provides important information about the characteristics of the American people, and a growing number of federal, state and local government programs, private corporations, and community agencies use census data. Each census provides a portrait of America, and over the decades these portraits have revealed much about how our country has changed as we have grown from a young agrarian nation of about 4 million people clustered along the Eastern seaboard to a complex post-industrial society of nearly 250 million spread across the continent and beyond. Techniques for taking the census have steadily improved over the past 2 centuries. The 1990 Census will rely heavily on computerization in all its aspects, including field operations, processing, geography, data tabulations, and products. It is likely to be the most accurate census in our history. The 1990 Census is already the subject of a lawsuit, however, charging that minority groups will be counted less completely than the white population. A series of similar lawsuits followed the 1980 Census, but all were unsuccessful. This Bulletin discusses the Census Bureau's plans for taking the 1990 Census, looks back on 200 years of census taking in America, and details such key aspects of the 1990 Census as the questionnaire, census geography and data dissemination plans, census undercount and the homeless.     

Commoditization of Lifestyle Migration: Japanese Retirees in Malaysia

Abstract

This paper aims to explore the relationship between mobilities created from individual choices and the market factors driving lifestyle migration. The transnational mobility of elderly Japanese throughout Asia is considered one of the emerging cases of international retirement migration in Asia, an overall relatively new phenomenon. Through examining the sociocultural aspects of lifestyle migration in the case of Japanese international retirement migration to Malaysia, this paper argues that lifestyle migration, as a form of consumption, results in self-realization that has a culturally specific meaning for Japanese retirees. By linking tourism and migration, this paper proposes that the mobilities market serves as a mediator of transnational human mobilities and argues that the commoditization of Japanese international retirement migration reflects on both the socioeconomic and sociocultural aspects of Japan as an aging society. Ethnographic data, alongside media discourse analysis, demonstrates how the expectation of self-realization is mediated through the promotion of Malaysia as a destination country of Japanese international retirement migration and their culturally specific understandings of retirement lifestyle.     

日本护理保险制度的修订与非营利组织的养老参与

在田野调查基础上,探讨日本护理保险制度的修订原因及新的措施。认为修订后的保险制度不仅细化了服务对象,减轻了国家负担,而且进一步将社区保健的服务主体转移到了政府以外的民间,从而为非营利组织的养老参与提供了更为广阔的舞台。实践也表明,非营利组织的养老参与不只是有益于护理服务,同时也密切了社区联系,培养了市民的公共意识。日本的这些经验对中国解决高龄化人口问题会有所启示。     

人口生命过程的函数解析式,两类死亡模型的统一

文章通过对大量的生命表数据验证,人口生命基本过程可以用对韦伯函数的幂(常数)经过变异后的函数形式来表示,模型参数可以用线性回归的方法来确定。模型的基本部分加波动部分就组成了人口生命过程的完整模型。人口生命函数的基本部分可以近似地组成一个线性空间,这样,就可以解释人口间接模型在不同场合采用不同参数的意义,并且,从理论上解释了两类模型的统一性。最后,文章还指出了现行的间接模型中采用的Logit变换同两次对数变换可取同一个函数形式。     

Reliability and Validity of Japanese Versions of the Flourishing Scale and the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience

The demographic aging of the older population itself has turned out as an issue of great scope, accumulating a large amount of research in recent years. In this context, the prediction or explanation is of much interest. However, little research has studied this prediction when some factors, such as age, gender, and perceived health are controlled, and also few studies have compared these effects in young old and oldest old populations. Thus, the purpose of this study is to test, in a multivariate context, the predictive effects of variables measuring social support, dependence/active perceptions, and generativity on satisfaction with life, while controlling for age, marital status, educational level, gender, and perceived health; examining young old and oldest old similitudes and differences in a little studied population, the Angolan elderly. The sample was formed by 1,003 participants, 737 were young old and 266 were oldest old. To test for the effects, a hierarchical regression was built up, in which age and predictor’s interactions were included. Results provide support for some differences in the pattern of relationships hold by young old and oldest old, with social support emerging as the major predictor of life satisfaction during the old age.