发展农村教育,推进农村城市化进程

农村城市化是统筹城乡社会经济发展,缩小城乡差距,推动农村劳动力转移,增加农民收入,实现国家工业化、城市化、现代化的重要战略途径.教育是实现这个战略的动力之一.因此,大力发展农村教育,为农民及其子弟提供高质量、高水平的教育,提高农村人口素质,是确保农村劳动力转移,加快广州市番禺区社会经济发展,推进番禺农村城市化的重要举措.     

农村剩余劳动力转移的途径探析

农村剩余劳动力的产生及其转移是经济理论界长期以来关注的焦点问题,多年来专家们从小城镇建设、农业产业化、农业户籍制度改革、建立城乡一体化的劳动力市场等不同方面进行了广泛、深入的研究,但从农村剩余劳动力的劳动技能与现代农业及城市工业对劳动力的要求不对称角度看尚显不足。发展农村文化教育,提高农村劳动力的文化技术水平,是实现剩余劳动转移的重要途径。     

农村剩余劳动力转移与城市化进程相关性研究

农村剩余劳动力转移和城市化是工业化过程典型的表现方式,两者之间也有着千丝万缕的联系。简要论述农村剩余劳动力、农村剩余劳动力转移以及城市化的基本内容,通过分析相关的经典发展经济学理论,梳理一个清晰的纹路来说明农村剩余劳动力转移与城市化、城市集群之间的关系：农村剩余劳动力转移与城市集群之间的互动关系是通过城市化这个媒介来实现的。     

国外农村劳动力非农化与城市化经验及启示

从国外城市发展的历史和类型差异角度,归纳国外城市化中形成的不同类型的农村剩余劳动力转移模式.总结国外农村劳动力非农化与城市化经验和教训,得出在城市化中工业化、城市化和农村劳动力转移应该良性互动,应选择符合国情的工业化道路;采取分散型和多层次的转移模式效果较好;要处理好工业与农业的关系;处理好农村劳动力转移过程中的土地政策;重视城市化中市场和政府的作用,发挥政府在法律、交通和教育方面的作用;保持城市建设与人口城市化速度相适应等规律和启示,结合我国实际情况提出对农村人口城市化过程的做法.     

推进北京郊区城市化进程的战略抉择

城市现代化和郊区城市化的过程是实现城乡一体化的过程。郊区城市化要打破二元结构 ,缩小城郊之间的差别 ,实现城乡融合 ,协调发展。目前 ,北京郊区还不足以通过农村的经济积累为城市化迅速发展支付必要的成本 ,各省富裕劳动力向沿海地区流动也对本市农村劳动力向非农产业的就业转移产生影响。因此 ,有必要采取一些措施 ,推进郊区城市化进程     

湘鄂渝黔边区农村剩余劳动力转移问题研究——以湖南省湘西自治州为例

解决“三农”问题的关键是实现农村剩余劳动力的转移。湘鄂渝黔边区劳动力资源丰富,农村剩余劳动力队伍庞大。本文通过对湘西自治州农村剩余劳动力的现状调查与分析,并结合其农村剩余劳动力转移的特点,提出有效解决边区农村剩余劳动力转移的对策。     

中国未来农村剩余劳动力转移问题及其出路

中国农村 ,由于人口增加、土地资源有限 ,现代生产方式的日益应用 ,农村人口流动和剩余劳动力转移的规模、压力越来越大。怎样解决问题并稳定社会 ?战略上讲 :从时间、数量上稳定推缓转移农村剩余劳动力 ;创造条件 ,积极快速地转移农村剩余劳动力 ;政府进行宏观调节和微观管理 ,安全地转移农村剩余劳动力 ;推进城市化 ,合理发展小城镇转移农村剩余劳动力 ,是促进经济增长的强劲动力     

农村剩余劳动力的有效转移分析

农民收入应当是“三农”问题的核心 ,农民增收难的一个重要原因就是大量剩余劳动力滞留于农村 ,造成农业边际产出低下 ,而目前农村剩余劳动力的转移带有很强的盲目性 ,我们应积极探索多种转移途径 ,实现劳动力的有效转移。     

甘肃省农村剩余劳动力转移障碍因素分析

甘肃劳动力资源丰富,但整体素质不高,农村隐性失业严重,大量农村剩余劳动力需要向城市、其它行业、其它地区转移。但目前还存在着大量制约劳动力转移的障碍因素,需要通过加强对农民的教育培训、提供信息服务和政策引导促进农村剩余劳动力转移。     

农村剩余劳动力转移阻碍因素研究

转移农村剩余劳动力是推动城镇化建设、提高农民收入的有效途径。由于受到区域经济发展、制度、心理、生活成本等因素的影响和制约,农村剩余劳动力转移面临新的问题和挑战。本文在分析农村剩余劳动力转移现状和阻碍因素的基础上,提出进一步推动劳动力生产要素科学合理流动的政策建议。     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

Is subsidiarity a conditio sine qua non for sustainability?

This paper argues that subsidiarity is a condicio sine qua non for sustainability. Through the complexity paradigm, the paper provides a historical reconstruction of both concepts to the end of elucidating their interdependence. The main thesis is that subsidiarity to sustainability is what self-organisation is to emergence. The paper ends with a sketch of future global governance structures based on a subsidiarity where cities take the lead on sustainability.     

Global employment and decent jobs, 2010–2030: The forces of demography and automation

Globally, an estimated 734 million jobs will be required between 2010 and 2030 to accommodate recent and ongoing demographic shifts, account for plausible changes in labour force participation rates, and achieve target unemployment rates of at or below 4 per cent for adults and at or below 8 per cent for youth. The facts that most new jobs will be required in countries where “decent” jobs are less prevalent and workers in many occupations are increasingly subject to risks of automation further compound the challenge of job creation, which is already quite sizable in historical perspective. Failure to create the jobs that are needed through 2030 would put currently operative social security systems under pressure and undermine efforts to guarantee the national social protection floors enshrined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).