家庭老年照料对女性照料者健康的影响研究

本文基于中国健康与营养调查1991²009年的面板数据,利用面板工具变量估计模型分析从事家庭老年照料对女性健康的影响。研究发现:从事照料活动使女性过去四周患病率显著提高5.51%2009年的面板数据,利用面板工具变量估计模型分析从事家庭老年照料对女性健康的影响。研究发现:从事照料活动使女性过去四周患病率显著提高5.51%¹7.04%,自评健康状况"一般"和"差"的概率分别提高0.24%和0.10%。照料活动对于女性健康的影响存在城乡、家庭结构和居住模式上的差异。城镇地区女性从事照料活动对健康的影响明显高于农村地区;家庭中兄弟姐妹数量少于3人的女性因照料老年人导致过去四周患病率显著增加7.63%;对于与父母(公婆)同住的女性,提供照料使她们过去四周患病率上升6.66%;提供照料帮助还对不与父母(公婆)同住的女性有显著影响,使其自评健康水平下降7.41%。此外,高强度照料活动对健康的负面影响更大。     

子女数量对已婚女性劳动供给和工资的影响

本文利用中国健康与营养调查数据估计了子女数量对已婚女性劳动供给、工作时间投入和工资水平的影响,并通过采用工具变量法和赫克曼两步法(Heckman two-step)解决了回归分析中子女数量的内生性问题以及工作时间和工资方程中存在的样本选择问题,第一次全面考察了中国城镇和农村已婚女性生育率对其劳动供给行为和工资水平的因果效应。实证分析表明,生育子女数量的增加会显著降低城镇已婚女性的劳动供给,并且显著降低在业女性的工作时间投入和工资水平。生育子女数量的增加对农村已婚女性是否参与非农就业没有显著影响,对参与了非农就业女性的工资也没有显著影响,但是显著降低了其工作时间投入。     

健康状况和健康冲击对工作时间的影响

使用中国健康与养老追踪关于浙江和甘肃两省的预调查数据,估计居民健康存量状况和健康冲击对劳动工作时间的影响。研究采用三种健康状况指标:自评健康状况、四种常见慢性病和日常生活自理能力(ADL),其中自评健康状况还使用了15岁之前的健康状况做工具变量估计。基于Tob it模型的估计结果显示:只要健康状况不是太差,劳动者一般不会选择完全退出劳动力市场,健康状况较差的劳动者会适当减少工作时间。慢性病中,只有关节类的疾病对劳动时间的影响显著,其他疾病对劳动时间没有显著影响。日常生活自理能力强的人工作时间明显要长。健康冲击会显著减少劳动者的工作时间,进而减少收入。尽管男性和女性在工作小时上存在很大差异,但是估计结果显示健康存量状况和健康冲击对工作小时的影响不存在很大的性别差异。     

子女外出对农村留守父母健康的影响

老龄化背景下,成年子女的异地流动增加了中老年人的健康负担,本文使用中国健康与养老追踪调查数据和倾向分值匹配法,实证考察了农村地区成年子女跨省外出对留守父母健康的影响。估计结果显示,有子女外出的家庭,中老年父母的主观健康如自评健康、认知状况和抑郁程度较差;客观健康也受到不利影响,患关节炎、胃病和肺病的可能性更大。基于收入考量的子女外出确实增加了对父母的经济支持力度,但同时也增加了父母从事隔代照料的可能性。隔代照料负担的增加可能是子女外出对父母健康有不利影响的原因。     

子女数量、父母健康与生活满意度——基于性别失衡视角

中国人有"多子多福"的传统观念,但是近年来随着出生性别比的攀升,婚姻市场的压力越来越大,未婚男性的可能会对父母的健康和生活满意度产生负面影响.本文利用ordered probit模型分析了子女数量对中老年人健康和生活满意度的影响,结果表明,已婚儿子对父母的生活满意度有积极的影响,但是未婚儿子的数量对父母的幸福感有不利的影响,未婚女儿的数量对父母的生活满意度没有显著的影响.此外,我们还发现,在农村地区,当父母得知自己患有高血压时,未婚儿子的数量会降低父母治疗的概率,这说明未婚儿子的数量对父母健康会产生一定程度的负面影响.     

家庭老年照料会降低女性劳动参与率吗?——基于两阶段残差介入法的实证分析

人口老龄化背景下女性照料者的家庭照料负担日益加重.文章基于中国健康与营养调查2009年数据,利用两阶段残差介入法探讨从事家庭老年照料活动对女性劳动参与决策的影响.结果表明,家庭老年照料与女性劳动参与决策之间存在内生性,忽略内生性会低估照料责任对劳动参与率的负向影响;两阶段最小二乘法和两阶段预测值替代法会高估照料父母公婆对女性劳动参与率的负向影响程度;两阶段残差介入法是解决非线性模型内生性的有效且一致的估计方法,女性从事家庭老年照料活动使劳动参与率显著下降12.46％;这种对就业决策产生的负面影响在城镇女性、与父母公婆同住以及兄弟姐妹数量少的女性中表现的更为严重.文章的结论为我国制定支持家庭老年照料的相关政策提供科学依据.     

子女离婚对老年人健康的影响研究--基于CLASS数据的实证分析

婚姻稳定性下降、人口老龄化加剧预示着越来越多的老年人会经历子女离婚,然而子女离婚是否以及如何影响老年父母健康尚缺乏研究。本文基于生命历程理论和社会性别理论,从老年健康的角度出发,强调来自家庭层面子女离婚的影响,并从家庭代际经济支持等方面分析子女离婚如何影响老年健康及其发生的机制,探索家庭内部影响因素间的作用与联系。本文利用2014年和2018年“中国老年社会追踪调查数据”(CLASS)分析子女离婚对老年父母健康状况的影响。研究发现对于当前我国老年人而言,子女离婚仍是少数,但子女离婚会对老年父母健康带来冲击,表现为有离婚子女的老年人更可能自评身体不健康、慢性病患病数量显著更多、精神健康水平更低;子女离婚对老年父母的健康负面影响具有持久性;相较于儿子离婚,女儿离婚的老年人更可能自觉身体不健康;子女离婚对父母健康的影响具有性别异质性,离婚更易影响女儿对父母的经济支持水平是一个重要原因。     

基于联立方程的个人健康与工资问题研究

像教育一样，健康作为人力资本的重要组成部分，能够影响个人的劳动生产率和工资。海外有很多检验健康对工资影响的研究，但是基于中国数据的研究较少。本文采用了中国营养健康数据检验健康对中国居民工资的影响，使用一个健康和工资的联立方程模型来解释健康的内生性，分别使用自评健康状况和健康生活质量指标来估计。结论证实了国外大量文献的结论，即健康对工资率有显著影响，但是这种显著效应只有在考虑了健康的内生性和估计误差后才能成立．这种影响不仅显著而且很大。     

父母外出务工对留守儿童健康与教育的影响北大核心CSSCI

伴随中国流动人口的日益增多,由于父母外出务工而导致的留守儿童规模不断扩大,城乡留守儿童的健康与教育水平受到一定程度的影响。文章运用中国营养与健康调查(CHNS)1997~2011年六轮家庭数据,研究了父母外出务工对留守儿童健康和受教育情况的影响,并进一步分析了该影响的城乡差异。为解决内生性问题,文章运用工具变量法构建了内生处理效应模型。主要结论为:父母外出务工对留守儿童的受教育情况造成显著负面影响,尤以农村儿童突出;对儿童身高产生显著负面影响,尤以城市儿童突出;对儿童体重产生显著改善作用,超重减少,尤以农村儿童突出;对儿童过去四周内的患病没有显著影响;这些影响也因儿童年龄群体的不同而有所差异。     

退休对中老年人健康的影响研究

近几年我国政府不断释放延迟退休的政策意向,但该政策对健康的影响往往被忽略。本文利用中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)数据,采用法定退休年龄作为工具变量,研究退休(指需要办理退休手续)对中老年人健康的影响。研究显示,退休对自评健康、抑郁和认知均产生了负面影响且对女性、教育程度较低、45⁵4岁的人群影响更为显著。此外,对影响路径的分析表明,退休会通过显著减少人们的社交活动和休息时间来危害健康。本文的基本结论是退休对健康有负面影响,延迟退休有助于优化人们整个生命周期的健康水平。这从健康角度为延迟退休政策提供了实证依据。     

家庭养老、父母健康与成年子女劳动供给的经济分析

本文的研究目标在于利用CHNS数据,将同一家庭内部子女样本和父母（大于55岁）样本进行配对．探讨老年父母健康对成年子女劳动供给的影响。首先建立理论框架,其次利用Heckman两阶段模型,在控制个人特征和家庭特征的基础上,分析老年父母健康对成年子女劳动供给的影响。研究结果表明,父母健康不良将导致子女劳动供给的减少,且这种影响存在性别差异和城乡差异,但均不显著。同时在存在兄弟姐妹的情况下,其影响程度减小。     

Preference for Boys,Family Size,and Educational Attainment in India

Using data from nationally representative household surveys, we test whether Indian parents make trade-offs between the number of children and investments in education. To address the endogeneity due to the joint determination of quantity and quality of children, we instrument family size with the gender of the first child, which is plausibly random. Given a strong son preference in India, parents tend to have more children if the firstborn is a girl. Our instrumental variable results show that children from larger families have lower educational attainment and are less likely to be enrolled in school, with larger effects for rural, poorer, and low-caste families as well as for families with illiterate mothers.     

Modelling the impact of women’s education on fertility in Malawi

Many studies have suggested that there is an inverse relationship between education and number of children among women from sub-Saharan Africa countries, including Malawi. However, a crucial limitation of these analyses is that they do not control for the potential endogeneity of education. The aim of our study is to estimate the role of women’s education on their number of children in Malawi, accounting for the possible presence of endogeneity and for nonlinear effects of continuous observed confounders. Our analysis is based on micro data from the 2010 Malawi Demographic Health Survey, and uses a flexible instrumental variable regression approach. The results suggest that the relationship of interest is affected by endogeneity and exhibits an inverted U-shape among women living in rural areas of Malawi, whereas it exhibits an inverse (nonlinear) relationship for women living in urban areas.     

The Paradox of Children and Life Satisfaction

Empirical analyses of the determinants of life satisfaction routinely include the number of children as one of the socio demographic controls, without explicitly considering that, for a given household income, more children imply a lower level of income per family member. The variable “number of children” then often attracts a negative or insignificant coefficient. Using data from the German Socio Economic Panel 1984–2007 we confirm that the sign of the coefficient for the variable “number of children in the household” is negative when introducing household income without correction for the number of members in a life satisfaction regression. On the contrary, when we equivalise income with the most commonly adopted equivalence scales, so eliminating the monetary cost of raising children, the impact of the variable is positive and significant when a high level of economies of scale is assumed. Our results however lead us to reject slope homogeneity as we find strong differences by gender and region. In particular, the positive effect of children on life satisfaction is stronger for males and East Germans. We interpret these subsample split results as driven by heterogeneous opportunity costs and cultural traits.     

The impact of adult child emigration on the mental health of older parents

We explore whether older parents of adult children who emigrate experience, in the short term, increases in depressive symptoms and loneliness feelings compared to parents whose children do not migrate. We use data from the first two waves of The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, which is a nationally representative sample of 8500 people aged 50 + living in Ireland. To deal with the endogeneity of migration, we apply fixed-effects estimation models and control for a broad range of life events occurring between the two waves. These include the emigration of a child but also events such as bereavement, onset of disease, retirement and unemployment. We find that depressive symptoms and loneliness feelings increase among the parents of migrant children but that the effect is only present for mothers. As the economic burden of mental health problems is high, our findings have potentially significant impacts for migrant-sending regions and countries.     

The More the Merrier? The Causal Effect of High Fertility on Later-Life Loneliness in Eastern Europe

Levels of later-life loneliness are high in Eastern Europe. We assess whether having more children is protective against later-life loneliness for Eastern-European mothers and fathers. Drawing on Generations and Gender Surveys data of 25,479 parents aged 50–80 from eight Eastern-European countries, we adopt an instrumental approach exploiting parents’ preference for mixed-sex offspring to estimate the causal effect of having additional children on feelings of loneliness. We find that having an additional child has a causal protective effect against loneliness for mothers. Ordinary least squares regression models also show a weak but statistically significant negative association between number of children and later-life loneliness among fathers. However, results of the instrumental variable analyses are inconclusive for this group. We thus do not find statistically significant causal evidence that having an additional child is protective against loneliness for fathers. Our results underline the importance of addressing reverse causality and selection bias when investigating the links between number of children and later-life loneliness, particularly among women. The causal evidence presented here suggests that the trend towards families with fewer children noted in several Eastern-European countries may place new cohorts of older Eastern-Europeans, and in particular Eastern-European women, at risk of stronger feelings of loneliness.

     

The heterogeneous impact of pension income on elderly living arrangements: evidence from China’s new rural pension scheme

This paper investigates the impact of pension income on living arrangements of the elderly. Taking advantage of a unique opportunity due to the recent establishment and expansion of the New Rural Pension Scheme in China, we explicitly address the endogeneity of pension status and pension income through a fixed-effect model with instrumental variable approach by exploiting exogenous time variation in the program implementation at county level. We find an overall positive effect of pension income on independent living as well as considerable heterogeneity. The positive income effects of the NRPS are concentrated among the elderly with adult children living nearby, of higher socio-economic status, and with better health at baseline; for other groups, the effects are insignificant. We also find that more generous programs exhibit larger effects. Our results highlight that living arrangement is multidimensional in rural China.     

收入、相对地位与女性的生育意愿

文章基于中国健康与营养调查（CHNS）2006年成人调查数据,对中国52岁以下在婚、离婚和丧偶女性的收入、相对地位对生育意愿的影响进行实证分析。与以往研究不同的是,在分析影响女性生育意愿的因素时,除了通常的收入、价格、职业和年龄等因素外,本文还特别引入了反映女性相对地位的变量。根据家庭谈判模型以及中国的现实情况,本文用相对收入、相对教育以及相对家务劳动时间来反映女性在家庭中的相对地位。结果显示,对于是否生育孩子的决策,生理因素的影响占据主导地位;对于生育多少个孩子的决策,社会经济因素占据主导地位,尤其是女性在家庭中的相对地位无论城乡均产生显著的影响,而女性的收入对生育意愿并没有产生显著影响。     

Patrilocal Residence and Female Labor Supply: Evidence From Kyrgyzstan

Many people live in patrilocal societies, which prescribe that women move in with their husbands’ parents, relieve their in-laws from housework, and care for them in old age. This arrangement is likely to have labor market consequences, in particular for women. We study the effect of coresidence on female labor supply in Kyrgyzstan, a strongly patrilocal setting. We account for the endogeneity of coresidence by exploiting the tradition that youngest sons usually live with their parents. In both OLS and IV estimations, the effect of coresidence on female labor supply is negative and insignificant. This finding is in contrast to previous studies, which found positive effects in less patrilocal settings. We go beyond earlier work by investigating effect channels. In Kyrgyzstan, coresiding women invest more time in elder care than women who do not coreside, and they do not receive parental support in housework.