British Cities and Ethnic Minorities in the Post-war Era: From Xenophobic Agitation to Multi-Ethnic Government

This essay retraces the history of immigration and ethnic minority politics in British cities in the post-war era. It shows that British cities evolved in that period from an attitude of indifference and/or hostility to immigrants in the late 1950s, to the creation of race-sensitive policies in the context of a bipartisan effort to depoliticize the issue at the national level in the 1960s, and finally to increasing participation of minorities in the politics of the Labour Party from the late 1970s onward.     

Minding the Gaps in British Ethnic Entrepreneurship and Commercial History: From the Genesis to the 21st Century

Tracing the origin and development of British ethnic entrepreneurship from the 1800s to the 21st century raises awareness of a salient research gap to make a contribution to entrepreneurship research. We draw on path dependency theory to understand the range of socio-cultural and economic factors that inform the dynamic behaviour and actions of visible minorities (Africans, Chinese, South Asians and people form the Caribbean) ethnic entrepreneurship. Archival and industry documentations are analysed to identify four distinctive epochal periods of origination of ethnic entrepreneurship that highlight the path dependency of activities. Furthermore, we found network alliances, business clusters and resilience factors, such as founder-owner social outlook, culture, faith, and social identity as critical success factors. We further outline the implications of the historical development for research, government policy, industry and entrepreneurial practice in the UK.     

Scott revisited: Post-war agriculture, planning and the British countryside

The report of the Scott Committee on Land Utilisation in Rural Areas, in August 1942, constituted the first comprehensive review of rural issues in England and Wales. Never before had agriculture and land-use planning been considered in such an integrated, yet detailed, manner. Through contemporary archival evidence, the paper appraises the circumstances in which the Committee was convened, the preoccupations brought to its deliberations by the Chairman, Stamp and Dennison, and the manner in which Government departments, and most obviously the Ministry of Agriculture, sought to manipulate both the Committee's appointment and findings to their own advantage.     

British Muslim Minorities Today: Challenges and Opportunities to Europeanism, Multiculturalism and Islamism

This essay explores the issues of multiculturalism, Islamism and the experiences of Muslim minorities in Western Europe and in Britain in the light of the events of 9/11 and 7 July London bombings. First, the experience of immigrants and minorities and the key historical and cultural debates in which the idea of Europe has emerged is contextualised. Second, the debate in relation to how multiculturalism in Western Europe is conceived and problematised is focused upon. Third, a detailed discussion of the British experience of multiculturalism is elaborated upon, exploring the various shifts in discourse and policy-maker thinking. Finally, suggestions for moving ahead are discussed, and how it might provide impetus to academic, governmental, civil society and practitioner action. In conclusion, it is argued that the challenges that Muslim minority youth face in Western Europe are many but not insurmountable if one takes into consideration the needs and aspirations of a society that is inclusive and forward looking but also aware of the historical and contemporaneous factors involved in the alienation and the marginalisation of variously incorporated Muslim minorities.     

Understanding Crimmigration: Implications for Racial and Ethnic Minorities Within the United States

Crimmigration, or the intertwining of criminal and immigration law, allows whether explicitly or implicitly for local law enforcement and increasingly other government agencies, to act as enforcers of both aspects of the law. Increasingly, practices and polices implemented within this realm are characteristic of interior enforcement practices, expanding beyond border enforcement. No longer are these solely the responsibility of federal immigration agents, but now local law enforcement participates in these seemingly hidden initiatives. In the process of this merge, the scope of citizenship and the applicability of certain rights is continuously narrowing in what Juliet Stumpf refers to in The Crimmigration Crisis: Immigrants, Crime, and Sovereign Power as “a society increasingly stratified by flexible conceptions of membership.” To unwind and reform the connections between these two systems requires the treatment of them as components of a larger emphasis on exclusionary social‐control ideology and practices, directed at immigrants and minorities alike.     

Pukhtun Ethnic Nationalism: From Separatism to Integrationism

There is many a myth about Pukhtuns. The British colonialists thought Pukhtuns were 'unruly' people that could not be tamed. When Pakistan came into being, Pukhtun nationalists were regarded as the most serious threat to the new state, and until the 1970s every government persecuted them. But during the last three decades of the twentieth century, Pukhtun politics underwent a sea change. Today, Pukhtuns, who were opposed to the creation of Pakistan and had demanded an independent state of their own, have become one of the most powerful partners in the state hierarchy. This paper critically examines the myths the orientalists have created about Pukhtuns and the changing pattern of Pukhtun politics.     

Residential Segregation and Institutional Completeness: A Comparison of Ethnic Minorities*

Cette étude de six groupes ethniques à Winnipeg démontre clairement l'importance de la ségrègation residentielle pour le maintien d'un degré de totalité d'un système institutionnel. La communauté francophone se maintient en suivant le modèle que Joy décrit comme s'appliquant au Québec, à savoir celui d'une zone centrale s'étendant dans la région qui l'encercle et se caracterisant par une mobilite intra-régionale considérable. Par ailleurs, les Scandinaves n'ont jamais réussi àétablir une base institutionnelle assez complète dans une zone écologique à part. Ils se sont alors dispersés comme l'auraient prédit les assimilationistes. Contrairement à la prédiction de Joy, la formation de deux communautés juives ségrégées a suivi la mobilité massive de Juifs vers les régions s'étendant dans les banlieues de West Kildonan et River Heights où ils ont établi un nouveau système d'institutions ethniques, abandonnant presque complétement la zone du North End où se trouvait le centre initial de la communauté juive. The importance of residential segregation for the maintenance of institutional completeness is clearly demonstrated by this study of six ethnic groups in Winnipeg. The French community maintainers follow Joy's Quebec core area pattern in St Boniface with extensions of their ethnic belt adjacent to the core and extensive intra-area mobility. On the other hand, the Scandinavians were never able to establish a very complete ethnic institutional base in a segregated ecological area, so they scattered as assimilationists would predict. Contrary to Joy's prediction, extensive Jewish mobility into their West Kildonan and River Heights suburban extended belt areas resulted in the establishment of two new segregated Jewish communities where they have created new complexes of ethnic institutions, leaving the original North End Jewish core area almost entirely.     

Ethnic identity and ethnic boundaries: the Sino-Vietnamese in Victoria, British Columbia

A partir de données amassées en questionnant trente ménages sino-vietnamiens de Victoria, ainsi que leurs parrains, cette étude veut montrer que les approches primor-dialiste et circonstantialiste devraient être combinées, afin de donner une image plus exacte de l'identité ethnique et des frontières de groupe des immigrants en Amérique du Nord. Ce sont des besoins instrumentaux qui expliquent pourquoi les Sino-Vietnamiens ont utilisé divers attributs culturels afin de développer des liens privilégiés avec les Chinois de Victoria et les Vietnamiens d'origine. Par contre, ce sont des besoins émotifs qui expliquent la retention, par les Sino-Vietnamiens, de leurs liens primordiaux et leur dissociation de tous les étrangers qui ne sont pas de la même origine régionale ou ethnique qu'eux.
Using data collected from thirty Sino-Vietnamese households and their sponsors in Victoria, this study suggests that both primordialist and circumstantialist approaches should be combined to give a more accurate picture of ethnic identity and group boundary maintenance among immigrant groups in North America. While instrumental needs best explain why Sino-Vietnamese used various cultural attributes as charters to cultivate links with the local Chinese and the ethnic Vietnamese, emotional needs best explain why the Sino-Vietnamese still retained their former, narrower primordial ties, dissociating themselves on a primary level from all outsiders who were not of the same regional or ethnic origin.     

Baloch Ethnic Nationalism in Pakistan: From Guerrilla War to Nowhere?

In 1962, when Henry Kissinger was in Pakistan on a troubleshooting mission for US President J. F. Kennedy, a local journalist asked him to comment on Baloch insurgency. His answer was: 'I wouldn't recognize the Balochistan problem, (even) if it hit me in the face.' 1 But in 1973, when Baloch nationalists were pitted against the Pakistan armed forces, Balochistan had become one of the most volatile conflict regions for the two super powers. Today, Baloch nationalism has once again become a non-issue. This paper explores the emergence, growth, radicalisation and de-escalation of Baloch nationalism. Selig S. Harrison, In Afghanistan's Shadow: Baluch Nationalism and Soviet Temptations (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, New York, 1981), p. 1.     

日本文化名城保护——从“官督民办”到“官民协作”

本文在文献研究的基础上,通过分析多个实践案例,考察了日本文化名城保护从＂官督民办＂到＂民推官办＂,再到＂官民协作＂的历史发展过程,并总结出日本在文化名城保护方面的两大特色：民间力量壮大;官民配合默契。论文同时指出日本在文化名城保护方面面临的一些问题。最后从政府和民间、保护和宣传以及制度和文化的关系出发,提出了对我国文化名城保护的建议。     

千城一面——造城时代下的物竞天择

随着对城镇化质量的日益关注,媒体与学界对千城一面的批判愈演愈烈。然而,如果将城市看做是地球生态系统的一部分,遵循生物界优胜劣汰、适者生存的丛林法则,那么千城一面现象便是时代背景下环境选择的结果——特定的科技、经济、文化发展水平等客观属性,把在生存竞争中处于劣势的建筑形制与空间范式逐一淘汰,筛选出最符合时代需求与发展方向的特征传承下去。在理解千城一面的时代必然性的基础上,理性认识古典主义与现代主义、空间舒适性与独特性、空间使用者的主与客之间的辩证关系,才能走出"为批判而批判"的误区。     

From stress to distress: Conceptualizing the British family farming patriarchal way of life

‘Rural stress’ and ‘farming stress’ are terms that have become commonly appropriated by British health-based academic disciplines, the medical profession and social support networks, especially since the agricultural ‘crises’ of B.S.E. and Foot and Mouth disease. Looking beyond the media headlines, it is apparent that the terms in fact are colloquial catch-alls for visible psychological and physiological outcomes shown by individuals. Seldom have the underlying causes and origins of presentable medical outcomes been probed, particularly within the context of the patriarchal and traditionally patrilineal way of life which family forms of farming business activity in Britain encapsulate. Thus, this paper argues that insufficient attention has been paid to the conceptualization of the terms. They have become both over-used and ill-defined in their application to British family farm individuals and their life situations. A conceptual framework is outlined that attempts to shift the stress research agenda into the unilluminated spaces of the family farming ‘way of life’ and focus instead on ‘distress’. Drawing upon theorization from agricultural and feminist geography together with cultural approaches from rural geography, four distinct clusters of distress originate from the thoughts of individuals and the social practices now required to enact patriarchal family farming gender identities. These are explored using case study evidence from ethnographic repeated life history interviews with members of seven farming families in Powys, Mid Wales, an area dominated by family forms of farming business. Future research agendas need to be based firmly on the distressing reality of patriarchal family farming and also be inclusive of those who, having rejected the associated way of life, now lie beyond the farm gate.     

From Ethnic segregation to impact integration: state schooling and identity construction for rural Tibetans

This paper examines the context of ethnic identity formation in schools for rural Tibetan children. It reviews rural primary education within Tibet and the secondary education for Tibetans in boarding schools across China. Data are presented on policies, student recruitment, curriculum, teachers and the campus environment, as they impact on students' identity formation. Although there is little that is multicultural about the learning process in these schools, these schools do not strictly deny Tibetan culture to Tibetan children. The school architecture, sculptures, photographs, wall paintings and so forth provide representations of Tibetan culture, albeit selectively and interpreted by the state in terms of the ideological themes of national unity, patriotism, revolutionary traditions, civilised behaviour and love of Tibet. The conclusion points to a make‐or‐break opportunity for state education to support a more even‐handed cultural policy, rather than the dichotomy of segregation and impact integration.