开展人口科学研究 控制我国人口增长

我国的人口增长已大大低于世界上发展中国家和世界平均水平。人口过快增长的势头已得到了有效的控制。毫无疑问,这一成就的取得,与三中全会以来我国人口科学研究所作出的重大贡献是分不开的。一、人口科学研究为基本国策的制定提供了科学的理论基础党的十一届三中全会给我国人口科学研究带来了春天。十年来,我国人口科学的各个领域,包括理论人口学、人口统计学、人口经济学、人口社会学、人口地理学、人口生态学、人口教育学、医学人口学、民族人口学、农村人口与城市人口学、人口思想史学等等,都取     

中国人口增长率与人口文化素质相关分析

依据1990-2000年人口统计资料,运用相关分析方法,对我国人口增长率的降低与人口文化素质的提高进行了相关分析。结果表明,我国人口增长率的降低与人口文化素质的提高存在强相关关系,特别是大学(含大专)文化程度人口所占人口比重与人口增长率存在明显的负相关,同时初中文化程度人口所占比重与人口增长率之间也存在明显负相关。     

完善人口政策维护人口安全促进社会和谐

人口安全是国家最基本、最重要的安全问题之一.经过多年的努力,我国的人口安全状况得到了很大的改善,但新时期依然面临着巨大的挑战.要维护我国人口安全,努力构建社会主义和谐社会,确保国家经济社会发展目标的顺利实现,迫切需要完善我国的人口政策,解决好影响人口安全的因素与问题.     

农业人口转移与农村人口控制

农业人口逐步向非农业人口转化,这是正在我国农村发生着的深刻人口变动.这一变动已经或者将会给农村人口控制带来什么影响?我国农业人口转移与农村人口再生产类型转变的关系如何?本文主要根据我们在上海郊区农村所作的有关调查,对上述问题作一初步的探讨.     

从人口转变到人口均衡

我国快速实现人口转变,使老龄化社会于世纪之交提前到来.在一定的资源环境和技术、制度条件下,统筹解决好人口总量较大与结构矛盾突出的"两难"问题,成为现阶段人口均衡发展的基本命题.如果及时实施全面两孩政策,并择机进一步调整人口及相关经济社会政策,将妇女生育水平提高到1.8左右并逐步回归到更替水平上下,那么,未来三、四十年,我国人口将趋向于一个稳定人口,年龄构成和城乡构成将大体稳定下来,60岁及以上老年人口比例约为1/3,老龄化程度达到发达国家的整体水平,但仍低于德国、日本等国家的水平,城镇化率达到75％左右;届时,人力资本积累居世界前列,基本实现国家现代化,人口自身各要素之间及其与经济社会资源环境之间可望保持总体协调.     

珠江三角洲人口容量初探

本文首先从我国人口增长、人口城镇化与人口迁移趋势,引出珠江三角洲人口容量探讨的必要性,再从与世界大都市不同圈层人口构成的比较、球江三角洲土地资源和水资源承载力、经济人口容量等不同的角度,探讨珠江三角洲的人口容量。目前,珠江三角洲仍有一定人口容量富余,但内圈层有的市人口容量已经超载、有的市已接近临界值。     

中国少数民族人口生活质量与民族人口发展战略

人口的生活质量状况直接影响到人口的出生、死亡情况，影响到人们生育意愿的强弱以及生育需求的高低。控制人口方面的工作成果能否巩固并取得新的突破，在很大程度上也取决于人口生活质量提高的状况和发展战略。我国是一个多民族的国家，少数民族人口增长的速度远远超过汉族。1953年，我国少数民族人口3532万人，到1990年增至9120万人，37年之间增长了近二倍，近年来表现出愈来愈猛的发展趋势。揭示提高人口生活质量与控制人口数量的内在机制，分析我国少数民族人口生活质量与少数民族人口发展的情况，这对于我国少数民族的人口控制工作，乃…     

我国古代人口规律与人口政策

和研究其他社会问题一样,人口问题也要把它放到一定的历史范围来研究。如何评析我国古代的人口规律与人口政策,只能以历史唯物主义的观点为指导,结合社会经济情况,进行具体的分析。 (一) 我国在秦以前,没有全面的、比较准确的人口统计数字,估计战国时人口已达二千万,秦时也是二千万上下。汉初人口约六百万,不及战国、秦时的三分之一。至平帝元始二年(公元二年),全国人口达到5,959万人,这是西汉的最高纪录。也是此后近1300年的最高纪录。东汉光武中兴,人口不及西汉之半,直到东汉     

搞好中小学人口教育

教育部制定的《中小学地理学科国情教育纲要》中,要求中小学生“初步了解我国和家乡的人口数量与发展状况,初步懂得控制我国人口数量的重要性。”因此,我们教育工作者要认真研究教学内容与方法,对中小学生进行人口教育,让他们了解基本国策。针对中小学生的实际情况,我们在教学过程中,要采用深入浅出的教学方法,比如,要让学生了解我国人均资源不足的状况,可以将我国的人口数字与外国进行比较：湖南省人口同英国人口相当,江苏省人口同加拿大人口相当,等等。另外,还可以将人口数字编成应用题,如近二十多年来我国人口出生减少的数…     

学习邓小平人口思想

党的十一届三中全会以后,在新的历史时期,邓小平以伟大无产阶级革命家的气魄和胆识,对我国的人口与计划生育问题作了一系列精辟的论述,提出了我国的人口政策是带有战略性的大政策等重要观点,这是对马克思主义人口理论、毛泽东人口思想的继承、丰富和发展,是邓小平理论的重要组成部分,它为解决我国人口问题指明了正确的方向。     

Establishing legal system completely and controlling the excessive population growth]

China during the early years of Socialism concentrated on economic development. Population problems were given a low priority. But now, at this point in China's history, it is necessary to maintain the stability and uniformity of the birth policy through legislation, alter attitudes toward childbearing through legal education, and protect through laws the enthusiastic nature of family planning work of cadres. Without legislation, family planning work cannot endure. It is the proper time to promulgate "Family Planning Law", the body of laws written by the State Council after 5 years of research in family planning work. Critics of this view feel that conditions in rural areas are not ripe for such a law, or that because China is large and populous, laws are not the proper method for controlling population, or that legal restrictions would bring unforeseen consequences in the future. But China's population problem is immediate and dire, and conditions are indeed ripe for passing this law.     

We must complete the population control system to control the population peak and achieve our population goal]

Since 1986, China has experienced another baby boom which is expected to last till 1997. If no effective measure is implemented to check population growth, the population target of around 1.2 billion will not be achieved. The author proposed four population regulation mechanisms that need to be strengthened. First, ideological education needs to be used to change people's perceptions about family size, so that couples would willingly accept small families. Second, financial incentives and penalties need to be used to direct people to regulate their fertility. The incentive and penalty technique directly affect the interests of the family and is likely to produce rapid results. Third, legislation can be used to regulate reproductive behavior, the laws and legislation which restrict social behavior should be utilized for population control purposes. Once legislation on fertility regulation is passed, those who violate the law can be penalized. Furthermore, legislation gives family planning (FP) workers legitimacy in implementing the program and can help avoid disputes in the process of FP program implementation. Fourth, provision of contraception and abortion services is an important mechanism to ensure the realization of the objectives of population growth control. Meanwhile, the effectiveness of contraceptive methods and the acceptance of abortion depends on the research and development of contraceptive technology and on abortion techniques. These fertility regulatory mechanisms have not be adequately established, and their functions have not been fully utilized. The current FP program is hampered by simplistic ideological education, abusive use of incentives and penalties, lack of legislation, and unmet needs in contraceptive development. To achieve the population targets, these mechanisms need to be strengthened.     

Population and employment in China]

The unequal distribution of farmlands in rural areas and the extremely low productivity in the cities were the fundamental causes of unemployment and population problems in old China. Tremendous progress was made after 1949. The serious economic disturbances caused by Lin-piao and the "Gang of Four" caused great unemployment again. The slow development of China's productivity, poor business management, the involvement of women in social activities, the morality rate decrease, and the population growth rate increase are the main reasons for China's unemployment problem. The fundamental solution is to respect the objective laws of nature and economics and to develop social productivity. In the country we should implement the total development of agricultue, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery. In towns and cities service occupations and handicraft industries should be developed, education and humanities need to be improved, and transportation, communications, and many other industries are still backward. There is high potential for development and vast opportunities for additional labor. We should constantly cultivate our high quality workforce to meet the demand of modernization. Population control is important because the higher the population growth rate the slower the accumulation of wealth. Instead of being a producer for the society the additional labor can be a burden. The vital factor in achieving the "Four Modernizations" is not the quantity of labor but the increase in productivity.     

西部开发中的人口问题研究

20 0 0年初 ,中国政府宣布 ,实施西部大开发战略。人口是社会经济发展的主体 ,加强对西部人口问题的研究 ,具有重要的理论和实践意义。控制人口增长是西部开发的基础 ,西部大开发不需要伴随人口数量的大幅度增长 ,相反要有效控制人口增长 ,要提高人口素质和调整人口结构 ;开发人口资源 ,是西部大开发的关键。人力资源是第一资源 ,人力资源可以改变自然资源 ,促进资本形成 ,推动技术创新 ;走可持续发展之路是西部大开发的目标。西部开发 ,不是盲目、无序、短期和掠夺式的开发 ,选择的目的是人口、资源、环境、经济、社会相互协调 ,可持续发展。     

数字人口健康的探索与思考

一、北京市昌平区关于数字人口健康的探索 昌平区是北京市的城市发展新区,总人口约190万：昌平区人口计生委积极探索推进人口健康数字化建设,大致经历了两个阶段：     

People's Republic of China Law on Population and Birth Planning

Plans by the Chinese government for drafting and passing a national law on population and birth planning were first reported in 1978. Progress toward that politically sensitive goal has been, however, very slow. During the past two decades, the legal basis of China's birth planning program was limited to provincial legislation. By the late 1990s, birth planning was the only major national policy area that did not have national enabling legislation. In January 2000 the State Birth Planning Commission sent a draft of the law on population to the State Council for interagency review and party approval. At the end of 2000, the National People's Congress placed the law on its 2001 agenda. After the required multiple reviews, and with some changes, the Standing Committee of the NPC passed the Law on Population and Birth Planning on 29 December 2001, and on the same day President Jiang Zemin signed and promulgated the Law. The Law is to come into effect on 1 September 2002. The background and significance of this legislation are discussed in detail in the opening article in the present issue of this journal. The author of the article, Edwin A. Winckler, also prepared an English translation of the Law on Population and Birth Planning. This translation is reproduced below. It is followed by a note by the translator.     

人口数据仓库与决策咨询系统建设研究

作者提出用ICT技术改革传统人口统计,建立人口数据仓库,为中长期人口发展战略研究和人口综合调控提供数据支持,并促进人口与发展决策咨询系统的逐步建立。作者论述了建设人口数据仓库和决策咨询系统的背景、意义、功能和基本结构,呼唤通过人口信息化和人口综合统计改革,推进人口部门综合调控职能,促进人口管理现代化,并加强人口与发展的综合决策。     

Population education: a challenge of the seventies

The 2 sections of this discussion of population education set forth the larger theoretical, strategic, and institutional context in which population education can reasonably be expected to take hold in American society and deals impressionalistically with the few "pioneer years" of population education--a period less than a decade long. Population education is defined as an effort to bring about a realization of the individual, family, social, and environmental effects of the explosive increase in human population, the rapid shifts in the concentration and distribution of people, the implications of changing age and other demographic patterns, and the conceivable options that may be open to humankind to cope with the consequent problems. Population education is focused primarily on students who will become the principal childbearers within 1 or 2 decades. There are 4 formidable obstacles to the universal acceptance of population education: organization of the educational system around disciplines with the result that students become increasingly specialized the further they go; the 2-fold problem of crowded curricular schedules and the difficulty in persuading educational bureaucracies to introduce new subject matter into the curriculum; the problem of getting into value questions which public school systems normally avoid; and the shortage of teachers to teach in this field. Ways to deal with these problems are suggested. During the early years of the population education effort, unresolved conflict could be identified in 3 areas: definitions; goals; and tactics. The controversy continues over whether population education should include sex education, contraceptive education, environmental education, and family life education. The debate is more heated regarding whether population education should work merely to inform students about the nature, consequences, and possible controls of population growth, or to elicit forms of behavior which the teachers consider beneficial. The tactics of population educators include massive curriculum reform, preparation of special units, and the infusion of population concepts into most existing courses in primary and secondary schools.     

A Population Policy Rationale for the Twenty‐First Century

I propose that the primary goal of twenty‐first‐century population policies should be to strengthen the human resource base for national and global sustainable development. I discuss the shortcomings of the three dominant twentieth‐century population policy rationales: acceptance of replacement‐level fertility as a demographic goal; realizing a “demographic dividend” from the changing age structure; and filling the “unmet need” for family planning. I demonstrate that in all three cases the explicit incorporation of education into the model changes the picture and makes female education a key population policy priority. Population policies under this new rationale could be viewed as public human resource management. I argue that 20 years after the Cairo ICPD the international community needs a new rationale for population policies in the context of sustainable development and that a focus on human capital development, in particular education and health, is the most promising approach.     

当前我国少数民族人口发展形势分析

人口是社会的主体,正确认识和把握各民族的人口形势,对于制定各民族发展规划,切实做好民族工作,促进各民族的共同繁荣和发展有着非常重要的现实意义。本文主要从人口数量、结构、素质等方面阐述了少数民族人口的发展态势及其对策。