企业能力、技术创新和价值网络合作创新与企业绩效

在经济全球化的背景下,企业开始运用企业能力、技术创新和价值网络合作创新来增强竞争优势,以获取更好的绩效,而当前对于企业能力如何通过上述两种创新影响企业绩效的研究仍然模糊。针对理论研究的缺陷,基于企业能力理论,通过分析两种创新对企业能力与企业绩效的中介作用,揭示企业技术能力、市场导向、整合能力通过技术创新和价值网络合作创新促进企业绩效的内在机制。采用158份中国通信技术企业样本数据,运用多元回归分析的统计方法对假设进行实证检验。研究结果表明,增强企业技术能力、市场导向和整合能力对企业绩效具有显著的促进作用;技术创新对企业技术能力与企业绩效发挥部分中介作用,但对市场导向和整合能力与企业绩效的中介作用不明显,价值网络合作创新则对技术能力、市场导向和整合能力与企业绩效都发挥部分中介作用。应当通过提高企业和经理人的整合能力、加强企业与政府和研究机构之间网络合作的方式来解决企业在进行创新活动时面临的资源不平衡问题。     

产品模块化对组织绩效的影响：中国情境下的实证研究

产品模块化问题越来越引起学术界和企业界的重视,但是理论上关于产品模块化能否提升组织绩效以及其作用机制尚不清晰。在理论推演的基础上,通过实证研究探讨了产品模块化对组织绩效的不同影响机制。研究发现,产品模块化除了直接影响企业的短期绩效外,还会通过提高企业的门槛能力和重要性能力来提升短期绩效水平;另一方面,产品模块化通过提高技术创新水平来提升企业的未来性能力进而影响增长绩效。创新之处在于,对之前学者的研究模型做了进一步的整合与发展,证明了处于经济转型的中国情境下,产品模块化对企业短期绩效和增长绩效的不同影响机制。最后讨论了本研究对当前管理实践的启示和未来研究方向。     

以技术管理提升中小企业技术创新能力

随着经济社会发展和,当前形势下企业的技术创新环境和条件已发生了很大变化,根据文献资料并结合企业典型经验做法,从全面创新管理的视角,对中小企业技术管理提升技术创新能力的机制进行系统分析,以期为当前中小企业技术管理和创新提供参考,最后通过案例对比分析阐述了这种能力提升机制.     

创新型企业建设之我见

创新型企业是指企业以自主创新为发展导向,通过技术创新、制度创新、管理创新、组织创新、市场创新、文化创新等持续性创新为主导,使企业自身具备强大而持久的创新动力、拥有自己的核心技术和自主知识产权,以品牌为导向,最终实现自身稳固发展、带动行业以及社会经济的增长。     

创新群体中的合作冲突

<正>冲突可能阻碍群体的正常运转,但同时也逐渐变成群体取得成功的因素之一。许多高新技术企业离开创新无法生存和进步,不管是制度创新、技术创新还是组织结构创新,对于企业来讲都是至关重要。在创新成为主题的时代,成为关系组织存亡的关键因素,那么创新群体的地位和作用就不容替代。     

技术创新与中小企业雇佣需求——基于员工技能结构的再审视

创新是经济持续增长的动力, 企业雇佣需求是维护社会稳定的基石.本研究结合中国经济发展转型的背景, 在区分产品创新与工艺创新的基础上, 通过数理模型推导, 分离出技术创新对中小制造业企业雇佣增长影响的直接途径与间接途径, 并利用2012年世界银行对中国中小企业运营环境的调查数据, 实证考察了中小企业技术创新对其雇佣增长的影响.研究结果表明, 技术创新不仅会通过工艺创新的“价格效应”与“生产率效应”以及产品创新的“市场效应”与“替代效应”四种直接途径影响中小企业雇佣增长, 还会通过“员工技能结构高级化”的间接途径影响中小企业雇佣增长.与国外研究不同的是, 对中国中小制造业企业而言, 工艺创新的“生产率效应”与产品创新的“替代效应”是阻碍其雇佣增长的主要途径;与国内研究不同的是, “员工技能结构高级化”是技术创新促进中国中小企业雇佣增长的重要途径.进一步研究发现, 技术创新对中低技术制造业企业雇佣增长的影响更为敏感.本研究从微观层面证实了技能偏向性技术进步对中国中小企业雇佣需求的重大影响, 同时也为缓解中国“就业难”与“招工难”的结构性问题提供了政策依据.     

企业技术能力与技术创新方式选择

企业的创新方式是由企业的技术能力决定的,企业的技术能力是一个综合性的概念,基于技术能力的技术创新方式选择模型能够明确企业或者国家到底应该采取什么样的技术创新方式.研究结果发现,当企业的要素素质和技术能力比较低时,企业的技术创新必须基于企业的实际情况,采取合作创新的方式增强企业的核心竞争力;当企业的要素素质上升到一定程度时,企业的技术能力和外部环境的变迁决定企业必须改变技术创新方式,选择自主创新增强企业的核心竞争能力.目前中国的实际情况应采取合作创新与自主创新相结合的方式构筑国家的自主创新能力.     

网络情境下企业双元能力的动态适应与创新绩效

在5G等信息技术快速发展的今天,企业需要多种能力应付不断变化的外部世界。在开放式网络组织中成功的企业往往具有双元特征,既能有效管理当前需求还可以适应未来的发展变化,称之为双元能力。随着时间的推移,组织的双元能力是趋于加强还是走向失衡?哪些因素影响组织双元能力的动态变化?本文基于组织双元理论和技术创新管理理论,从平衡和适应两个方面对企业双元能力进行解耦,探析双元能力从平衡到适应的演变过程,并结合开放式创新背景下开发式联盟和探索式联盟的互动关系,以及网络惯例的相关研究,进一步考察了双元能力在不同状态下对企业创新绩效的影响机制,并基于234份有效问卷进行实证分析,研究发现:组织在发展过程中,当外部环境的变化不大时,下一个阶段内探索与开发分配的变化程度就会越小;当外部环境变化激烈时,组织探索与开发的分配就会根据外部的需求产生变化,进而产生与外界发展相适应的能力;不管是双元能力整体水平还是双元能力差异不平衡性都对企业的创新绩效产生正向影响,网络多元化对双元能力整体水平与创新绩效的影响不显著,而网络多元化正向调节双元能力差异不平衡性与创新绩效的关系;不管是双元能力的整体水平还是双元能力的差异不平衡...     

论企业组织管理创新

纵观国内外企业，企业创新是企业发展的必然选择，组织管理创新与技术创新对企业发展具有同等重要的作用处同等重要的位置，而组织管理创新是国有企业改革和发展建立现代企业制度的内在要求。     

学习导向型组织创新与技术创新的关联关系研究

创新是企业获得竞争优势的重要途径之一,企业的技术创新活动并非单纯的技术活动,而应与组织创新相互匹配、协同发展.针对此问题提出学习导向型组织创新和技术创新的测量维度,构建学习导向型组织创新与技术创新的关联模型,通过对347家高技术制造企业的深度访谈和问卷调查,运用结构方程模型方法对学习导向型组织创新与技术创新的关联路径和影响度进行实证研究.结果表明,学习导向型组织创新与技术创新之间存在显著、正向且直接的关联关系,建议高技术制造企业运用二者之间正向关联作用促进技术创新和组织创新协同发展.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.