跨国专利合作网络中3种接近性的作用

在中国企业参与的跨国专利合作网络中,厘清不同接近性的影响有重要的现实意义.基于电力系统相关技术领域的专利数据,依据企业间共同申请专利的行为识别相互的专利合作关系,构建由 112 家中外企业组成的专利合作网络,采用社会网络QAP多元回归方法就地理接近性、技术接近性和社会接近性对企业在专利合作网络中的距离和合作创新程度的影响进行实证分析.研究结果表明,地理接近性对企业在专利合作网络中的距离和合作创新程度的影响并不显著;技术接近性对于缩短企业间在合作网络中的距离具有显著的正向作用,同时对提高合作创新程度也有明显的积极影响,但是这种影响较小;相对而言,社会接近性对于缩短企业之间在专利合作网络中的距离以及提高合作创新程度的正向作用最为显著.     

跨国技术联盟创新网络与合作创新绩效的关系研究

在已有研究成果的基础上,从网络中心度、网络量度、关系属性3个维度描述了跨国技术联盟创新网络,以政府作用为调节因素,构建了跨国技术联盟创新网络对合作创新绩效影响的概念模型,并以通信行业和汽车行业为研究对象进行了实证分析.研究结果显示,跨国技术联盟通过创新网络推动合作创新的绩效,政府对网络量度、关系属性与合作创新绩效之间关系具有正向调节作用,而对网络中心度与合作创新绩效之间关系的调节作用不明显.     

多维邻近性视角下人工智能合作创新网络演化研究

基于多维邻近性视角,利用全球人工智能领域1995～2020年专利合作数据,分阶段考察技术、制度、地理和社会4类邻近性对人工智能合作创新网络演化的影响。基于指数随机图模型(ERGM)的实证结果表明：(1)技术邻近性和社会邻近性对合作创新网络演化发挥着正向作用,前者作用强度呈下降趋势,后者作用强度呈上升趋势;(2)制度邻近性对合作创新网络演化影响在技术演进中期开始起显著的正向作用,作用强度呈上升趋势;(3)地理邻近性对合作创新网络演化未发现有显著影响。此外,人工智能合作创新网络还存在组织同配、择优链接和传递性特征。     

产业技术群间关系耦合与网络抗毁性：一个中介效应研究

多变的技术环境下,技术群作为产业创新网络内主体开展创新活动的主要形式已备受关注。学者们指出技术群间交互与创新网络平稳运行的关系存在分歧,且作用机制尚不明确。本研究旨在明晰技术群间的关系耦合对网络抗毁性的影响及结构同质性在二者之间的中介机制,以新能源产业为实证分析对象,利用USPTO数据库获得的专利数据,构建2005—2018年的138个专利引用网络,通过执行层次回归分析方法来验证假设。结果发现,技术群间的关系耦合强度与网络抗毁性之间呈倒U型关系,结构同质性显著负向影响网络抗毁性,且结构同质性在技术群间关系耦合与网络抗毁性的影响机制中起部分中介作用。通过揭示结构同质性的部分中介传导效应,研究有助于增强对创新网络平稳运行内在机理的理解,而且对抗毁性视角下调控技术群间耦合活动、网络趋同连接倾向具有现实指导意义。     

基于ERGM的协同创新网络形成影响因素实证研究

以电信产业申请并授权的合作专利为数据基础,从社会网络视角,构建企业、大学和研究院所间协同创新网络,并识别影响组织间协同创新网络形成的内生网络构型,以及外生节点属性两个维度的影响因素。基于指数随机图模型(ERGM),实证分析了这些因素对协同创新网络形成的影响程度。研究表明:协同创新网络是组织协同关系社会化特征的体现,其形成受内生因素和外生因素的共同作用;协同创新网络中,边结构表现出显著的稀疏效应,网络多涌现易于形成资源共享与交换的星型结构和三角结构;网络中组织的合作开放度和区域同配性,能够增加网络节点间的连接概率,而组织的协同创新能力与组织类型同配对网络中新合作关系的形成,并没有表现出显著的促进作用。     

技术群体成员变动、知识流耦合与产业创新网络抗毁性:技术异质性的调节作用

开放式创新盛行的背景下,如何提升产业创新网络应对"创造性毁灭"的能力是学界和业界关注的重点。针对产业创新网络结果研究中动态中观层面的缺失,本研究聚焦整体网视角下技术群体的成员变动影响产业创新网络抗毁性的多层级作用关系,分析技术群体耦合的中介作用和群间技术异质性的调节作用。本研究以新能源产业主要技术领域的138个专利引用网络为研究对象,执行网络拓扑分析和层次回归分析进行实证检验。结果表明:技术群体耦合在技术群体成员变动与产业创新网络抗毁性的关系中起非线性中介作用,群间技术异质性正向调节中介作用的前半段路径。本研究拓展了技术群体的动态属性研究及其与产业创新网络抗毁性的跨层级关系研究,深化了技术群体成员变动如何影响产业创新网络抗毁性的作用机制。研究结论揭示了技术群体微观成员变动影响更高层次网络结果的作用机制,对产业政策部门如何构建抗毁性较高的创新网络具有重要的实践价值。     

基于连接行为驱动的合作网络模型与实证分析

合作网络是由特定的群体为解决某些特定问题而构成的一种社会网络。在合作网络中，网络成员之间建立的合作关系被称为他们之间建立了连接。在科学研究领域常见的合作网络是由论文作者、成果完成者、专利开发者等构成的。合作者之间建立的连接可能是通过完全随机、择优机制或者两者兼有的方式建立起来的。构成合作关系的不同连接方式被称为连接行为。用 GR-QC数据，估算了网络中随机连接、择优连接行为的可能性，构建了基于连接行为的网络演化模型，并探讨了该模型的统计性质。为了更好的证 明网络模型的科学性，收集并分析了从2000年到2016年中国管理科学与工程学会部分核心成员发表的论文以及合作者，发现作者之间的合作网络演化符合提出的合作网络模型，并且具有与GR-QC网络相似的连接行为。研究还发现，科学家合作网络中无论是老成员之间还是新成员与老成员之间，他们在建立连接时既有随机连接又有择优选择的行为．数据实证分析表明，论文作者之间择优连接行为远远超过随机连接，而且老成员之 间的新连接远低于新成员加入网络而产生的新连接；连接行为的差异可能是促使网络出现巨大连通分支和社团生成的影响因素。     

基于专利引用的国际性技术外溢实证研究

采用专利跨国引用作为国际性技术外溢的代理变量,基于美国国家经济研究局专利引用数据库分析中国发明专利技术的现状和特征;依据该数据库中6大类36个专利的细分类别,计算1985年～1999年中国与11个创新型国家(地区)的技术相似度;运用技术知识存量替代技术知识流量,测算中国1985年～2004年的对外技术依存度,综合分析技术相似性、对外技术依存度、地理距离和语言等因素对中国通过专利引用获取国际性外溢技术的影响,利用负二项回归方法对影响中国专利引用的相关因素进行计量研究。研究结果表明,技术相似度与跨国专利引用之间不存在显著性正相关关系,对外技术依存度、语言差异均与跨国专利引用显著负相关,地理距离与跨国专利引用显著正相关。     

董事会异质性、断裂带与跨国并购

跨国并购不仅可能受到董事会特征的直接影响,还可能受到行业环境的间接影响,以2004年至2012年进行跨国并购的168家中国企业为样本,使用Logit回归方法检验董事会异质性和董事会断裂带对跨国并购成败的影响,利用其中96家制造行业的企业样本检验行业环境对董事会异质性和董事会断裂带与跨国并购之间关系的调节作用。研究结果表明,在不考虑行业环境的情况下,董事会异质性、社会异质性和职业异质性与跨国并购没有显著相关性,董事会断裂带与跨国并购显著负相关;在考虑行业环境的情况下,环境包容性对董事会异质性、职业异质性与跨国并购之间的关系有显著正向调节作用,环境动态性对职业异质性与跨国并购之间关系有显著正向调节作用,与预期相反,环境动态性对社会异质性与跨国并购之间关系有显著负向调节作用。研究结论为有意于进行跨国并购的企业如何构建董事会提供了启示。     

在线品牌社群产品知识与结构洞：互依自我的调节

在线品牌社群本质上是社会网络,而结构洞是社会网络中关系形成的关键节点。以产品知识为前因,研究成员嵌入在线品牌社群结构洞位置的原因以及结构洞位置对品牌社群承诺和品牌承诺的影响,同时探讨互依自我在产品知识与结构洞之间的调节效应以及品牌社群承诺在结构洞与品牌承诺之间的中介效应。通过网上调研平台“问卷星”收集500份有效问卷,采用自我中心网的关系数据,通过UCINET软件计算结构洞位置,再使用偏最小二乘法进行实证检验。研究结果表明,产品知识对结构洞位置的占据有正向影响,互依自我对产品知识与结构洞位置之间的关系起正向调节作用,结构洞位置通过品牌社群承诺的完全中介作用影响品牌承诺。研究结论在理解社会网络与在线品牌社群之间的关系方面具有理论意义,对于在线品牌社群建构社会网络具有实践意义。     

The Effects of Interfirm Ties on Illegal Corporate Behavior

Although numerous benefits are associated with interfirm ties, these external relationships can also have negative consequences. Theoretically based in the relational component of social capital, we identify one potentially serious consequence of interfirm ties, propensity of firms engaging in illegal behavior. Results of our study of S&P 500 firms suggest that companies benefit from a lower likelihood of illegal behavior when they have numerous weak ties to other firms. Conversely, when they become overly embedded in a network of strong ties, they are more likely to engage in illegal behavior. We also found evidence that reciprocity and status similarity influence firms’ propensity to engage in illegal behavior.     

Matching and Network Effects

The matching of individuals in teams is a key element in the functioning of an economy. The network of social ties can potentially transmit important information on abilities and reputations and also help mitigate matching frictions by facilitating interactions among “screened” individuals. We conjecture that the probability of two individuals forming a team falls in the distance between the two individuals in the network of existing social ties. The objective of this paper is to empirically test this conjecture. We examine the formation of coauthor relations among economists over a twenty‐year period. Our principal finding is that a new collaboration emerges faster among two researchers if they are “closer” in the existing coauthor network among economists. This proximity effect on collaboration is strong: Being at a network distance of 2 instead of 3, for instance, raises the probability of initiating a collaboration by 27%. (JEL: C78, D83, D85)     

Government and family Guanxi in Chinese private firms: perceptions and preference

This paper examines the role of family ties in private firms in China. Drawing on social capital theory, we argue that family ties can be valuable assets for running businesses, and should be studied as a separate type of managerial ties. Government ties are then used as a benchmark to demonstrate the difference between family and government ties in four dimensions: face, affection, reciprocity and trust. Taking the resource-based view, we argue that Guanxi network is a dynamic capability that evolves in response to the changing operating environment and a firm’s lifecycle. A survey of 296 private firms in China is utilized to explore antecedents of managers’ perceptions and their preference between government and family ties. We find that a volatile operating environment is the most important factor that is linked to the perceived importance of government and family ties. In addition, we find younger firms are more likely to value family ties highly, while perceived importance of government ties increases with the size of the firm. This study contributes to the literature by adding an extra domain, family ties, to managerial ties and highlights the importance of family ties for fledgling firms. It provides further evidence on the role of managerial ties in mitigating operational uncertainties, and sheds light on the different roles that family and government ties play.     

The Effect of Geographic Proximity to Unconventional Oil and Gas Development on Public Support for Hydraulic Fracturing

With the rapid growth of unconventional oil and natural gas development transforming the U.S. economic and physical landscape, social scientists have increasingly explored the spatial dynamics of public support for this issue—that is, whether people closer to unconventional oil and gas development are more supportive or more opposed. While theoretical frameworks like construal‐level theory and the “Not in My Backyard” (or NIMBY) moniker provide insight into these spatial dynamics, case studies in specific locations experiencing energy development reveal substantial variation in community responses. Larger‐scale studies exploring the link between proximity and support have been hampered by data quality and availability. We draw on a unique data set that includes geo‐coded data from national surveys (nine waves; n  = 19,098) and high‐resolution well location data to explore the relationship between proximity and both familiarity with and support for hydraulic fracturing. We use two different measures of proximity—respondent distance to the nearest well and the density of wells within a certain radius of the respondent's location. We find that both types of proximity to new development are linked to more familiarity with hydraulic fracturing, even after controlling for various individual and contextual factors, but only distance‐based proximity is linked to more support for the practice. When significant, these relationships are similar to or exceed the effects of race, income, gender, and age. We discuss the implications of these findings for effective risk communication as well as the importance of incorporating spatial analysis into public opinion research on perceptions of energy development.     

Entrepreneurial orientation and social ties in transitional economies

Recent research suggests that entrepreneurial orientation (EO) has a more complex effect on performance (i.e. non-linear instead of linear) than previously considered. We extend this view by examining the non-linear effect of each individual dimension of EO (i.e. innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk-taking) on firm performance in the context of a transitional, collectivist economy. Drawing upon social capital theory, we also examine under which social capital conditions (i.e., business and political ties) each dimension of EO is most effective. Using survey data from 137 firms in Vietnam Top 500 Companies, this study shows that innovativeness and proactiveness have inverted U-shaped relationships with firm performance, while the effect of risk-taking on firm performance is also non-linear but in the form of increasing returns. Findings also show that social capital from business ties differentially moderates the effects of EO dimensions on performance. Similarly, social capital from political ties has different moderating effects on the innovativeness-performance and proactiveness-performance linkages. The findings urge managers of firms operating in transitional economies to take the levels of social capital from business ties and political ties into consideration when making their decision on which entrepreneurial strategy to pursue.     

协作研发与在位企业突破性技术创新及代际知识桥的中介作用——以汽车行业为例

鉴于代际知识桥对企业突破性技术创新的作用可能不同,以65家汽车行业整车在位企业为样本,对其2009~2019年的面板数据进行负二项回归分析后发现:协作研发能够直接提升在位企业的突破性技术创新绩效,且显性代际知识桥与隐性代际知识桥在其间均可发挥积极中介作用;旧技术创新绩效对协作研发与突破性技术创新绩效的关系会产生积极作用,对显性代际知识桥与突破性技术创新绩效的关系会产生消极作用,但均不显著;旧技术创新绩效对隐性代际知识桥与突破性技术创新绩效的关系会产生显著消极作用。     

Proximity (Mis)perception: Public Awareness of Nuclear,Refinery, and Fracking Sites

Whether on grounds of perceived safety, aesthetics, or overall quality of life, residents may wish to be aware of nearby energy sites such as nuclear reactors, refineries, and fracking wells. Yet people are not always accurate in their impressions of proximity. Indeed, our data show that only 54% of Americans living within 25 miles of a nuclear site say they do, and even fewer fracking-proximal (30%) and refinery-proximal (24%) residents respond accurately. In this article, we analyze factors that could either help people form more accurate perceptions or distort their impressions of proximity. We evaluate these hypotheses using a large national survey sample and corresponding geographic information system (GIS) data. Results show that among those living in close proximity to energy sites, those who perceive greater risk are less likely to report living nearby. Conversely, social contact with employees of these industries increases perceived proximity regardless of actual distance. These relationships are consistent across each site type we examine. Other potential factors—such as local news use—may play a role in proximity perception on a case-by-case basis. Our findings are an important step toward a more generalizable understanding of how the public forms perceptions of proximity to risk sites, showing multiple potential mechanisms of bias.     

Mobilising networks to achieve strategic difference

This article examines the strategies for achieving differentiation through a network approach. The generic strategies models of positioning and the resource-based view have opened up the possibility of strategic difference, but, drawing on a social network approach, this article argues that, rather than accepting strategy as simply market given or internally driven, firms can draw on their unique social networks of relations to make a difference to their strategies. Illustrations from three successful Taiwanese computer firms seeking to secure differentiation of action show that one enjoys a policy-driven network advantage over its domestic rivals, another has developed both technological and familial networks, while the third exploits its established management and production links in the Taiwanese industrial culture. These comparative case studies illustrate that strategies for achieving differentiation can be based on a wide variety of external social networks of relationships (including political, familial, friendship and alumni links, as well as alliances via boards, trade unions and banks etc). The implications for managers are that firms need to expand their external networks of relationships to secure their survival and growth, and should seek to identify and develop structures that are resourceful, rare and inimitable.     

基于学习与协同效应的云制造任务动态双边匹模型

云制造环境下的智能服务单元具有自适应学习能力,并通过社会关系与其他服务进行资源传递、信息共享交互,协作完成复杂制造项目。根据云平台上制造任务关联性与服务协同性的新特征,提出考虑学习与协同效应的制造任务双边匹配决策方法。由于云交易的重复性、动态性,服务通过多次参与任务积累知识提升服务质量,构造基于学习效应模型的主体动态能力计算方法,运用期望效用理论聚合双方满意度。同时,应用协同网络刻画服务社会关系,基于社会网络理论计算服务间协同满意度。从而构建以任务、服务满意度、服务间协同满意度最大化的一对一双边匹配多目标模型。通过汽车云制造实例运算得到最优匹配方案,验证本文模型的有效性,并与一般双向匹配、考虑学习、考协同效应的3类模型比较,证明本文模型的优势,更符合实际制造场景要求。