中国现阶段乡-城劳动力迁移特点分析

现阶段中国乡—城迁移既不同于发达国家早期的乡—城迁移,也与当前其他发展中国家迁移有明显的区别。在迁移的形式、规模及质量等方面都显示出明显的中国特色     

经济因素和政策因素与我国乡-城人口迁移规模的相关性研究

从乡村向城市的人口迁移（以下称乡—城人口迁移）是一种重要的人口迁移形式,随着我国改革开放以来乡—城人口迁移规模的增大,以及社会经济发展带来的利与弊,使乡—城人口迁移成为我国政府及学术界普遍关心的社会问题,因而对我国乡—城人口迁移规模的发展过程及形成因素的研究具有重要意义。关于迁移人口的定义很多,本文中的迁移人口既包括户籍所在地未发生变化,仅改变了居住地的流动人口。迁移人口离开居住地的时间为半年。１．乡—城人口迁移规模的发展过程一般说来,一国的城市化水平在没有达到较高水平前,人口由乡村向城市的迁移…     

城市化的城乡差别效应和城乡协调发展

城市化作为人口和地域的乡 -城转化过程 ,必然会对城市和乡村两个方面产生各种差别效应。深入研究这种差别效应 ,对统筹城乡发展 ,具有重要意义。本文主要利用 2 0 0 0年人口普查省内迁移有关数据 ,分析乡 -城迁移体现于收入水平、年龄结构、生育水平、受教育程度、劳动就业、人口分布等特征的城乡差别效应。认为全面建设小康社会 ,必须充分注意城市化的差别效应对城乡协调发展的影响 ,实施城乡协调型的城市化战略 ,走城市化推动型的城乡协调发展道路。     

中国农业非剩余劳动力转移决策机制及其对农业的影响

中国现阶段的乡—城迁移背景是,宏观上农业剩余劳动力问题严重的格局并没有改变,但由于超稳定的、超小规模均田制的作用,乡—城迁移者不仅包括农业剩余劳动力,也包括非农业剩余劳动力;结果,在许多农村地区出现了劳动力过剩与劳动力供给不足并存,或耕地资源短缺与耕地资源利用不足甚至闲置并存的矛盾。该两个问题的解决都将取决于中国是否能够在现阶段形成与快速城市化及国际化相适应的土地资源再配置机制,能否实现乡—城迁移条件下的富余耕地资源向种田专业户集中。     

乡-城转移人口的生育率水平问题

乡一城人口转移作为城市化过程,总体上有利于生育率下降或低生育水平的稳定。但是,由于乡一城转移人口的生育率水平具有既不同于城也有别于乡的差别特征,因此这种转移对城乡生育率的变化必然产生一定的差别效应。通常认为,乡一城转移人口的生育率水平介于城乡之间,即低于乡而高于城。但是,有关研究认为,我国乡一城迁移流动人口的生育率水平已经转变为低于城市。对此,很值得进一步深入探讨。本文首先分析我国城乡生育率的变化和区域差异,然后对乡一城转移人口的总和生育率进行尝试性的推算,最后聚焦讨论流动人口生育行为的流动性问题。     

城乡收入差距急剧扩大引发的思考

防止城乡收入差距急剧扩大不仅是公平问题 ,更是国家持续、健康、稳定发展的重要保证。由于在工业化进程中 ,农业增长率大大低于非农业部门的增长率 ,防止城乡收入差距的急剧扩大将在很大程度上取决于迁移 ,因此未来一个时期为乡 -城迁移扫除障碍是至关重要的     

城乡分割、经济发展与乡-城流动人口的收入融入研究

通过比较流入地市民、城-城流动人口、乡-城流动人口的绝对收入水平及流动人口与本地市民相对收入比率发现,其一,与本地市民相比,城-城流动人口的收入更高,乡-城流动人口的收入较低,表明流动人口群体内发生了因户籍制度引起的收入分化;农村户籍使乡-城流动人口难以获得与本地市民类似的收入待遇。可见,在探讨流动人口的收入时,必须区分其户籍身份,以免得出不正确的结论。其二,虽然在经济发达省区,乡-城流动人口的绝对收入高于经济欠发达地区的同类人群,但相对融入程度却更低;而在欠发达省区,乡-城流动人口的收入与本地市民更接近,呈现出低水平融入的特点。这表明,经济发展与收入融入并非线性关系;发达的经济也未必能促进乡-城流动人口的融入。     

高等教育强劲扩张对城市化进程及经济增长的影响

文章通过实证分析及对相关理论的考察,提出中国现阶段强劲扩张高等教育的政策建议,认为在经济结构急剧转型和产业结构快速升级条件下,该项政策的实施将不仅能够有效缓解中国城市化进程中的低级劳动力市场过度拥挤及劳动边际产品低下的矛盾,从而推动现阶段乡-城迁移的顺利发展,而且也能够有力地支持经济持续、快速增长。     

新形势下我国乡-城迁移流持续原因新探

文章在描述当前我国乡－城人口迁移及失业状况的基础上，分析了在城镇具有较高失业率这一新情况下，乡－城人口迁移流持续的原因，并运用西方的三种人口迁移理论对此作了定性的解释，认为在注意西方人口迁移模型的参数适用性的同时，应更多地从文化（观念）角度来对我国的乡－城人口迁移进行剖析。     

关于我国“民工荒”与农民工福利待遇的探讨

2004年前后在我国珠三角等地出现了"民工荒"现象,这是否意味着我国农村劳动力乡-城迁移已经接近尾声,从而农村实现土地规模化经营的时机已经成熟?本文根据托达罗模型,利用成本-收益分析法,提出这是农民进城务工收入与务农收入之间差距缩小导致的农村劳动力做出的非迁移决策.并探讨了设置农民工福利项目对劳动力市场和企业雇佣成本的影响.     

Intimate Partner Violence Among Sexual Minorities in Japan: Exploring Perceptions and Experiences

Using qualitative interviews (n = 39) and participant observation (n = 54), this study documents perceptions and experiences of violence between lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex intimate partners in Japan, thereby providing exploratory, formative data on a previously unexamined issue. Results indicate that intimate partner violence (IPV) is experienced physically, sexually, and psychologically in all sexual minority groups. Participants perceived the violence to be: a) very similar to heterosexual IPV against women; b) more likely perpetrated and experienced by lesbians, bisexual women, and transgender persons compared to gay and bisexual men and intersex persons; c) the cause of several negative physical and mental health outcomes; and d) largely unrecognized in both sexual minority communities and broader Japanese society.     

Birth Control and on the Way out of the Fourth Country

According to Xinhuanet, persons with severe disabilities and household register in Sichuan Province began to receive nursing subsidies suceessively.In 2014, Sichuan Province planned to allocate 500 million Yuan of nursing subsidies to 650 000 persons with severe disabilities in the province.     

Embracing the “And”: Between Queer and Bisexual Theory at Brighton BiFest

Questions of bi identities can be invisibilized and overlooked by queer theorizing and LGBT studies. This article explores the ways in which complex performances of bisexuality can simultaneously encompass and deconstructively critique bi identity in a manner that embraces the “and” between bi and queer, offering important insights into how bi is lived, contested, and reaffirmed. Drawing on the BiCon and BiFest events in the UK, we argue that both the materialities (and supposed fixities) of bi erasures and exclusions and the fluidities that trouble the heterosexual/homosexual divides offer key insights into the spatial and temporal fixing and unfixing of identities.     

A Systematic Review of the Psychometric Properties of Composite LGBT Prejudice and Discrimination Scales

ABSTRACT

Prejudice and discrimination against LGBT individuals is widespread and has been shown to have negative consequences for sexual and gender minority persons’ physical and psychological wellbeing. A recent and problematic trend in the literature is to compositely measure prejudice toward and discrimination against LGBT persons. As such, a review of the psychometric properties of scales assessing, in a combinatory fashion, negative attitudes and/or behaviors toward LGBT persons is warranted. In the current study, 32 scales were identified, and their psychometric properties were evaluated. Most of the scales reviewed did not provide sufficient information regarding item development and refinement, scale dimensionality, scale score reliability, or validity. Properties of the reviewed scales are summarized, and recommendations for better measurement practice are articulated.     

Attitudes of Heterosexual Men and Women Toward HIV Negative and Positive Gay Men

Attitudes of Italian heterosexual men and women toward gay men, both HIV positive and negative, are poorly investigated. Italian culture is still extremely conservative and provides limited support to the gay community (e.g., lack of same-sex marriage recognition). Consequently, gay men experience social exclusion and disparities. The present study explores the association between homophobia and closeness with sexual orientation and HIV status. 261 heterosexual Italian men and women were assessed for feelings of closeness and homophobia after reading a vignette where the character was C1: heterosexual and HIV negative; C2: gay and HIV negative; or C3: gay and HIV positive. Experiences of homophobia and closeness varied depending on gender of participant and condition assigned, and higher levels of homophobia were correlated with lower levels of closeness regardless of HIV status. Implications and future directions are discussed.     

Engaged with eBay

eBay promises individuals varied identity positions but renders the most traditional roles—particularly wedding engagements and marriages between a woman and a man. The company indicates that “you can get it on eBay” and the site satisfies desires, fulfills consumer needs, and connects people. Yet, eBay also controls the messy and queer aspects of collecting, and institutes a normalizing structure that compels most individuals to follow eBay's directives, attend to its moral codes, and facilitate community trust. I use close visual and textual analysis and feminist and collecting literature to interrogate how eBay deploys narratives about engagement rings, weddings, and heterosexual unions. I also consider the related ways women sellers list their personal wedding dresses. By providing representations of their weddings and marriages, these women support eBay's normalizing structure and trouble some of its functions. Studying such practices is important because wedding cultures and related rituals ordinarily articulate gender, race, and sexuality positions; conceptions of the individual, family, community, and state; connections between love and consumerism; and the standards by which people are expected to live their lives.     

Discrete Effects of Religiosity and Spirituality on Gay Identity and Self-Esteem

Previous research has indicated that although spirituality may bolster development of a positive gay identity, religiosity may prove detrimental. Because the majority of this research confounds these constructs, there is little evidence as to the discrete roles religiosity and spirituality may play in LGB identity development. The present study endeavored to tease apart the unique effects of religion and spirituality on positive and negative gay identity and self-esteem. A sample of 376 self-identified sexual minority adults were given measures of religiosity, spirituality, LGB identity, and self-esteem. Models were built to evaluate the effects of religiosity (independent of spirituality) and spirituality (independent of religiosity), understanding that the constructs are greatly overlapped, on identity and self-esteem. Results included a positive association between spirituality and identity affirmation, identity superiority, and self-esteem. Religiosity was negatively associated with identity affirmation and self-esteem and positively associated with internalized homonegativity and heteronormativity. Limitations and implications are discussed.     

Students as researchers: An example of high-level participation of undergraduate midwifery students as co-investigators in research

BackgroundThere is a shift in focus of the curricula of undergraduate midwifery research-education - from research content to the research process, and the student from being an observer to a participant.Aim and MethodsTo explore an example of how to involve midwifery students as co-investigators in research. This paper discusses the experiences of an educational research project that adopted the highest level of student autonomy in research, involving six Bachelor of Midwifery final-year students participating as co-investigators in qualitative research focusing on women’s lived experiences of traumatic childbirth. The experiences are supported by the parameters of research-education and learning, and are discussed in the context of the dimensions of framing undergraduate research: Motivation, Inclusivity, Content, Originality, Setting, Collaboration, Focus and AudienceDiscussionCrucial for this educational research project is the recognition of the motivation, interests, (experiential) knowledge and real-world experiences of students. It starts with listening to the questions, thoughts and ideas that students bring, recognising and respecting the content and importance of their work and what is important and meaningful to them, while facilitating a student-led learning process. Collaboration between students and students and supervisors needs to be formally facilitated and supported, as this contributes to qualitative products for curricular and extra-curricular products. An academic infrastructure is necessary to support extra-curricular activities.ConclusionTo embed research adequately and effectively in the curriculum, a pedagogical approach, institutional learning and student-centred teaching strategies and practices, including high impact practices to mainstream undergraduate research and enquiry, are crucial.     

Unlikely hikers? Activism,Instagram, and the queer mobilities of fat hikers,women hiking alone,and hikers of colour

ABSTRACT

This paper investigates a nascent, primarily online community of so-called ‘unlikely hikers’, united in the premise that hiking is good for everyone’s mental and physical health and that diversity can and should extend to outdoor spaces including national parks. However, the ways in which hikers have hitherto been represented in outdoors media, advertising, and wider social imaginaries present potent barriers to participation. The paper traces the discursive origins and positioned ideologies of ‘the outdoors’ in former British settler colonies, particularly the USA, showing how national parks maintain legacies of frontier colonialism and default understandings of legitimate outdoorspeople as necessarily White, able-bodied, straight, and male. These legacies are then traced through four years of online ethnographic data (2015–2018), comprising multimedia narratives of fat hikers, solo women hikers including lesbian women, and hikers of colour as they relate their outdoor experiences on Instagram and related podcasts, blogs, and magazine articles. The discussion is theorized using Holman Jones and Harris’s notion of queering and Urry’s mobilities paradigm, and ‘queer mobilities’ is proposed as part of an activism and amplification aimed at queering the trail both within and beyond academic spaces.     

Comparative Morality Judgments About Lesbians and Gay Men Teaching and Adopting Children

The purpose of this study was to compare morality judgments of American Catholics and the general public about lesbians and gay men adopting and teaching children. The general sample endorsed higher agreement that lesbians and gay men should be allowed to adopt and to teach children compared to the Catholic only sample. Older participants were less accepting than all other age groups, and there was an interaction effect between education and political ideology such that those with less education and with more politically conservative beliefs were generally less accepting of lesbians and gay men adopting and teaching children.