流动女性职业地位获得及其影响因素分析

本文运用多元线性回归模型对流动女性职业地位及其影响因素进行分析,研究结果表明,流动女性的职业地位普遍不高。本研究所构建的流动女性职业地位获得的理论模型具有较强的解释力,受教育程度、是否掌握专业技能、成就动机、社会网络规模、社会网络顶端、进城务工时长、到过的打工地区数等是影响流动女性职业地位获得的主要因素。     

基于贝叶斯网络的流动妇女收入影响因素研究

文章采用贝叶斯网络来学习和构造流动妇女收入影响因素系统,通过比较不同算法下贝叶斯网络结构的差异,说明江苏流动妇女收入影响因素之间的关系,为研究复杂社会问题提供一种简便、有效的方法。研究发现,城市是影响流动妇女职业和收入的关键变量,受教育程度和培训并不直接影响流动妇女的职业和收入。     

流动妇女的职业发展及其影响因素--以厦门市流动人口为例

本文利用厦门市流动人口系列抽样调查的数据对流动妇女在城乡流迁中的职业发展状况及其影响因素进行分析.结果表明,农村妇女进城后的户外就业率明显下降,但在外就业的职业层次却有所提升;流动妇女在流入地居住的时间、年龄、文化程度、结婚年数以及配偶的收入是影响她们职业发展的主要因素,其中在流入城市居住的时间有利于流动妇女的职业发展,而流动妇女的年龄及其丈夫的收入水平却和她们户外经济活动的参与成反比关系.为了发挥城乡流动对农村妇女职业发展的积极作用,建议在女性流动人口比较聚集的城市实行无年龄歧视的就业制度,同时加大对农村女性人口的公共教育资源的投入和自强自立的先进性别文化的宣传.     

社会转型期职业流动的性别分化——以江苏省为例

本文使用第二次中国妇女社会地位调查中涉及江苏省居民职业流动的数据材料，从性别的视角对社会转型期的江苏居民的代际职业流动和代内职业流动进行了分析，发现：社会转型期，职业流动加剧，两性的职业地位都得到了提升，但两性的职业层次差异也呈现出了扩大的趋势；代际流动方面，女性的代际职业世袭率高于男性，上升流动率低于男性；进一步对影响职业流动的内生变量进行因素相关分析的结果显示：社会转型期，人力资本和成就意识等“获致性”因素的影响力较强。     

数字经济背景下劳动者职业流动及其收入效应研究

文章基于中国劳动力动态调查数据，探究了数字经济对劳动者职业流动及其收入回报的影响和作用机制。研究发现，数字经济不仅提高了劳动者的职业流动概率，还有效提升了职业流动后的收入回报。异质性分析结果显示，数字经济对女性、农村户籍和低学历劳动者的职业流动及其收入回报的影响更加显著。进一步分析结果表明，数字经济主要通过拓宽就业信息获取渠道、促进灵活就业和推动产业结构服务化转型三个途径，影响劳动者职业流动及其收入回报。文章以职业动态转换为切入点，拓展了数字经济对劳动就业影响的研究视角，为数字经济背景下畅通职业流动渠道，推动劳动力转岗提质就业提供了理论依据。     

流动儿童的教育绩效及其影响因素:多层线性模型分析

文章根据2006年11月在北京市某区进行的"流动儿童教育问题跟踪调查"数据,利用多层线性模型,探索性分析影响本地儿童、公立流动儿童、以及流动儿童在学业成绩上差异的主要因素;并讨论流动儿童教育公平问题.结果表明,三类儿童在学业成绩上存在着显著的差异;尽管影响儿童学业成绩的主要原因在于儿童自身的各种特征及其家庭背景,特别是其家庭社会经济地位;但是学校特征如学校平均SES和班级规模等将通过儿童自身及家庭的特征,间接地影响到学生的学业成绩,并改变儿童特征对于学业成绩的作用强度.这意味着教育资源在学校之间的不均匀分配也会成为社会不平等的一种生产机制.     

外来人口的职业流动与就业适应——以武汉市为例的实证研究

运用武汉市2000年人口普查资料和2005年外来人口就业的调查资料,研究城市外来劳动力的职业过程及其适应性。由于其择业过程受到政策的限制和明显的歧视,外来劳动力进城后通常职业变动频繁,表现出不断寻求最小歧视和最大收益岗位的特征。但是,外来人口在职业流动中职业地位的变化并不大。外来人口要想真正适应城市生活,为城市文化所接纳,除了需要提供相应政策、制度以外,还需要解决一个质的匹配问题,也就是他们能否满足城市经济生活所必需的知识和技能积累。     

工作转换对农民工职业流动的影响效应

农民工就业流动频繁已经成为当前劳动力市场的普遍现象和重要特征,而工作转换能否带来农民工职业向上流动,实现职业地位提升？文章采用RUMIC面板数据,进一步估计工作转换对农民工职业流动方向的影响。结果发现：工作转换对职业流动产生显著负效应,工作转换导致农民工职业向下流动,职业流动没有呈现“U”型特征,但存在一定的跨期效应,重新定义工作转换进行稳健性检验仍然支持这一结论。而从根本上消除劳动力市场的制度壁垒,强化农民工职业技能培训,无疑是未来劳动力市场政策调整的主要方向。     

当前我国城市职业流动的障碍分析

本文通过经验调查研究发现我国的职业流动率偏低 ,且大量劳动者有流动意愿却没有流动行为 ,这些都说明我国的职业流动存在着障碍。本文将这些障碍分为个人障碍和制度障碍、进入障碍和退出障碍等 ,并根据经验社会调查所得数据对此进行了检验。我们认为 ,消除这些流动障碍的关键在于加快改革开放步伐 ,建立完善的社会主义市场经济制度     

市场转型、劳动力市场多重分割与职业地位获得

本文从劳动力市场多重分割视角出发,将部门因素、行业因素和职业因素统合起来,作为表示个体职业地位的综合测量指标.并利用中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)2010年数据对改革以来城市居民的职业地位获得的影响路径进行分析.研究发现:(1)无论是整个时期还是改革的三个阶段,家庭背景最主要由父亲受教育水平和父亲所在部门来决定;(2)随着改革的深入,家庭背景对子代教育的直接效应在增强;(3)总体上子代教育对子代初职地位和现职地位都有显著影响,且伴随改革的深化其影响在增大;(4)无论在哪个时期,子代初职地位对子代现职地位的直接效应都十分显著,这表明中国城镇居民的代内不流动现象十分普遍.这说明伴随改革深入,家庭背景通过教育进行隐性传递的趋势日趋明显,教育不平等问题需引起重点关注.     

Differentials in divorce in maryland

The basic data needed for measurement of the risks of termination of the legal relationship of marriage by characteristics of the marital partners are not available at this time for the United States because the national divorce registration area includes less than half the States. Special studies based on selected census data or the records of marriages and divorces occurring in one State or community have provided much of the valuable but limited information at hand. Statistics for individual States are subject to substantial bias as a consequence of inter-State migration between time of marriage and time of divorce, but they must serve as a basic data source until national reporting has improved. A record linkage study was undertaken which tied marriages occurring in the State of Maryland in 1959 with divorces occurring in the State in the years 1959–66. Relative, not actual, divorce risks by race, age at marriage, and previous marital status were calculated for couples with at least one partner an in-State resident at the time of marriage. The dissolution rate was higher for whites than for nonwhites. Marriages contracted by persons at very youthful ages and by persons who had been married previously were found subject to greater than average risks of dissolution through divorce.     

城市计划生育技术服务方式创新--南京市玄武区政府购买计划生育技术服务的实践

建立政府牵头、计卫联手、资源共享的计划生育技术服务体系 ,开展以知识普及、知情选择、随访服务、咨询指导、健康促进为主要内容的计划生育避孕节育和生殖保健优质服务 ,最大限度地满足社区育龄群众在计划生育和生殖保健方面的需求 ,是城市计划生育技术服务改革发展的方向1 。近几年 ,南京市玄武区计划生育局在区委、区政府的领导以及省市计生委的支持下 ,根据新时期城市计划生育工作改革发展要求 ,积极推进政府计划生育部门的职能转变 ,探索计划生育技术服务方式的改革创新 ,尝试依托社区医疗卫生和妇幼保健服务网络 ,由政府购买计划生育…     

Major Tasks in Health and Family Planning in China in 2015

On January 12,2015,at the regular press briefing of National Health and Family Planning Commission(NHFPC),NHFPC reported the major tasks in health and family planning in China in 2015.The details are as follows:In-depth Development of Medical and Health System Reform In-depth Development of Medical and Health System Reform.     

Increases in childlessness in New Zealand

New Zealand’s fertility fell below the theoretical replacement level (2.1 births per woman) for the first time in recorded history in 1978. It has hovered at or below replacement level ever since. The result, an impression of relative stability, belies changes taking place. Data from the 1981, 1996 and 2006 censuses show a pattern of delayed childbearing and increased childlessness. In a little over 30 years, childlessness has shifted from being almost entirely a consequence of a couple’s infecundity to being as frequently a result of a woman’s life choices. The steady rises in childlessness recorded by successive cohorts suggest that childlessness is already having a significant effect on New Zealand fertility. Patterns in characteristics of those women choosing not to start families, as well as subtle differences in these patterns between New Zealand and other developed nations, suggest that there is a significant potential for childlessness to cause a more dramatic shift in New Zealand’s total fertility rate. This analysis examines growth in childlessness in relation to marital status, country of birth, ethnicity, regional and urban differentials, religion, and educational attainment of women who were childless at the 1981, 1996 and 2006 censuses.

Shifts in Reproductive Patterns in China

The People's Republic of China, during the second half of the twentieth century, has been repeatedly affected by social and political upheavals associated with government policies. These have produced strong but unexpected impacts on Chinese demographic patterns. Many of these policies are of the sorts that alter reproductive costs and benefits. This study examines patterns in Hebei, Shaanxi, and Shanghai, three provinces with differing ecological, geographic, and economic characteristics. Government policies affected the three populations differentially; this was evident at both aggregate and individual levels. The Great Leap Forward and subsequent famine created higher birth deficits and mortality among the largely rural populations of Hebei and Shaanxi than the more urban Shanghai. In contrast, the Cultural Revolution and family planning resulted in lower fertility levels for women in Shanghai. The population history of China during the second half of last century thus reflects strong state interventions in the lives of its citizens. Government policies, along with regional variations in geographic, social, and economic conditions, strongly influence individual access to resources in China. Variations in timing and intensity of women's reproductive patterns reflect differential access to resources and subsequent trade-offs.     

Materialism in Pedagogy Students in Chile

Many studies have used Richins and Dawson’s (J Consum Res 19: 303–316, 1992) Material Values Scale (MVS), applying it to different types of populations that exhibit a particular psychometric behavior, and showing little stability in their factorial structure. In the present study, 1,070 pedagogy students from the northern, central and southern regions of Chile answered the MVS. This sample was randomly divided in two. Using the first sub-sample (N = 539), an exploratory factorial analysis was carried out, from which a structure of nine items was grouped into two factors called “Social Success” and “Personal Happiness”, which presented adequate reliability. Later, with the second sub-sample (N = 531), the factorial structure indicated above was put to the test through a confirmatory factorial analysis. The data from the model show that the scale contains 8 items in total, grouped into two dimensions. The factorial loads are significant at the level of 1 %, which indicates that the 2-factor structure can be confirmed. Finally—using the proposed structure—the presence of the students’ material values was evaluated.     

论西部开发中的城市发展问题

本文在对近20年来我国城市发展进行回顾与反思的基础上,提出了西部制定城市发展战略和选择城市发展道路的基本原则以及若干城市发展对策措施.     

Trends in life expectancy in wellbeing

Objectives: This paper describes anddiscusses trends in life expectancy inwellbeing between 1989 and 1998.Methods: Data on wellbeing by theBradburn Affect Balance Scale is obtained fromthe Netherlands Continuous Health InterviewSurveys for the calendar years from 1989 to1998. Using Sullivan's method, life expectancyin wellbeing is calculated.Results: For males at the age of 16, lifeexpectancy in wellbeing increases significantlyfrom 52.7 years in 1989 (90.1% of the totallife expectancy) to 54.4 years in 1998(90.8%). This increase is almost completelycaused by the increase in total lifeexpectancy. For females at the age of 16, lifeexpectancy in wellbeing raises significant from54.4 years in 1989 (84.1%) to 56.2 years in1998 (86.3%). This increase is almostcompletely caused by a decrease in the numberof years in a state of distress.For both males and females at the age of 65,the significant increase of life expectancy inwellbeing exceeds the increase in total lifeexpectancy and is mainly caused by the decreasein number of years in distress.Conclusion: Contrary to life expectancyin good perceived health and to disability freelife expectancy – which show a decreasing trend– the overall wellbeing of the population isincreasing. It seems that aspects in human lifethat contribute to wellbeing or quality of lifeother than physical health are gaining inimportance. This makes life expectancy inwellbeing a less appropriate instrument tomonitor changes in population health, but auseful instrument to measure population qualityof life.     

Changes in Living Standards and Depopulation in Latvia in the 1990s

Social Indicators Research -     

"非典"期间全国农村地区跨省流入人口调查数据分析

在2003年抗击非典的关键时期,国家人口和计划生育委员会进行了全国农村地区跨省流入人口的调查.本文着重分析这项调查所获得的数据,并对数据的一致性做出说明.既揭示了我国农村流动人口的基本特征和非典时期农村人口流动的规模和流向特点,又反映了非典对这一时期全国人口的流动所产生的影响,同时展示了我国抗击非典工作在农村地区所取得的成绩.