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1.
Norman Schofield 《Social Choice and Welfare》2003,20(1):85-118
Mancur Olson's book, The Rise and Decline of Nations [45], used ideas from his earlier Logic of Collective Action [44] to argue that entrenched interest groups in a polity could induce economic sclerosis, or slow growth. These ideas seemed
relevant to the perceived relative decline of the U.S. and Britain during the 1970's. Five years later, Paul Kennedy's The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers [27] proposed a more general “declinist” argument, that a great power such as the USA would engage in fiscal irrationality
through increasing military expenditure, thus hastening its own decline. Neither of these two declinist arguments seem applicable
to the situation of the new millennium. Olson's last book, Power and Prosperity [46], published posthumously in 2000, attempted a more general theoretical analysis of the necessary and sufficient causes
of prosperity and growth. For Olson only “securely democratic societies” could be conducive to long-lived individual rights to property and contract, but democracy
itself need not be sufficient for the protection of rights. This review attempts to further develop Olson's logic on the connection
between prosperity and liberty, by exploring insights derived from William Riker's interpretation of U.S. federalism [51],
from the contribution of Douglass North and Barry Weingast [43] to neo-institutional economic theory, and from recent work
on war and fiscal responsibility by Ferguson [20, 21] and Stasavage [70, 71].
Received: 25 June 2001/Accepted: 29 January 2002
This review is one of a series of papers on constitutional choice based on research supported by NSF grants SBR 97 30275
and 98 18582. I appreciate the assistance of Diana Ivanova, Annette Milford, Andrew Rutten and Tsvetan Tsvetkov. Unpublished
work by David Stasavage was very helpful. 相似文献
2.
We study the possibility of strategy-proof and efficient mechanisms in pure exchange economies. In his remarkable paper,
Zhou (1991) establishes an elegant impossibility result: there is no strategy-proof, efficient, and non-dictatorial mechanism
in the two-agent case. He conjectures that there is no strategy-proof, efficient, and “non-inversely-dictatorial” mechanism
in the case of three or more agents. However, we discover some counterexamples to his conjecture in the case of four or more
agents. We present a new interesting open question: Is there any strategy-proof, efficient, and “non-alternately-dictatorial”
mechanism?
Received: 17 October 2000/Accepted: 20 April 2001 相似文献
3.
Michael Lynch 《The American Sociologist》2012,43(1):67-75
This essay is an appreciation of Melvin Pollner’s distinctive sociological approach to topics that are usually associated
with philosophy. Pollner’s dissertation and early writings took up the theme of “mundane reason,” which he defined as an incorrigible
presumption of a real world that is implicit in everyday conduct. Pollner addressed mundane reason, and the reciprocal idea
of “reality disjunctures”—momentary divergences between perceptual accounts of the “same” mundane reality—by describing routine
exchanges in traffic court and confrontations between doctors and patients in psychiatric settings. Pollner’s work anticipated
current enthusiasms for developing novel “ontologies” in social and cultural studies of science, medicine, and other subjects.
Although he did attempt to locate metaphysics in the midst of everyday experience, this essay suggests that his “philosophy
on the ground” radically transformed philosophical ontology into an original and imaginative way to investigate constitutive
activities. 相似文献
4.
Bruce C. Wearne 《The American Sociologist》2002,33(2):86-104
Conclusion Barber’s theory writing expressed his vocation. For him theory-user-friendliness, academic-sociological-openness, and scientific-empirical-insightful-encouragement
seem to have been synonyms. Hence, there is a hypothesis implicit to this memoire that should be tested by a full assesssment
of Barber’s academic contribution, perhaps by a doctoral dissertation. It is this: Bernard Barber has continued to contribute
sociological theory in the way he began (before his courage students to scientifically reflect upon the “paradigmatic” theory
enunciated by Parsons (and Merton), how it bad developed, and how it could he made more fruitful. This was also a special
“field of study” which gave ongoing stimulus to his studies in the sociology of science and, finally to his late-in-career
exposition of his social system theory. This would have to be confirmed by a careful study of all his works, based upon what
he wrote, the accounts of those who knew him, and of those who have studied his work as students and colleagues. It would
also involve analysis of the work of his students, colleagues, and collaborators. 相似文献
5.
Shigehiro Serizawa 《Social Choice and Welfare》2006,26(2):305-331
“Strategy-proofness” is one of the axioms that are most frequently used in the recent literature on social choice theory. It requires that by misrepresenting his preferences, no agent can manipulate the outcome of the social choice rule in his favor. The stronger requirement of “group strategy-proofness” is also often employed to obtain clear characterization results of social choice rules. Group strategy-proofness requires that no group of agents can manipulate the outcome in their favors. In this paper, we advocate “effective pairwise strategy-proofness.” It is the requirement that the social choice rule should be immune to unilateral manipulation and “self-enforcing” pairwise manipulation in the sense that no agent of a pair has the incentive to betray his partner. We apply the axiom of effective pairwise strategy-proofness to three types of economies: public good economy, pure exchange economy, and allotment economy. Although effective pairwise strategy-proofness is seemingly a much weaker axiom than group strategy-proofness, effective pairwise strategy-proofness characterizes social choice rules that are analyzed by using different axioms in the literature. 相似文献
6.
Mustafa Emirbayer 《Sociological Forum》1996,11(2):263-284
Emile Durkheim has long been viewed as one of the founders of the so-called variables-oriented approach to sociological investigation.
This view ignores his considerable achievements using the methodology of “case-based” historical analysis, most prominent
among them, his lectures on the history of French education (The Evolution of Educational Thought).In this paper I first outline the intimate relationship that Durkheim envisioned between historical and sociological investigation.
I then turn to his work on French education for substantive illustrations of his approach. Finally, I explore certain points
of intersection between Durkheim's approach to history and present-day concerns, especially in regard to the role of culture
in history and the opposition between prospective and retrospective (“teleological”) strategies of historical analysis. 相似文献
7.
Kim Sawchuk 《The American Sociologist》2001,32(1):27-49
Conclusion Mills wrote to his Oxford publisher in 1955. “One book grows out of another; the trouble is not only is there no end to it,
but after the second is pressing upon you before you can finish the first, for planning is more fun than working.” 78 Indeed,
this mode of working was common to all of Mills’ projects. He worked fast and furiously and always juggled a number of different
ideas in various stages of formation. This certainly was the case with The Cultural Apparatus. In a 1955 letter to his publisher
Mills enthusiastically said of the book “I'm into it.” He predicted, optimistically, that unlike his other books, this book
would be easy, a natural for him that “writing it will not involve the anguish that White Collar and Elites have provided.”
By 1959, however, Mills had to admit that this optimism was premature. In “The Personal Note to the Reader” he confessed that
“I've never had so much trouble writing a book as I have with this one, and I’ve never taken so much pain with the writing
of it as I’ve taken to heart the criticism of being repetitious, verbose and prone to jargon.” 79 Mills never completed the
project. By the late 1950's he became preoccupied with the political issues of “war and peace” and American foreign policy
in Cuba, the latter in particular. His health was poor as a result of a heart attack he suffered in December of 1959 on the
eve of a televised debate with an American advisor in Latin America, A.A. Berle. He became embroiled in what he understood
as necessary public work from within the media and he remained adamant about the personal significance of The Cultural Apparatus
in 1959. 相似文献
8.
Christena Nippert-Eng 《Sociological Forum》1996,11(3):563-582
This article presents a discussion of the relationship between classification systems and individuals' everyday activities.
The concept of “boundary work” is defined as the practices that concretize and give meaning to mental frameworks by placing,
maintaining, and challenging cultural categories. “Home” and “work” provide a case study for examining boundary work across
a range of realm relationships, from those that are highly “integrating” to those that are highly “segmenting.” Boundary practices
involving calendars and keys, clothes and appearances, eating and drinking, money, people and their representations (like
photographs and gifts), talk styles and conversations, reading materials and habits, and work breaks (including lunches and
vacations) are discussed. Mary Douglas's work on categorical purity helps illustrate the relationship between cognitive order
and visible behavior seen in the boundary work of home and work.
This article includes material that was published in a larger study,Home and Work: Negotiating Boundaries Through Everyday Life (1996 University of Chicago Press), after it was presented at the 1995 Eastern Sociological Society meetings in Philadelphia. 相似文献
9.
Edward M. Bolger 《Social Choice and Welfare》2002,19(4):709-721
In the first three sections of this paper we present a set of axioms which provide a characterization of an extension of
the Banzhaf index to voting games with r alternatives, such as the United Nations Security Council where a nation can vote “yes”, “no”, or “abstain”. The fourth section
presents a set of axioms which characterizes a power index based on winning sets instead of pivot sets.
Received: 4 April 2000/Accepted: 30 April 2001 相似文献
10.
Eberhard Knobloch 《Poiesis & praxis》2011,7(4):225-247
In 1661, Kaspar Schott published his comprehensive textbook “Cursus mathematicus” in Würzburg for the first time, his “Encyclopedia
of all mathematical sciences”. It was so successful that it was published again in 1674 and 1677. In its 28 books, Schott
gave an introduction for beginners in 22 mathematical disciplines by means of 533 figures and numerous tables. He wanted to
avoid the shortness and the unintelligibility of his predecessors Alsted and Hérigone. He cited or recommended far more than
hundred authors, among them Protestants like Michael Stifel and Johannes Kepler, but also Catholics like Nicolaus Copernicus.
The paper gives a survey of this work and explains especially interesting aspects: The dedication to the German emperor Leopold
I., Athanasius Kircher’s letter of recommendation as well as Schott’s classification of sciences, explanations regarding geometry,
astronomy, and algebra. 相似文献
11.
On the occasion of the re-publication of Erving Goffman’s Relations in Public: Microstudies of the Public Order, including the remarkable appendix, “Insanity of Place,” the authors propose new ways of reading Goffman’s work in order
to highlight his attention to havoc and containment. Goffman’s “Insanity of Place,” explores the phenomenon of mental illness
by asserting that it is an instance of havoc, a symbolic and practical condition that disrupts the social order of life, and
one that must be contained. By situating this essay at the center of Goffman’s oeuvre they examine Goffman’s “philosophy of
containment,” and trace its trajectory from Asylums, Stigma and “The Insanity of Place” to its full crystallization in Frame Analysis. The authors offer a generative reading of havoc and containment in order to understand the incoherence, irrationality, unreason,
incomprehensibility and unbearableness of social life and the imperative to preserve social order from collapsing, dissolving
or imploding. This reading enables us to see the cracks in the social order and understand containment as the constant effort
exerted to recuperate transgressions and deviations back into that order. Goffman’s analysis becomes an opening into engagements
with the work of Judith Butler and Michel Foucault around the notion of the normative order and the issues of containment
and transgression. Thinking through Goffman’s philosophy of containment as the framework for an analysis of socialization,
normalization, and social ordering affords an approach to thinking macro-micro linkages of order and instability that confront
both our contemporary society and the discipline of sociology. 相似文献
12.
The paper investigates how far a particular procedure, called the “descending demand procedure,” can take us in finding equitable
allocations of indivisible goods. Both interpersonal and intrapersonal criteria of equitability are considered. It is shown
that the procedure generally fares well on an interpersonal criterion of “balancedness”; specifically, the resulting allocations
are Pareto-optimal and maximize the well-being of the worst-off individual. As a criterion of intrapersonal equitability,
the property of envy-freeness is considered. To accommodate envy-freeness, a modification of the basic procedure is suggested.
With two individuals, the modified procedure is shown to select the envy-free allocations that are balanced, i.e. the allocations
that maximize the well-being of the worse-off individual among all envy-free allocations.
Received: 3 March 2000/Accepted: 27 November 2000 相似文献
13.
Brubaker R 《The American Sociologist》2010,41(4):375-381
This paper considers Charles Tilly as an important but underappreciated theorist of nationalism. Tilly’s theory of nationalism
emerged from the “bellicist” strand of his earlier work on state-formation and later incorporated a concern with performance,
stories, and cultural modeling. Yet despite the turn to culture in Tilly’s later work, his theory of nationalism remained
state-centered, materialist, and instrumentalist—a source of both its power and its limitations. 相似文献
14.
Using fiction in teaching sociology involves what Harvey Sacks calls “sociological reconstruction”. Numerous comments on teaching
sociology provide advice and suggestions on the use of literature and “what counts” as “sociological” literature, including
specific titles. This paper goes further: while the use of literature is a routine feature of sociological accounts, discerning
the relevance of a novel, or a passage within a novel, to sociological themes is an analyst’s achievement. It requires work
both by the teacher and the student to recognize the relevance of fiction to sociology. Previous studies on fiction in sociology
focus on the pedagogic aspects of using novels but fail to acknowledge the key problem of “sociological reconstruction” attempted
through the use of novels. The paper explicates the crucial and generic issue of “corpus status”, which is fore-grounded by
the use of non-sociological materials in sociology. 相似文献
15.
This paper examines Charles Tilly’s relationship to the schools of thought known as historicism and critical realism. Tilly
was committed to a social epistemology that was inherently historicist, and he increasingly called himself a “historicist.”
The “search for grand laws in human affairs comparable to the laws of Newtonian mechanics,” he argued, was a “waste of time”
and had “utterly failed.” Tilly’s approach was strongly reminiscent of the arguments developed in the first half of the 20th
century by Rickert, Weber, Troeltsch, and Meinecke for a synthesis of particularization and generalization and for a focus
on “historical individuals” rather than abstract universals. Nonetheless, Tilly never openly engaged with this earlier wave
of historicist sociology, despite its fruitfulness for and similarity to his own project. The paper explores some of the possible
reasons for this missed encounter. The paper argues further that Tilly’s program of “relational realism” resembled critical
realism, but with main two differences: Tilly did not fully embrace critical realism’s argument that social mechanisms are
always co-constituted by social meaning or its normative program of explanatory critique. In order to continue developing
Tilly’s ideas it is crucial to connect them to the epistemological ideas that governed the first wave of historicist sociology
in Weimar Germany and to a version of philosophical realism that is interpretivist and critical. 相似文献
16.
Neil McLaughlin 《The American Sociologist》2004,35(1):80-101
In response to the recent The American Sociologist special issue on Canadian sociology, this rejoinder dialogues with some of the perspectives offered there on the discipline
north of the border with an eye towards lessons that American sociologists might learn from the Canadian experience. My reflections
build on a larger analytic piece entitled “Canada’s Impossible Science: The Historical and Institutional Origins of the Coming
Crisis of Anglo-Canadian Sociology” to be published soon in The Canadian Journal Sociology. Particular attention is paid to the different institutional arrangements of higher education in Canada and the United States,
Anglo-Canadian reliance on the particularly English “weakness as strength” strategy for sociology, tensions between the cultural
values of populism, egalitarianism, and excellence, and the trade-offs between professional and public intellectual work.
A critique is offered of the “origin myth” of Canadian sociology as a particularly vibrant “critical sociology,” with discussion
of Dorothy Smith's influence on sociology in Canada.
His research interests are in sociological theory, the sociology of culture, and the study of intellectuals from the perspective
of the sociology of organisations and professions. He is studying Edward Said as a “global public intellectual” as part of
a Canadian government-funded interdisciplinary grant on “Globalization and Autonomy” at McMaster University. He is also working
“Canadian professors as public intellectuals,” a project also funded by the Social Science and Humanities Research Council
of Canada. 相似文献
17.
Jeff Borland 《Journal of Labor Research》1986,7(3):293-307
An alternative interpretation of the Ross-Dunlop debate of the 1940s is provided, which reveals little difference in the opinions
of these two theorists on the role of optimizing behavior and of economic factors in explaining trade union behavior. Importantly,
both saw theories of union activity based on simple economic maximands as unable to incorporate some “political” features
of those unions. The recent wave of economic analyses of trade unions however seems to have answered such criticism to a large
extent. A survey of this work is provided to show how many of Ross’s “unanswered questions” can be explained by models where
rational trade unions maximize relatively straightforward objective functions.
This work is based on chapter 1 of the author’s M.A. thesis at the University of Melbourne. Many thanks are due to Ian McDonald
for his generous help, and to Greg Whitwell for his comments on an earlier draft of this paper. The author is presently a
graduate student at Yale University. 相似文献
18.
This commentary addresses Olivola and Todorov’s “Elected in 100 ms: Appearance-Based Trait Inferences and Voting” and considers
its valuable contribution to the field of nonverbal communication. This work suggests that contemporary politics and voting
behavior are so complex that they can be better understood outside of laboratory settings where the vital elements on culture
and context come into play. By using consumer culture theory and other cultural theories of branding, this commentary evaluates
elements of Barack Obama’s presidential run, and considers why his campaign resonated so well with voters in contemporary
United States culture. 相似文献
19.
Bernard S. Phillips 《The American Sociologist》1988,19(2):138-151
Gouldner’s call for a “reflexive sociology” in 1970 remains a largely unexamined idea, yet with the breakdown of functionalism’s
begemony and the present ferment in theory its time may finally have come. In attempting to clarify and reconstruct Gouldner’s
idea, I begin with his concepts “background assumptions” and “domain assumptions,” linking them with Kubn’s ideas. Employing
levels of abstraction to approach Gouldner’s material systematically, I proceed to develop and illustrate two contrasting
background assumptions or world hypotheses: “stratification” and “interaction.” Finally, I examine some methodological implications
of these world views, centering on defining problems, ratio scales and images of measurement, sampling and multivariate-analysis
procedures.
Introduced to sociology by C. Wright Mills, Bernard Phillips studied with Robin N. Williams, Jr. and taught at the University
of North Carolina and the University of Illinois (where he overlapped with Alvin W. Gouldner for a year) before coming to
Boston University. A cofounder of the ASA section, Sociological Practice, Phillips’ interests are in Societal Change, Theory
and Methods. 相似文献
20.
Nancy A. Naples 《Qualitative sociology》1996,19(1):83-106
This article draws upon findings from an ethnographic study of two towns in rural Iowa to examine the adequacy of the insider/outsider
distinction as a guideline for evaluating and conducting ethnographic research. Utilizing feminist standpoint and materialist
feminist theories, I start with the assumption that, rather than one “insider” or “outsider” position, we all begin our work
with different relationships to shifting aspects of social life and to particular knowers in the community and this contributes
to numerous dimensions through which we can relate to residents in various communities. “Outsiderness” and “insiderness” are
not fixed or static positions, rather they are ever-shifting and permeable social locations illustrated in this case study
by the “outsider phenomenon.” Community processes that reorganize and resituate race-ethnicity, gender and class relations
form some of the most salient aspects of the “outsider phenomenon.” These dynamic processes shaped our relationships with
residents as ethnographic identities were repositioned by shifts in constructions of “community” that accompanied ongoing
social, demographic, and political changes. 相似文献