农业产业化中农村妇女作用问题研究

作用是指对事物产生的影响 ,农村妇女作用是妇女对家庭社会产生的影响。５０年来 ,随着妇女运动轰轰烈烈的开展 ,保护妇女、解放妇女的大环境逐步建立 ,为妇女参政议政 ,特别是农村妇女进一步解放参与社会活动提供了良好的社会氛围 ,使我国妇女工作上了一个新台阶。彭佩云同志１９９９年在全国省、自治区、直辖市妇联主席工作会议上指出 :农村妇女工作 ,必须坚定不移地坚持以经济建设为中心 ,继续深化“双学双比”活动 ,但不能孤立地就经济抓经济 ,要通过抓中心 ,带动农村妇女工作全面发展。毫无疑问 ,这将是指导今后妇女工作的基本纲领。农…     

新农村建设中妇女经济行为影响因素的AHP分析

农村妇女是建设社会主义新农村的主要力量,其经济行为对新农村建设具有重要影响.本文对农村妇女经济行为影响因素的指标进行了研究,运用AHP法进行了分析,并从文化教育程度和农村社会经济政策这两个影响农村妇女经济行为的主要方面提出改善农村妇女经济行为的建议,进而为新农村建设中新型农村妇女的培养提供思路,为农村妇女问题研究提供参考.     

日常生活政治化与农村妇女的公共参与——以宁夏Y市郊区巴村为例(英文)

国家与农民对于村干部选举和村庄的公共事务有着不同的目标和考虑,在此背后实际上是“国家政治”和“村庄政治”的区分。农民对村庄政治关注的直接结果是使农民的日常交往行动带有很强的工具理性色彩,从而使村庄政治与农民的日常生活交融,出现“日常生活政治化”的现象。而且,恰恰是因为村庄政治的存在,农村妇女才可以像男村民一样,通过日常交往去参与村庄的公共事务并得到村落社区的承认和肯定。我们可以从日常生活这样的视角去关注农村妇女的公共参与,从而发现村庄政治背景下农村妇女公共参与的特点,以深化认识农村妇女的公共参与。     

日本农村妇女土地权益现状的实证分析

二战后、日本农村妇女的地位在法律层面、现实层面都有了很大提高.但受诸多因素的制约,农村妇女的经济地位,尤其是对经济地位起支撑作用的土地权益的进步最为迟缓.仅有的一次全国性抽样调查表明,拥有土地权益的农村妇女只占极少数.本文基于实证分析的结果也显示,存在以继承、赠与等方式获得土地的农村妇女,仅限于少数人,且拥有的土地面积小,赋予农村妇女土地权益并没有形成普遍趋势.在土地私有制下,农村妇女个人土地权益并没有得到最大程度的保障.     

论农村土地信托对保护农村妇女土地权益的制度价值——基于农地有效保护的反思

随着三化进程的加快、农业生产结构的调整和土地政策的不断变化,农村男性劳力大量进城务工,农村妇女成为从事农业生产的中坚力量,但其土地权益却未得到有效的保护,如何有效保护农村妇女的土地权益已成为一个不容忽视的问题。本文拟通过对当前农村妇女土地权益状况的深入分析,提出借助信托制度创新农村土地承包经营权流转方式,有效维护农村妇女的土地权益,增强农村妇女的获得感和安全感,为促进新农村建设,实现农村社会稳定和农业经济健康、均衡发展提供有益参考。     

加快构建适合知识经济产业发展的宏观环境——北京市知识经济产业管理体制研究

“以知识为基础的经济”，是信息社会最基本的经济特征之一。二十一世纪将是“知识经济”的世纪，它对仍然处于工业社会的国家提出了严峻的挑战。面对来自“知识经济”的挑战，世界各国都在调整经济与社会发展战略，力图抢占“知识经济”的制高点，因为这将关系到下个世纪...     

改革后中国农村工业化与农村妇女政治精英构成的变化--以浙江省C市T镇T村为例

经济体制改革前 ,中国农村工业化对农村政治精英的构成产生了巨大的影响 ,经济因素在政治精英构成中的作用趋强。在这个过程中 ,作为农村政治精英一部分的妇女政治精英的状况所发生的变化却很少受到关注。本文从社会性别的角度出发 ,运用访谈和个案分析的方法 ,着重论述农村工业化对农村妇女政治精英构成的影响。通过分析可以看出 ,在农村政治精英转变的问题上 ,性别差异依旧显著。农村妇女政治精英构成在农村工业化过程中的变化有其自身的特点 ,农村妇女政治精英仍旧处于边缘化的地位。     

中国与全球经济--写在中国加入世界贸易组织之际

中国经济和全球经济的关系越来越密切,对世界的依赖越来越深入,特别是在资本、资源与技术方面。但中国在世界体系中的地位却只能是“半外围”、“半中心”。中国应积极参与全球经济规则的制定,迎接全球化的挑战。     

四川省农村妇女参政议政调研分析

通过对四川农村妇女参政议政的主观意识、参政议政的途径以及参政议政权的行使等方面调查,结合调查数据分析四川农村妇女参政议政的现状,并找出问题,分析原因,提出全面提高农村妇女自身素质;营造农村妇女参政议政的良好社会环境;完善妇女参政议政的法律政策等对策建议,以期达到提高四川省农村妇女参政议政层次与能力。     

农村妇女土地承包权问题分析

土地是农民生存和发展的根基,农村妇女由于传统习惯和文化素质的影响对土地的依赖性更强,所以对农村妇女土地权益的保护更为重要。农村妇女土地权益受侵害的现象比较严重和突出,在一定程度上扰乱了农村的经济秩序和社会秩序。关注农村妇女权益保护、对侵犯妇女权益的原因进行阐述和法理分析,明确农村妇女在家庭承包中的法律地位以及土地承包权的物权性质,对解决农村妇女土地,问题是非常必要的。     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Social security reforms in Kenya: Towards a workerist or a citizenship‐based system?

With social security provisions in Kenya remaining under‐reported in the more recent literature, this overview covers recent reforms in key areas of the country's social security system. In the health sector and in old‐age pension provision social security is still mainly workerist (biased toward those in formal employment), and attempts to expand coverage have had limited effect only – cash transfer programmes, for instance, have been expanded but in practice they do not universally cover the entitled categories. Thus, although the Kenyan social security system now has a considerable pro‐poor social assistance component it remains biased toward those in formal employment, to the benefit of the highest income quintile.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

A Man Can be Destroyed but Not Defeated

Santiago,the main hero in the Old Man and the Sea is characterized as someone struggling against defeat. He has gone eighty-four days without catching a fish,the sail of his skiff resembles "the flag of permanent defeat." But the old man refuses defeat at every turn:he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish promise to be. He lands the marlin,tying his record of eighty-seven days after a brutal three-day fight,and he continues to ward off sharks from stealing his prey,even though he knows the battle is useless. He establishes a great hero:a man can be destroyed but not defeated.