城市弱势群体就业促进及其公共政策支持系统研究

弱势群体问题已成为影响中国经济发展和社会公平的重要问题。本文在对弱势群体的内涵进行了界定的基础上,对我国城市弱势群体的状况进行了分析,文章认为近年城市弱势群体的规模在不断增加,其主体是失业下岗人员,就业促进已成为解决弱势群体问题的根本出路;文章据此提出了促进弱势群群体就业的有关政策建议。     

上海女性弱势群体就业困境及其政策选择

在劳动就业日益个体化,劳动就业的稳定和保障逐渐消失的状况下,上海女性弱势群体的就业面临着内部资源缺乏与外部环境危机的多重困境。选择上海市女性弱势群体就业政策,不仅要促进上海市女性弱势群体的内部资源积累,还要创造上海市女性弱势群体就业的外部环境。     

社会转型期城镇弱势群体的社区支持

一、社会转型中的城镇弱势群体 国际社会工作和社会政策研究者对社会弱势群体有一个基本相同的界定,即认为社会弱势群体是由于某些障碍及缺乏经济、政治和社会机会,而在社会上处于不利地位的人群。这些人之所以被认为弱势群体是因为在现有的社会制度和政策安排下,他们在经济、政治和社会生活中不得不处于较低地位,他们同主流人群不能平起平坐。从总体角度来看,弱势群体的出现有生理和社会两方面的原因,因此我们把弱势群体     

我国老年弱势群体的现状及救助对策分析

在社会转型期过程中,经济的增长和社会的发展出现了一种断裂,弱势群体已经成为社会的一种大规模的、全局性的和深度性问题,再加上现今老龄化的日益严重使得此问题在弱势群体中显得更加突出。本文拟通过对老年弱势群体状况的分析,从法律、社会政策、社会网络以及人文关怀几个方面对老年弱势群体救助对策提出几点建议。     

中国弱势群体的特征

中国弱势群体在整体上具有以下5个重要特征： （1）主体是社会性弱势群体，这主要是由于社会原因导致其陷于弱势地位的。（2）现有弱势群体中的很多人是在原体制下做出贡献的人。特别是一些早年退休者和国有集体企业的失下岗职工。     

莫忘弱势群体的生殖健康服务

我们在为育龄群众生殖保健服务的同时,莫要忘记对弱势群体的生殖保健服务。要做好弱势群体生殖保健服务,必须要解决三种思想:一是不想服务。不能认为弱势群体是极少数,服务不服务与计划生育关系不大,我们只要把正常的育龄群众服务好就行。二是不愿服务。不能认为弱势群体与正常人有差异,不是身体有缺陷,就是“半家户”(离婚者、丧偶者、单身者),     

构建城镇弱势群体救助体系的思考

城镇弱势群体是新时期深化改革、扩大开放、加快发展、保持稳定的突出问题。本文通过对欠发达地区现状的分析 ,从完善法规、突出培训、强化服务、加大帮扶等方面进行深入的思考 ,力求为我国救助城镇弱势群体探索出一条有益的途径。     

从我国弱势群体的弱势特征看社会政策支助体系的设计框架——基于北京市老年残疾人视角的分析

建立科学的社会政策支助体系是满足弱势群体需求和推进和谐社会建设的重要方面。本文以北京市老年残疾人为对象,具体分析了弱势群体的弱势特征,并依据这些特征提出了包括政策目标、政策依据、政策原则、政策构架等部分的社会政策支助体系的设计框架。     

吉林省实施计划生育三大绿色工程

吉林省各地围绕发展农村社会事业,增加农民收入,提高农民素质,扶助弱势群体,改善农村社会面貌,转变农民群众婚育观念工作目标,广泛实施了计划生育“幸福家庭服务计划”,针对计生家庭的不同需求,开展计划生育“亲母、爱婴、敬老”三大绿色工程创建活动,并取得良好成效。     

舟山普陀区计划生育弱势群体的现状及帮扶对策

一、普陀区计划生育弱势群体现状 所谓计划生育弱势群体是指近三十年来，部分育龄群众实行计划生育后，由于年老体衰，女儿外嫁，膝下无儿或独生子女意外死亡、病残，或遭遇节育手术并发症，久治不愈、因病致穷等原因造成经济困难、生活困苦的一个群体。     

Soziale Klasse in der Arbeitssoziologie. Zur Relevanz eines totgesagten Begriffs

Social class as analytical term has a longstanding tradition in sociology. Starting with Karl Marx and Max Weber international class analysis has developed heterogenous theoretical and empirical approaches. The paper outlines trends in the usage of social class in industrial sociology and the sociology of work in German-speaking countries from the after-war period to the paradigmatic shift heralded by Becks individualization thesis. The displacement of social class is interpreted as manifestation of symbolic struggles over the legitimate view of social reality, which has created considerable blind spots in the analysis of social inequalities. With reference to recent international developments in class research Pierre Bourdieu’s approach is used to explore ways to connect current subject-orientated approaches with questions of social class. Focussing on the class formation of subjectivity draws attention to the development of different orientations towards work and the dealing with the exigencies of work.     

Latin American typology: An essay on measuring social discontinuities

The aim of the article is to work out a classification of the Latin-American countries considering economic and social aspects of development. Therefore, it seemed convenient to take the following steps:

1. A critical review of the existing literature on the subject, stressing the theoretical and methodological assumptions on which these constructions are based.
2. A selection and discussion of some social indicators, in particular those usually employed for this kind of task, especially in planning.
3. An analysis of methodological procedures in order to present alternative options which could give better theoretical, methodological and technical results.
4. The classification of Latin-American countries using a quantitative technique based on the combination of a selected set of interval variables which permits the computation of a measure of the distance between cuples of countries.
5. A graphical representation of the ‘profiles’ obtained for each group of countries.
6. Variables not included in this classification and also historical dimensions are introduced in order to explain the different levels of achievement of the socioeconomic goals of the countries and regions.

The quantitative results go hand in hand with the revision of the historical process. For this reason, it seemed necessary to formulate a set of significant structural categories and some tentative hypotheses. These should be tested in more exhaustive studies if one wishes to explain the differential achievement reached by different countries in solving their social problems.     

Income Inequality Indices Interpreted as Measures of Relative Deprivation/Satisfaction

This paper considers different ways of making comparisons between individuals in terms of deprivation and/or satisfaction. This allows the Gini index, the Bonferroni index and the De Vergottini index to be interpreted as social deprivation measures as well as social satisfaction measures. The inequality measures that belong to the ?? family, or linear combinations of them, are obtained when using different weighting schemes to average the deprivation and satisfaction associated with each income level. Particularly, the generalised Gini indices (Yitzhaki, Int Econ Rev 24:617?C628 in 1983), the indices proposed by Aaberge (J Econ Inequal 5(3):305?C322, 2007) or those proposed by Imedio-Olmedo et al. (J Public Econ Theory 13(1):97?C124, 2011) can be used to evaluate social deprivation or social satisfaction in an income distribution.     

Bridge Over the River Crime: Mobility and the Policing of Organised Crime

Abstract

This paper examines the significant disparity between the mobility of organised crime and the mobility of law enforcement through the use of Kaufmann’s (2002 Kaufmann, V. 2002. Re-thinking mobility. Contemporary sociology. Aldershot: Ashgate. [Google Scholar]) three categories of motility: access, skills and appropriation. It argues that the differential mobility of organised crime and law enforcement can be accounted for by the differential insertion of these groups of actors into ‘the practice and politics of market liberalisation and the practice and politics of market criminalisation’, and suggests that it is possible to view each of these as inhabiting ‘different modernities’. It concludes that whilst mobility systems are critical to understanding the movement of these groups of actors, these systems are themselves embedded within different institutional structures that shape the opportunities to be mobile, in particular economic and political structures.     

Polarization or “Squeezed Middle” in the Great Recession?: A Comparative European Analysis of the Distribution of Economic Stress

This paper analyses variation in the impact of the Great Recession on economic stress across income classes for a range of advanced European countries. Our analysis shows Iceland, Ireland and Greece to be quite distinctive in terms of increases in their multidimensional income, material deprivation and economic stress profiles. Between 2008 and 2012 these countries moved from being predictably located within anticipated welfare regimes to becoming clear outliers. For this set of counties, each of which was exposed to different but severe forms of economic shock, trends in income class polarisation versus middle class squeeze were variable. Each exhibited substantial increases in levels of economic stress. However, changes in the pattern of income class differentiation were somewhat different. In Iceland a form of middle class squeeze was observed. For Ireland income class polarization did not exclude middle class squeeze. Greece came closest to fitting the polarization profile. Changes in the distribution of household equivalent income had no effect on stress levels once the impact of material deprivation was taken into account. Changes in levels of material deprivation played a significant role in accounting for changing stress levels but only for the three lowest income classes. These findings bring out the extent to which the impact of the Great Recession on the distribution of economic stress across classes varied even among the hardest-hit countries. They also serve to highlight the advantages of a multidimensional approach that goes beyond reliance on income in seeking to understand the impact of such shocks.     

Creative Class Concentrations in Shanghai,China: What is the Role of Neighborhood Social Tolerance and Life Quality Supportive Conditions?

Creative class refers to the demographic segment composed of intellectuals, knowledge intensive workers and artists in different fields. Creative class is of essential social significance in that its members are capable of booming regional economy through innovation. Rather few studies have empirically examined the neighborhood social determinants of intra-urban creative class concentrations (CCCs), especially in the developing countries. Using the case of Shanghai city in China, this paper characterizes the CCCs in relation to social tolerance and life quality supportive conditions (LQSCs) at district level. Data for CCCs are collected from Shanghai’s Population Census (2010) at the district level. A set of social diversity indices (ethnic, education, income, marriage status, and birth place) are used as proxy for tolerance and LQSCs are described by a set of indicators from 8 domains (job chance, medical care, educational facilities, commutation, food resources, housing, leisure, and natural amenities). Multivariable linear regression is employed to identify the determinants of CCCs. Results show that both neighborhood social tolerance and LQSCs have significant influences on different categories of CCCs. In particular, creative class is attracted by the neighborhoods that are open and welcoming to the outsiders. In addition, creative class emphasizes accessible medical care, traveling convenience, elementary education institution, great housing choices, and more natural amenities in their neighborhood. The variance decomposition method demonstrates that neighborhood LQSC determinants are more important for the intellectuals, knowledge workers and total CCCs. For the artists, the neighborhood social tolerance determinants are more influential. Our study generates a set of neighborhood social indicators to understand the intra-urban CCCs.     

Relations between demographic parameters

The mean life-expectancy e describes the average prospective life-time of an individual aged zero. This parameter can be explicitly described in terms of the survivorship distribution of the population. The Malthusian parameter r represents the asymptotic growth rate of a population. This parameter can be implicitly expressed in terms of the net-maternity distribution. The parameters e and r incompletely incorporate the age-specific fertility and mortality pattern of a population; distinct populations may have the same growth rate but different net-maternity functions; distinct populations may be characterized by the same mean life expectation but may have different survivorship distributions. This article analyzes a class of parameters called the entropy of a population (Demetrius, 1974a) which distinguishes between net-maternity functions with the same growth rate and also mortality distributions with the same mean life expectation. This class of parameters measures the convexity of the fertility and mortality distributions. This paper analyzes the relations between the entropy parameter and the standard demographic parameters.     

Modeling Comprehensive Dispersion of the Administrative Villages and Its Association with Economic Poverty: A Case Study from Poverty-Stricken Mountainous County,China

Identifying the dispersion of the administrative villages is one of prerequisites for the rational allocation of sources and services during implementing “Entire-Village Advancement” poverty alleviation strategy of China. From the perspective of an administrative village scale, this paper develops a methodology serving the construction of a comprehensive dispersion evaluation model and the examination of the relationship between dispersion and economic poverty. Specially, we develops an village-level comprehensive dispersion evaluation model that is presented in two forms of Euclidean Dispersion Index (EDI) versus Dispersion Composite Index (DCI), using spatial statistical analysis to examine the comprehensive dispersion of the administrative village and its association with the Net Income of Village Residents (NIVR) under different geographic and socioeconomic conditions. The case study in Neixiang County of China shows that, DCI is more rational and objective than EDI for scoring details of the village’s dispersion, especially in the mountainous area; DCI has a more significant spatial autocorrelation and a more significantly negative relationship to NIVR than EDI; the negative correlation between DCI and NIVR is obviously stronger in mountainous area than that in the hill and plain area; The closer to the economic circle, the higher NIVR vs. the lower DCI. Which not only provides new perspective and way to deal with dispersion, but also helps guide policies for effective poverty interventions.     

Extension,Compression, and Beyond: A Unique Classification System for Mortality Evolution Patterns

A variety of literature addresses the question of how the age distribution of deaths changes over time as life expectancy increases. However, corresponding terms such as extension, compression, or rectangularization are sometimes defined only vaguely, and statistics used to detect certain scenarios can be misleading. The matter is further complicated because mixed scenarios can prevail, and the considered age range can have an impact on observed mortality patterns. In this article, we establish a unique classification framework for realized mortality scenarios that allows for the detection of both pure and mixed scenarios. Our framework determines whether changes of the deaths curve over time show elements of extension or contraction; compression or decompression; left- or right-shifting mortality; and concentration or diffusion. The framework not only can test the presence of a particular scenario but also can assign a unique scenario to any observed mortality evolution. Furthermore, it can detect different mortality scenarios for different age ranges in the same population. We also present a methodology for the implementation of our classification framework and apply it to mortality data for U.S. females.