高龄老人健康自我评价的变化及影响因素分析

文章通过对三次高龄老人调查数据分析,描述了高龄老人健康自评及其变化,初步分析了部分人口、社会、健康变量对高龄老人健康自评的影响。研究结论是:高龄老人的健康自评具有相对的稳定性,其变化与实际健康状况的变化呈现出较大的一致性;老年人健康自我评价随着客观条件的变化而改变,并不是完全主观的判断。高龄老人的性别、年龄、受教育程度等个人特征对健康自评有影响,但不如健康相关变量那么关键。随着年龄的增长,老年人健康自我评价下降。     

高龄老人的自评完好及其影响因素

文章应用中国高龄老人健康长寿纵向调查数据考察高龄老人的自评完好及其影响因素。分析表明,高龄老人自评完好的总体水平较高,80岁组老人的积极的自评要高于90岁和100岁组老人,消极的自评低于90岁和100岁组老人,但各年龄组之间的均值水平差异不大。多元回归模型的研究显示,控制其他影响变量后,年龄对积极的自评有显著影响,对消极的自评没有显著的影响;认知能力、日常活动的参与程度、生理功能以及自评健康都是影响自评完好的关键变量。相比而言,女性和农村高龄老人的消极的自评程度高。     

中国高龄老人就医及时性状况研究

基于 1 998年中国高龄老人健康长寿调查数据 ,对中国高龄老人患病能否得到及时医治的状况进行了分析。结果表明 ,高龄老人调查当时若患病 ,只有 3 7%左右的高龄老人不能得到及时医治 ;农村 (4 2 % )该比例略高于城镇 (3 0 % ) ;患病得不到及时就医的群体比较固定。LOGISTIC回归还揭示患病由家庭成员提供照料服务的高龄老人比由社会提供照料服务的高龄老人得不到及时医治的可能性小 ,与患病不能及时医治的高龄老人相比 ,患病能得到及时医治的高龄老人健康自评好的比例高 ,完全自理的比例高 ,认知健全比例高 ,疾病对日常生活妨碍比例小 ,隶属健康纯类的可能性大 ,其后死亡的可能性小 ,健康存活的可能性大。说明患病得到及时治疗对高龄老人晚年健康促进和生存具有一定的影响。     

广东老年人口的健康状况特点——基于2015年1%人口抽样调查的分析

本文使用2015年全国1%人口抽样调查数据,描述分析了2015年广东老年人口的身体健康状况的特点以及5年的主要变化.广东老年人口总体健康状况较好,绝大多数老年人具有生活自理能力,自评健康为主,健康与基本健康的差距缩小;男性健康状况好于女性,性别差异缩小;高龄老人自评健康的减幅趋稳、 生活不能自理的增幅较大.城市老人健康状况总体显著好于乡村、 而且性别、 年龄差异小于乡村.老年人口健康状况的地区差距较大,主要体现在珠江三角洲与其他区域之间.     

高龄老人心理状况与健康长寿关系研究

文章根据2000年中国高龄老人健康长寿调查数据,从认知能力和心理状态方面对高龄老人的心理状况进行实证分析。由数据看出,中国高龄老人的心理健康状况较好,并随年龄的增加呈下降趋势,认知能力的下降幅度远大于心理状态下降的幅度;城乡高龄老人的心理健康状况有所差异,城镇好于乡村;女性高龄老人的心理健康状况不如男性高龄老人;教育和婚姻都有助于心理健康;高龄老人的心理健康状况与他们对自己的生活和健康状况的自评显著相关。     

高龄老人自评健康与死亡风险的关系研究

文章运用中国高龄老人健康长寿追踪研究1998-2002年的数据,将自评健康作为随时间变化的变量,对年龄范围在80-105岁的高龄老人考察自评健康与死亡风险的关系。研究结果表明,在控制基期社会人口特征、日常活动的参与程度、生理功能以及患慢性病数量后,自评健康显著预测高龄老人的死亡风险。日常活动的参与程度和生理功能只解释了它部分的预测作用。进一步的分性别分析表明,自评健康与死亡风险的关系在性别间差异非常小。     

子女数对农村高龄老人养老及生活状况的影响

文章根据2000年中国高龄老人健康调查数据,利用交互表和Logisdc回归方法,检验分性别子女数对农村高龄老人的户居方式、经济来源、生活照料以及生活健康自评方面的影响。结果发现,在控制其他社会经济变量条件下,存活儿子数和存活女儿数在户居方式、生活照料、经济来源方面均有统计显著性,女儿数对老人生活自评状况影响显著,儿子数并不显著,而对于老人健康自评方面的影响,存活女儿数和存活儿子数均无统计显著性,只有年龄变量对老人健康自评影响显著。     

高龄老人基本躯体功能状况分析

文章考察了高龄老人的基本躯体功能的现状,分析了与高龄老人所患疾病的关系以及对日常生活自理能力、日常及社会活动和健康自评的影响。发现多数高龄老人基本躯体功能状况良好。由增龄而引起的衰老是影响高龄老人基本躯体功能的一个重要因素;慢性病直接影响着高龄老人的基本躯体功能状况;基本躯体功能受损严重影响着高龄老人的生活自理能力和生活质量。文章最后对高龄老人躯体功能维护提出了一些建议。     

高龄老人的心理状况分析

心理状况是老年人晚年生活质量的重要方面 ,随着高龄老人的迅速增长 ,研究高龄老人的精神生活越来越成为必要。通过对高龄老人性格特征、心理感受、认知能力及对生活满意度等的分析表明 ,高龄老人心态的变化及认知能力的衰退十分显著 ,女性老人的心理状态不及男性老人。健康状况是高龄老人最关心的问题 ,生活环境和医疗条件对生活满意度有直接影响 ,积极的生活方式和提高文化程度有助于改善他们的心理状况。高龄老人是一个非常脆弱的群体 ,需要家人和社会从卫生保健、经济、家庭氛围、文化社会等多方面给予关怀和帮助。     

高龄老人烟酒习惯与健康长寿关系探索

烟酒作为人类许多社会群体生活方式和行为的共同点,同时也是构成现代社会健康威胁--许多慢性疾病发生的一个原由.笔者依据中国高龄老人1998年的调查数据,按照年龄、性别及城乡差异,比较分析了高龄老人过去和现在的吸烟与饮酒状况、饮酒类型、开始和停止吸烟的年龄,同时结合高龄老人健康自评、从事体育锻炼、患病等情 况,探讨了烟酒习惯与健康长寿的关系.     

失业率、年龄结构与人口迁移率的相关性研究

用定性与定量相结合的方法,从理论及实践两种角度,对影响人口迁移的主要因素进行了分析,指出：人口年龄结构及失业率是人口迁移率大小的决定因素。在此基础上,对影响我国人口迁移的相关性因素进行了分析,并对 21世纪我国人口的迁移做了预测。     

The Impact of the Use of Energy Sources on the Quality of Life of Poor Communities

Over the last few decades, the energy literature has been dominated by a theory of transition. The theory of transition is based on the notion that households gradually ascend an ‘energy ladder’, which begins with traditional biomass fuels (firewood and charcoal), moves through modern commercial fuels (kerosene and liquid petroleum gas (LPG)) and culminates with the advent of electricity. The ascent of the ‘energy body’, though not fully understood, is thought to be associated with rising income and increasing levels of urbanisation. Empirical evidence on energy and poverty issues has been to suggest that reality is rather more complex than the simple transitional theory would appear to suggest. To choose an appropriate set of indicators to measure the impact of electrification, this paper takes three basic different perspectives on human welfare, namely, basic needs, monetary, and non-monetary into consideration. According to the basic needs approach, welfare relates to people’s ability to satisfy their basic material needs. In the monetary approach it is a generally accepted view that the purchasing power of the household provides the best overall indicator of welfare. According to the non-monetary approach there has been a trend towards complementing economic measures of deprivation with non-monetary measures to obtain a multidimensional view of human well being, particularly by tracking health and education indicators. In the rest of the paper the two primary research projects conducted in two provinces in South Africa, namely KwaZulu-Natal and Limpopo, will be discussed. The one research project is still in process. However, the methodology will be discussed. In this project a comparison will be made of households’ experiences in villages with and without electricity to see if and to what extent electrification contributed to the welfare of the communities. In the second project households were interviewed about their experiences in the use of paraffin as source of energy.     

甘肃省人才问题研究

本文对近10年来甘肃省人才状况进行了简要总结和分析.通过对人才总量及相对存量、人才的地区分布、人才的行业、职业构成以及科技、教育(主要是师资)状况的分析,就我省人才现状及存在的问题进行了剖析,并指出了症结所在.     

The Importance of the Geographic Level of Analysis in the Assessment of the Quality of Life: The Case of Spain

There is a growing literature on the assessment of quality of life conditions in geographically and/or politically divided regions. Sometimes these territories are countries within a specified supranational structure, such as the European Union, for instance, and sometimes they are regions within countries. There is also some research that focuses on the municipal level of analysis, measuring the quality of life in cities. In the end what the researcher obtains is, at best, an average of the living conditions in the specified territory. However, if results are intended to have policy implications, attention should be paid to the variance in living conditions within regions. In this paper we attempt to quantify the relative importance of three different geographic levels of analysis in assessing the quality of life of the Spanish population. The geo-political division in Spain consists firstly of regions called Comunidades Autónomas, which are then divided into provinces which in turn are divided into municipalities. We are interested in evaluating the extent to which the quality of life conditions of an average person living in a given municipality are explained by the province and region in which the municipality is located. To do so, we first construct a composite indicator of quality of life (QoL) for the 643 largest municipalities of Spain using 19 variables which are weighted using Value Efficiency Analysis (VEA). VEA is a refinement of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) that imposes some consistency on the weights of the indicators used to construct the aggregate index. The indicators cover aspects related to consumption, social services, housing, transport, environment, labour market, health, culture and leisure, education and security. We then make a variance decomposition of the VEA scores to assess the importance of the three levels of geo-political administration. The results show that the municipal level is the most important of these, accounting for 52% of the variance in QoL. Regions explain 38% while provinces only account for a moderate 10%. Therefore, political action at the regional and municipal level would seem to have a larger impact on QoL indicators.     

Effects of the timing of marriage and first birth of the spacing of subsequent births

Analyzing data from a fifteen-year follow-up survey of high school students originally surveyed in 1957–58 and resurveyed in 1973–74, this paper examines the effects of the timing of marriage and first birth on subsequent child spacing, holding constant the effects of other variables that may be sources of spuriousness. The results suggest that age at first marriage has a causal effect on the occurrence of a short first birth interval and that age at first marriage and premarital pregnancy interact in their effect on the occurrence of a short second birth interval. Age at first marriage has no causal effect on the spacing of the second birth for those whose first child was maritally conceived. The spacing of the first birth, however, appears to have a causal effect on the spacing of the second.     

提高安徽省人口文化素质的思路与对策

安徽省经济基础薄弱,教育投入不足,办学条件差,教育事业总体上比较落后,导致安徽省人口,尤其是劳动人口文化素质偏低,严重地制约了安徽省经济的发展。针对安徽省教育存在的问题和人口文化素质的实际状况,结合省情省力和"科教兴皖"战略,提出优先发展教育,包括适应市场经济的需要,调整教育结构;增大政府教育投入,并建立多渠道筹措教育经费的新体制;巩固和发展农村基础教育,优化农村教育结构;加强师资培训,建设一支高素质的教师队伍等可行性的对策与建议。     

Health and Other Aspects of the Quality of Life of Older People

Celebrating the United Nations' International Year of Older Persons, in September 1999 a survey research project was undertaken throughout the Northern Interior Health Region (NIHR) of British Columbia. A total of 875 people completed 23-page questionnaires, the average age of the respondents was 69 and the range ran from 55 to 95 years. Responses to the SF-36 questionnaire indicated that for male respondents aged 55–64, the mean score for the 8 dimensions was 74.4. This mean was practically identical to that of the United States norm for such people (74.5) and lower than that for the United Kingdom (77.4). For male respondents aged 65 and older, the mean was 68.3. This was numerically higher but again practically the same as that of the norm for the United States (68.1). For females aged 55–64, the mean score for 8 dimensions was 73. This was superior to that of the United States norm of (70.6) for such people and lower than that for the United Kingdom (74.6). For female respondents aged 65 and older, the mean score was 65.4. This was practically identical to that of the United States (65.5).Comparing 18 average figures for our respondents on satisfaction with specific domains of life (e.g., financial security, health, friendships) and life as a whole with those of average adults in Prince George in November 1999, we found that in all but two cases the older people's scores were higher. Only in the cases of satisfaction with health and overall happiness were older people's scores lower, and the differences were not statistically significant.Eleven percent of our respondents reported that they had been a victim of a crime in the last year, compared to 38% in our 1997 adult victimization survey. Older people had a more benign view than ordinary adults of the growth of crime in their neighbourhood and city, although exactly 64% of both groups thought that crime had increased in Canada. Although older people had a more optimistic view than other adults of the increase in crime in their neighbourhoods, fewer of the former than the latter felt safe out at night. Nevertheless, compared to adults surveyed in 1997, the behaviour of respondents in our survey of older people was not as constrained by concerns of criminal victimization.Two or three of the 8 SF-36 health dimensions explained 37% of the variation in life satisfaction scores, 34% of variation in happiness scores, 34% in satisfaction with the overall quality of life scores and 22% in satisfaction with one's overall standard of living. In every case, Mental Health was the dimension that had the greatest impact on our four dependent variables.When all of our potential predictors were entered into a regression equation simultaneously, we found that they could explain 60% of the variance in life satisfaction scores, 44% in happiness scores, 58% in satisfaction with the overall quality of life scores and 59% in satisfaction with one's overall standard of living scores.     

A Sociological Review of the Reflections and Dimensions of Quality of Life of the Widows in Tehran

The article explores some of the theoretical perspectives on widows, followed by empirical findings on the issue in Tehran. Widowhood transition being pursued by drop in relations, is observed and examined from various dimensions, with the hope of improving the quality of life of the widows. Some of the socio-economic effects of widowhood as appraised by various thinkers and scientists, are reflected in the context. The phenomenon being in existence as long as socially regulated marriage continues under the cause-and-effect laws, needs probing with special reference to the modern time. That is, being subject to emotional crises, they need to be multi-dimensionally studied. Through a multi-method strategy, and with the use of questionnaire tool, data were collected. Widowhood as a common problem in old age is followed by the isolation, a period of change and new challenges, i.e., reflection of a major stressful life event. However, widows as a vulnerable social group are seen worldwide with commonalities. In other words, about half of the women householders in the world are widowed. The author reflects a clear and tangible picture of the widows’ quality of life, and their satisfaction with life through the tabulated data. Nevertheless, government and relevant agencies in Iran, need to work and plan hard to provide the widows with necessary security and support.     

云南人口机会窗口与人口红利收获研究

该文首先分析了云南人口机会窗口的特征和给社会经济发展带来的潜在机遇,第二部分指出由于劳动就业压力、资本市场不健全和老龄化问题突出等阻碍着我们获取人口红利,最后对收获人口红利的支撑体系进行了简要探讨。     

流动人口信用缺失的经济学探析

从成本收益的角度看,流动人口强流动性的特点决定了他们更易选择违约,但并非所有的流动人口都选择违约。这是因为其违约的原因有多种,只有条件具备时他们才选择违约。由于流动人口数量已经占到我国总人口的十分之一还要多,因此有必要关注其诚信问题,采取相应措施提高其诚信水平。