儒学道统思想的发展演变

儒学道统思想是中华文化的重要组成部分,通观儒学道统思想的历史发展和演变,大致可分为早期追溯,从伏羲到周公,以文王仁政和周公之礼为代表;从孔子到汉儒,以孔孟仁义之道为代表;从韩愈到程朱陆王,以超越时代的心传说和天理论为代表;20世纪20年代以来的现代新儒家,以由内圣心性之学开出科学民主新外王说为代表等几个互相联系又互相区别由古到今的发展阶段。儒学道统思想的形成、发展演变与传承对中国文化产生了重要影响,集中反映了中国社会文化发展的本质和各个时代精神的精华,体现了中国文化演变与发展的大趋势。     

古代气象观测、民间信仰与文学创作的多学科视角——《西游记》中猪八戒水神形象的演变

先秦时期古人已经可以通过观察动物以及风云的异常,预测即将到来的降雨。"浴猪"与"黑猪过河"就是古人利用猪的习性与气象的变化预测降雨的方法。因此猪逐渐被神化为地上之河伯、水神,另外由于受到"天豕主沟渎"这一古代星占学说的影响,地上之河伯与天上星宿"天豕"皆为猪神形象的民间信仰在普通民众中广泛传播,《西游记》中天蓬元帅猪八戒的形象就是受此影响产生的。这一演变体现了古人从自然观察开始,到民间信仰的形成,再到影响文学创作的复杂过程,深刻诠释了文化形态在其发展演变过程中长期性、融合性与复杂性的特点,而文化形态的这些特征也决定了猪八戒原型来源的多元性。     

《天问》与《山海经》的神格化意象互证

在中国现存典籍文献中，关于古代神话传说的文化遗存及神话意象形态的传承演变过程来看，《天问》与《山海经》中所载神话颇多启承之处，对二者相似相通的神化意象结合文献进行比较分析，互证其文化意蕴及艺术意象，探寻中国传统文化发展历程中中原文化与楚地文明之间多元互融的一体化脉络。     

关注我们这个时代的哲学走向理论自觉的文化哲学(笔谈)

●主持人话语:关于价值和文化现象的思考,在古希腊和中国先秦的哲学思考中已经有之,但文化哲学作为一种自觉的理论研究领域则是相对晚近的事情。文化哲学的理论自觉主要不是哲学理性自身内在逻辑演变的结果,而首先是人类文化走向自觉的现实历史进程的结果。19世纪下半叶,特别是进入20世纪后,西方社会历史的两个方面的基本事实使文化层面由历史的深层凸现到历史进程的表层:一是理性化进程中文化模式对个体和社会演进的影响;二是西方所经历的传统理性文化模式的危机。在这种背景下,先是19世纪下半叶文化人类学关于文化现象的实证考察和研究,为…     

孙中山的对日态度及演变

本文系统地论述了孙中山对日本态度的演变过程,并通过大量史料对其原因进行了分析。文章把这一演变过程划分为从求援日本朝野到幻想联合日本政府;从对日的局部的感性批判到全面的理性批判;从对日的公开抵制到坚决反对等三个阶段。认为这种划分法,既符合孙中山对日态度演变的实际,又合乎历史的认识规律。作者认为,孙中山对日态度的转变是由他二十多年同日本交往的实践和帝国主义尤其是日本帝国主义侵略中国的实际所决定的。     

集体主义框架下个人价值定位的历史演进

在中国社会主义发展的不同历史时期,随着经济社会的深刻变革,集体主义发生了重大的改变.集体主义的核心内涵是个人价值定位.在集体主义历史演变的大背景下,个人价值定位经历了一个由从属性的强化到独立性的显现,再到与集体价值有机融合的演变过程.     

市民社会理论及其研究进路——以中国特色社会主义社会为基准

市民社会理论在西方经历了指向政治领域、经济领域和文化领域的演变过程。中国当前是在经济意义上使用市民社会概念,但这并不意味着中国社会要建构成19世纪那种真正的市民社会。当代资本主义和中国社会现实均昭示着克服此种市民社会弊病的必要性和急迫性。中国特色社会主义社会可以也必然在相当长历史时期内存在市民社会领域;市民社会与社会主义社会是手段与目的、局部与整体、附属与主导关系。     

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<正>辽宁双台河口保护区不迁徙丹顶鹤增多辽宁盘锦双台河口国家级自然保护区自2011年发现野外越冬丹顶鹤以来,种群数量不断增加。2011年在野外发现越冬丹顶鹤5只、灰鹤2只,今年分别增加到30只和4只。工作人员介绍,冬季气温偏高、人工饲养的丹顶鹤的招引作用、野外鸟类的投食力度加大等是主要原因。@国家林业局     

德国文化概念的历史演变

本文试图概述文化这一概念——从18世纪末最初作为与社会相对的概念到以后“主要作为与民族相对的概念”(埃利亚斯语)——的历史演变过程。在这一演变过程中,相应出现了文化的阶级作用到国家作用的转变,以及作为与精英文化相对立的意识形态到民族国家出现的情况下作为动员群众的替代物,即宗教的转变。而且,我们还可以通过这一概念本身的变化(从文化的普遍意义到特殊意义的转变)找到这种阶级作用到国家作用的变化的原因。在社会理论中,普遍性常常与理性和公     

中国古代书法的韵律

中国书法艺术博大精深,它有着悠久的历史。透视中国古代书法的发展演变,不同历史时期,跃动书家作品不同的韵律,呈现书家个人鲜明的艺术风格。这种韵律是书"法"化了的精神世界的外延,它具有人格化的艺术魅力,是书家从生活中汲取艺术营养和遵循艺术法度的统一;以抽象的手段抒情写兴,是书家创作的宗旨,也是书法传统的核心。     

唐宋诗词中的“鸣鹤”意象

“唳鹤”是唐宋诗词中的重要意象之一,具有丰富的文学文化内涵。古人对鹤唳的解释多种多样,如警露而鸣、知时而呜等。唐宋诗词中的“唳鹤”意象与“鸣鹤”意象的内涵往往存在着细微的差别,“唳鹤”意象主要用来表现鹤声的清远、高亮,但“鸣鹤”意象却多用来象征君子。此外,“鸣鹤”意象还衬托了和暖的天气,而“唳鹤”意象则往往与月、白露、秋等意象联用,表现诗人由此生发的“感兴”或者营造美丽的意境。     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

Is subsidiarity a conditio sine qua non for sustainability?

This paper argues that subsidiarity is a condicio sine qua non for sustainability. Through the complexity paradigm, the paper provides a historical reconstruction of both concepts to the end of elucidating their interdependence. The main thesis is that subsidiarity to sustainability is what self-organisation is to emergence. The paper ends with a sketch of future global governance structures based on a subsidiarity where cities take the lead on sustainability.