The Many-Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, and the Atlantic Working Class in the Eighteenth Century

Abstract This article uses the myth of the many-headed Hydra, commonly employed by members of various ruling classes around the Atlantic to describe the class struggles that surrounded them, to illuminate the history of the working class in the eighteenth century. It concentrates on two groups of workers, wage laborers (especially sailors) and slaves, two zones of the Atlantic, Europe and North America, and four moments in the history of the Atlantic working class: 1747, when, in the Knowles Riot in Boston, sailors and slaves fought the King's press gangs and in so doing created one of the central ideas of the 'Age of Revolution' 1768, when, in the London port strike, sailors, Irish coal heavers, and others pioneered one of the central ideas and activities of the modern working-class movement, the strike; 1776, when, in the American Revolution, sailors and slaves helped to instigate and win the world's first colonial war for liberation; and 1780, when, in the Gordon Riots, the polyglot working class of London liberated the prisons amid the greatest municipal insurrection of the eighteenth century. It argues that fixed, static notions of race, ethnicity, and nationality among historians have obscured a vital world of cooperation and accomplishment within a multi-racial, multi-ethnic, international working class.     

Globalization of Culture and the Arts

This article examines the state of the field in the sociological literature on the globalization of culture and focuses on key empirical works in the globalization of the arts. The first part of the article presents the main trends in theorizing about the globalization of culture in its broadest terms, that is, the large-scale changes in worldviews that both facilitate and are made possible by globalization such as modernization, universalism, consumerism, and McDonaldization. The second part of the article examines empirical work on television, music, and the performing arts in light of theorizing about globalization and commodification, audience reception, localization and glocalization, the role of the state, imperialism, global cultural fields, and global norms. In terms of theory, the article explores the tension between globalization's homogenizing and diversifying tendencies. The review of the empirical literature includes research conducted in Cuba, Israel, Italy, Japan, Russia, Singapore, the USA, and Uzbekistan.     

浅谈一体化教学与职校教师的职业能力提升

实施一体化教学的首要条件是教师队伍的建设,其核心是教师职业能力的提升。现阶段职业学校教师职业能力仍有不足,尚未完全适应一体教学的需要。这些不足主要有理念不到位、教师一言堂、管理任务重、职业经历缺和企业深入少五点。针对不足,提出了营造氛围、注重反思、主配互换、剥离职能、培训多样、产学合作和强化考核七条操作性强的具体措施。     

中国青年文化景观的形成轨迹与引导理路

中华人民共和国成立以来,特别是改革开放以来,青年文化发展出现服从与反思、解放与迷茫、理性与矛盾勾勒的变迁图景,也反映出新时代青年文化的发展趋向。新时代的青年文化景观既具有青年文化的预见性与超越性、进取性和建构性、理想性和生活性等共性特征,又突出表现为雅俗共赏、进退有度、家国兼顾的时代特性。新时代,应注重从个人追求与社会理想的统一、独立思想与过硬本领的统一、青春热情与社会担当的统一几方面入手,突出政治引领、思想引领、责任引领在青年文化引导上的关键作用,推动青年文化持续向前发展。     

后现代思潮对我国青少年的影响与对策

出于反思"现代性"而出现的后现代主义,目前已经发展成"带有西方色彩"的全球性社会思潮。它反对理性主义、整体主义、中心主义,主张多元价值取向,注重人文关怀,具有否定的全面性与不彻底性、价值取向的无中心性、传播形式的灵活性与多样性、行为表现的随意性等特点。后现代主义在一定程度上有助于培养我国青少年的批判性思维,有助于青少年的天性成长,但也往往易于模糊青少年的是非判断标准,侵蚀青少年积极有为的责任担当,诱使青少年养成享乐主义的生活习惯。为此,需要从强化社会主义核心价值观的引领作用、加强对西方后现代思潮的理论研究、加强人文精神和心理健康方面的教育、引领网络与大众传播方向等方面做文章。     

房子与骰子:财富交换之链的个案研究

在礼物—交换理论中,互惠是一个支配性的概念,费孝通提出的反馈模式也深受影响。本文基于一个浙江村落的民族志资料,考察了家户经济中财富的流通模式,并反思了互惠概念在解释中国社会方面的有效性及其限度。在村落和家户中,互惠行为的确占有相当重要的地位,如工作、交易、人情来往、赌博等。与此同时,在家户经济中,还有一些不可转让之物,如土地、坟墓、房屋等财产,这些传家宝只能向下逐代传递,而不能进入流通的领域。在这一意义上,在研究汉人社会时,运用费孝通的反馈模式,也应考虑他关于根的论述。     

2011年中国内地港口城市空间价值评估

港口城市具有港口和城市的双重内涵,是港口和城市的有机结合体。本报告选取了中国（大陆地区）2010年货物吞吐量超过1亿吨的23个港口城市进行研究。报告共分六部分。报告的序中介绍了港口城市的内涵、特征及选取;第一部分分析了中国港口城市经济发展现状、特点、趋势及存在的问题;第二部分首先介绍了本报告的理论基础——资源空间理论,重点介绍了价值五力,然后分析了港口城市价值影响因素,即资源空间承栽力、资源空间驱动力、资源空间辐射力、资源空间整合力和资源空间支撑力（亦即价值五力）;第三部分介绍了中国内地港口城市空间价值评估评价思路与原则、评价技术方法和指标体系;第四部分是中国内地港口城市价值综合排名、分要素排名和价值提升因素分析;第五部分是对上海、深圳、广州等重点港口城市空间价值评估的实证研究;第六部分是提升港口城市价值的对策建议。通过运用价值五力模型对2010年中国内地港口城市的价值分析,报告得出上海、深圳、广州、南京、苏州、天津、武汉、青岛、宁波、大连位于内地港口城市价值排名前十。     

Social change and the family: Comparative perspectives from the west,China, and South Asia

This paper examines the influence of social and economic change on family structure and relationships: How do such economic and social transformations as industrialization, urbanization, demographic change, the expansion of education, and the long-term growth of income influence the family? We take a comparative and historical approach, reviewing the experiences of three major sociocultural regions: the West, China, and South Asia. Many of the changes that have occurred in family life have been remarkably similar in the three settings—the separation of the workplace from the home, increased training of children in nonfamilial institutions, the development of living arrangements outside the family household, increased access of children to financial and other productive resources, and increased participation by children in the selection of a mate. While the similarities of family change in diverse cultural settings are striking, specific aspects of change have varied across settings because of significant pre-existing differences in family structure, residential patterns of marriage, autonomy of children, and the role of marriage within kinship systems.     

Capitalism,Protestantism and the Private Family: Comparisons among Early Modern England,France, and the American Colonies*

The study of western family change lies disintegrated, divided into two largely independent intellectual communities–family history and theoretical family sociology. An integration of the two fields is proposed. The results of family historical research from three national cases, England, France, and the North American Colonies, are used to evaluate critically the family theories of Parsons, Seccombe, Zaretsky, and Horkheimer. The pattern of family organization regarded as modern, including the differentiation of the family from other social institutions, the emergence of companionate marriage, and the consolidation of authority over the family in the role of the father, characterize the family systems of England and the Colonies better than that of France. A theory of modern family organization is proposed that identifies the emergence of a culturally dominant middle class and the institutionalization of Protestantism as facilitating conditions for the development of this private family system.     

"Disease Incarnate": Biopolitical Discourse and Genocidal Dehumanisation in the Age of Modernity

Abstract  This paper traces the development of the concept of the outgroup as a biological threat, and the relationship of this concept to the practice of genocide. The biopolitical discourse which emerged in the modern period made the practice of genocide conceivable, and constructed genocide as justifiable and as necessary. Two developments in the modern period are highlighted: firstly, the conception of the boundaried and ethnically homogenous nation-state, and secondly, new biological theories about race, and about the spread of disease. Discourse emerging from the biological sciences dehumanised outgroups both literally and metaphorically. This dehumanisation, in combination with the ideal of the homogenous nation-state and the new technologies of population, provided a justification and a motivation for genocide, and a model of implementation. Conceptions of the nature of dehumanisation as a process are examined, with specific reference to the role of language and metaphor, and to concepts of hygiene, purity and contamination. Particular attention is paid to eugenics and Social Darwinism, to the role of physicians in genocide, and to the relationship between medical and military vocabularies. The features of this discourse, its persistence, and its commonality in otherwise widely different genocidal episodes, are exposed through an examination of four twentieth-century genocides (Armenia, Nazi genocide, Cambodia, and the former Yugoslavia).     

城镇化过程中投融资问题研究——基于公共服务的视角

由于现有的公共服务存在着种种不足,我国城镇化发展速度受到一定的制约。通过投融资体制机制的创新来促进公共服务的有效供给,一方面能够显著加快我国新型城镇化的进程,另一方面也能有效提高城镇化的质量。构建与新型城镇化相适应的投融资机制,应满足可持续性和多样性的原则,从多渠道为公共服务的供给筹集资金;增强地方财政在城镇化进程中的自我发展能力,建立稳定的筹资机制;建立政府、企业和个人共同投资的多元化投融资机制,通过市场机制为城镇化建设融资拓宽渠道;引导和支持民间资本进入基础产业、基础设施建设、市政公用事业、社会事业、金融服务等领域,创造良好的投资环境,推进公共服务和公共产品提供方式的社会化和市场化。     

Cultural Studies in Black and White

Political intervention is deeply etched in the history and theory of Cultural Studies. The vehicle of intervention is typically understood as textual and the measure of success as ‘has it changed the world?’ This graphic and textual essay argues for and enacts thinking of and practising intervention more innovatively and more modestly: as equally extra-textual, and as a site for experimentation in the folds among theory, practice, and the quotidian. The author’s original black and white charcoal and pastel images are paired with text to explore the potential for an articulation of the visual and the textual to engage, convey, actualize, and produce concepts and insights of Cultural Studies. In evocative images and accessible language it enacts a new mode of engaging the theory and practice of Cultural Studies, specifically engaging concepts of articulation and assemblage, movement and things, questions of identity, the importance of affect, the power of transformation, youth cultures and resistance, The Black Lives Matter movement and matters of race, the struggles of women, the challenge of overcoming culturally engendered hatred of difference, and the difficulties of negotiating change in the precarious circumstances of contemporary culture.     

NGOs and Their Vulnerabilities During the Time of Transition: The Case of Poland

This paper focuses on the development of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in Poland, as a case study of the sector's development in the Central and Eastern European countries of transition. It is argued that, in this situation, the development and growth of the NGO sector though shaped, as in the West, by a set of legislative, political, economic, cultural, and historical forces, nevertheless is circumscribed by the specific conditions of political transformation. The nature of and the power with which legislative, fiscal, or organizational forces condition the development of the sector varies according to the scale at which they operate (local, national, or international). Moreover, it is argued that the position of NGOs is significantly regulated by the state's political ideology, and the formative and evolving character of the latter translates into instability in states' actions vis-à-vis the nonprofit sector.     

发展文化产业应做好四大设计

国际文化产业发展经验和规律表明,大都市是发展文化产业的排头兵,只有紧密依靠大都市的复合产业链优势,才能将文化产业做大做强。应对文化产业发展的目的、规律、手段和路径应当作深入的思考,结合中国实际学习国际经验,理清发展的思路。     

Reforms of Tax Systems in Transition Countries

In the 15 years since the beginning of their transformation reforms, nearly all 27 post-socialist countries have adopted the three main taxes typical for a market economy, namely, personal income tax, corporate income tax, and value-added tax. However, there is great diversity in the detailed solutions, rates, deductions, allowances, and tax bases applied to taxes in these countries. Nevertheless, the basic prerequisite for the further enhancement of these systems has been met. In recent years, it has been possible to observe a clear tendency to broaden tax bases and reduce the top income tax rates. In spite of this, serious problems persist, as regards further improvement of the functioning of the system, increasing its transparency and homogeneity, and limiting implementation problems. For some countries, this is a very serious problem, particularly in connection with the so-called quasi-tax activity in the area of energy resources and the size of the informal economy. The paper also provides a short comparative analysis of the size of public revenues in a historical context – from the beginning of the transformation process to the beginning of the current millennium.     

Land of hope and dreams: slavery and abolition in the Dutch Leeward islands, 1825–1865

The asymmetry of laws concerning the abolition of slavery and the emancipation of slaves in the Atlantic world in the early-to-mid nineteenth century led to a range of responses on the part of inhabitants of the Dutch Leeward islands of Saba, St. Eustatius, and St. Martin. These ranged from activism, adaptation, accommodation to, as this article highlights, maritime marronage on the part of the enslaved population of these islands. The Dutch Leeward islands have been understudied in the historiography of abolition and emancipation but, as this article will argue, they should be included into the larger story of how abolition was experienced on the local, regional, Atlantic, and international stages.     

上海家庭结构特征分析

目前,上海家庭结构总体呈现:夫妇核心家庭、一人户家庭明显上升;标准核心家庭明显下降;三代直系家庭维持稳定。但是,从上海户籍细分来看,外来人口家庭结构已在很大程度上影响了上海的家庭结构模式,并在一人户家庭、夫妇核心家庭、标准核心家庭、三代直系家庭等家庭结构方面与上海户籍家庭存在着巨大的差异。基于第六次人口普查数据分析,提出以下建议:外来人口家庭已成为上海家庭结构中的重要单元,面对外来人口家庭结构年轻化的特点,对教育、卫生等公共服务设施的配备要未雨绸缪;上海户籍家庭的晚婚晚育与低生育率显著,合理的生育政策将有助于家庭间的代际扶持;上海户籍三代直系家庭比例保持稳定,政府应鼓励这种代际扶持。     

Emigration dynamics in Bangladesh

This study of emigration dynamics opens by noting that emigration is one of the most dynamic economic and social elements in Bangladesh. The history of emigration from Bangladesh is sketched, and the level and trend of emigration is described for various destinations (especially the UK, the Middle East and North Africa, and Japan) and in terms of the socioeconomic background of migrants, channels of migration, occupations, the potential level of emigration, and applications for US Visas. The next section of the report presents the economic and demographic setting in terms of the gross national and domestic products, quality of life, the size and distribution of the population, the labor force, literacy, unemployment and underemployment, urbanization, internal migration, poverty, and income distribution. The discussion then centers on the sociopolitical setting and such factors as unmet basic human needs, the demand for expatriate workers, and emigration policy. It is concluded that the desperate economic situation in Bangladesh has combined with the demand for expatriate workers and the development of institutions to facilitate emigration. The result is increasing interest in emigration, which is fueled by mass communication highlighting the differences between the quality of life in Bangladesh and abroad.