文本中的政治秩序:对六朝志怪小说书写的新考察

作为一种与政治文化系统充分结合的文学活动,六朝志怪书写无法逃离权力话语的影响与规约.一方面,部分志怪小说在创作之初即带有明确的政治目的;另一方面,受制于历史语境与撰者身份背景,一些志怪小说不自觉地贯彻官方意志.以上两者共同使志怪小说呈现出当时政权所欲表现的政治安排与次序,即政治秩序.挖掘六朝志怪文本中隐匿的政治操控因素,旨在观察权力在其中的运作方式与言说策略,为理解六朝志怪文学的写作性质与内容样态增添一个新的思考维度.     

性别视角:清代侠义小说的新景观

文体上,清前期的剑侠女性沿袭了唐人小说的叙事手法,蒲松龄用传奇法而以志怪,使这类形象更具可塑性.清末侠女形象渐与烟花粉黛合流.章回小说的侠女分为"英雄儿女类"小说的佳人化侠女与"英雄传奇类"小说中的妖寒女子.她们的社会身份和性别特质,决定了小说的情节模式和婚姻主题.清代小说显示了从剑侠向女性气质和传统的性别角色回归的趋势,明清社会妇德观的改变是人物演化的深层原因.     

家族记忆、文化空间与地方信仰——鲁应龙《闲窗括异志》中的宋末嘉兴书写

鲁应龙的《闲窗括异志》是宋末的一部志怪小说集.书中对以当湖为中心的嘉兴府地区进行了集中书写.围绕着当地的民间传说与怪异故事,鲁应龙记述了式微科举世家鲁氏的家族记忆、当湖文化空间中的自然人文景观以及宋末嘉兴、海盐、华亭诸县的地方民间信仰.《闲窗括异志》嘉兴书写这一个案,比较典型地体现了志怪小说对于地方家族、文化、信仰的独特书写方式.与同时期的方志相比,志怪小说的地方书写多是一种具象的呈现和个人化的叙述.这种具象呈现和个人化叙述更有助于我们重构当时真实的信仰、文化图景.     

唐传奇小说与日本近代文学

唐传奇是在六朝志怪小说基础上发展起来的一种文言短篇小说。它一反志怪小说的专门记鬼神怪异之事,大多取材现实生活,揭露社会矛盾;题材广泛,情节曲折,结构完整,文笔精细,人物形象鲜明,是我国古典小说史上的一大跃进。标志着中国小说进入成熟阶段,为后世的文言小说乃至白话小说积累了宝贵的创作经验。     

女权的强化与妇女形象的重塑─—唐传奇女性品格刍议

女权的强化与妇女形象的重塑─—唐传奇女性品格刍议李炳海唐人始有意识地创作小说，唐传奇出现一批栩栩如生的人物形象，其中妇女占有较大比重。唐传奇是在大唐帝国孕育生成的，作品中各类人物具有鲜明的时代特征，尤其是妇女形象和以往志怪小说的女性相比，呈现出迥然有...     

《聊斋志异》对小说美学的把握

《聊斋志异》对小说美学的把握黄德烈中国古代的小说，从文体上分，有文言和白话两种。文言小说曾经历过汉魏六朝志怪小说和唐传奇小说两个繁荣阶段。宋、元、明时期，白话小说渐兴，但不很成熟。清初蒲松龄再以文言形式创作了他的短篇小说集《聊斋志异》，在当时可谓异军...     

《诗经》与志怪小说

志怪小说的源头是志怪故事,志怪故事包括神话传说、宗教迷信传说和地理博物传说。《诗经》中包含的若干神话传说和原始宗教的成分以及寓言诗,本质上属志怪故事,具有小说的萌芽。因而,《诗经》当为志怪小说的源头之一。     

文言小说“谐”与“笑”解

文言小说"谐"与"笑"常常被理解为诙谐、嘲弄、滑稽、幽默等等与笑话和喜剧有关的词义内涵。而事实上,在文言小说中,"谐"与"笑"有着大于谐谑的内涵。"传奇"最初是对相对于正史而言的地位低下的小说的谦称,但到明万历以后小说虚构已被更多的人所接受,以传奇法而志怪甚至成为有意的创作手段。到清代中期,文言小说观念的变迁异常明显,作家对小说"非信实"文体特征公开认同,对谐词胜于正史的教化作用相当自信,上述这些都是小说虚构观念发展的表现和证明。     

论古代白犬书写的文化内涵——以史志、 志怪小说为中心

从文献记载看,古代白犬书写的意义指向比较复杂,总体来看表现为两大文化功能:一是用以祈福辟邪;二是象征怪异.白犬用来祈福辟邪,主要表现在祭祀祈禳、 豢养以辟邪和进入药理几个方面;而象征怪异这一文化现象,先是经过汉代谶纬叙事的发挥而广泛流布,后又进入志怪小说的精怪叙事,在后世形成了谶纬叙事与精怪叙事并存的故事形态."见白犬必有灾咎"这一言说模式得以固定下来.     

陇土生活与唐小说的繁荣

陇土生活与唐小说的繁荣王晶波在中国小说的历史发展中，唐代是一个承前启后的关键时期，一方面，魏晋以来代有撰作的文言小说渐趋成熟，志怪一变而为传奇，小说开始成为有意识的艺术创作活动，并且更加贴近现实生活，一时作者蜂起，佳作如林，形成了中国文言小说创作中的...     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

循环经济与可持续发展刍议

发展循环经济已经成为当今世界的潮流和趋势,循环经济将经济活动组织成为"资源-产品-消费-再生资源"的物质反复循环的闭环式流程,从上世纪90年代确定可持续发展战略以来,发达国家正在把发展循环经济、建立循环型社会看作是实施可持续发展战略的重要途径和实现方式.循环经济是集经济、技术、社会于一体的系统工程,其启动和推广不仅需要政府、企业、科学界和公众等社会各界的不懈努力和共同参与,而且需要资金、技术以及法规、制度等软硬环境的强力支撑.     

Feminist Criticism in The Scarlet Letter

The Scarlet Letter written by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a great book. Through feminist criticism we can get how The Scarlet Letter may be read as dramatizing Hester Prynne's spiritual and physical struggle to survive as an individual in a society whose values authorize the privileged power of men.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

Is subsidiarity a conditio sine qua non for sustainability?

This paper argues that subsidiarity is a condicio sine qua non for sustainability. Through the complexity paradigm, the paper provides a historical reconstruction of both concepts to the end of elucidating their interdependence. The main thesis is that subsidiarity to sustainability is what self-organisation is to emergence. The paper ends with a sketch of future global governance structures based on a subsidiarity where cities take the lead on sustainability.