重构政府价值与制度——实现中国梦的制度逻辑反思

中国目前基本的制度框架包括三个层次：宪法层次、法律层次、行政法规和规章层次。从制度本身的性质来说,对一个国家的稳定和发展具有决定意义的是政治行政制度和经济制度。中国的政治行政体制改革是一个长期的、与社会主义发展过程相始终的渐进过程,但在30多年的改革过程中所暴露出来的一些制度性问题,特别是社会转轨时期容易产生的＂制度漏洞＂问题则亟待通过制度安排认真解决。中国政治行政体制改革必须依据宪法和社会发展现状有计划、有步骤和渐进式地进行。从整体上来看,中国的政治行政体制改革基本上分为三个层面：价值理念、政治制度和行政制度。中国社会主义公共行政体制改革和发展的基本方向是建立＂人民政府模式＂,强调＂规模适度化政府＂,这是由中国社会现实的特殊性所决定的,是提高政府效率的基本因素。我国社会主义公共机构的民主化制度建设将是实现＂中国梦＂的关键所在。     

Social work in the making: The state and social work development in China

The instrumental role of government in the development of social work in China has led to questions about its political function. So far, little has been reported on how the government has “made” social work in China. To fill this gap, we first provide a brief chronological review of major policies and activities of the Chinese government in its making of social work in China. The state's intervention has indeed been massive and crucial although, politically, it may limit the mandate of social work in China. Yet, we argue that the development of the social work profession in China is generating institutional space for the emerging civil society to take a more active role in welfare service delivery. Situated and mediating between the state and the emerging civil society, the social work profession in China will need to constantly negotiate its mandate to meet the needs of both sides.     

中国与印度的流浪儿童救助工作的比较

中国和印度占世界人口总数约40%,同为发展中国家,中国和印度流浪儿童数量都很庞大。本文通过分析中国和印度两个国家的流浪儿童基本情况、政府救助、非政府救助等情况,借鉴印度的一些救助措施、救助理念,推动我国的流浪儿童救助工作发展。     

中国与印度的流浪儿童救助工作的比较

中国和印度占世界人口总数约40%,同为发展中国家,中国和印度流浪儿童数量都很庞大。本文通过分析中国和印度两个国家的流浪儿童基本情况、政府救助、非政府救助等情况,借鉴印度的一些救助措施、救助理念,推动我国的流浪儿童救助工作发展。     

Child protection in China: threats and opportunities

Abstract

Since the inception of the Law on Protection of Minors in 1991, the Chinese government has increasingly emphasised child protection development by promulgating domestic legislation on children’s protection, and establishing policy and service delivery goals. This article critically appraises relevant academic literature, policy documents in relationship to the development of China’s child protection system. We found that although child protection policies exist, enforcement at local levels is characterised by sectorial fragmentation. There is a need to increase government-led initiatives in child protection, to strengthen the institution of family as a protective factor for children, to enhance professional competency and to develop innovative service delivery in partnership with civil society.     

Young children's social withdrawal and teacher–child relationship quality: A cross-cultural comparison between the Netherlands and China

The present study investigated how young children's (5-to-8-year-olds) social inhibition and solitary behavior were associated with teacher–child relationship quality and whether these associations differed across the Netherlands and China. The Dutch sample included 35 teachers and 201 children (49% girls). The Chinese sample consisted of 19 teachers and 152 children (50% girls). Teachers rated children's social inhibition and solitary behavior, and their relationship (closeness, conflict) with each child. Multilevel linear modeling revealed that in both countries, social inhibition was associated negatively with closeness and solitary behavior was associated positively with conflict. These associations were equally strong in China and the Netherlands. One association differed across countries: Social inhibition was associated negatively with conflict in the Netherlands, whereas this association was not significant in China. As such, cultural values could affect how social inhibition links to teacher–child relationships. Caution is recommended when generalizing findings from one country to another country.     

Storytelling as a tool: A family-based intervention for newly resettled Syrian refugee children

The conflict in Syria has resulted in a humanitarian emergency and one of the largest refugee crises in history. The Canadian government has welcomed over 40,000 Syrian refugees. Stressors caused by instability, conflict, and the resettlement process put refugee children at high risk for mental health problems. Anxiety is a common problem experienced by refugee children. Thus, early intervention is crucial to promote their adequate adaptation and development. This study explores the impact and value of a culturally specific family-based storybook intervention for newly resettled Syrian refugee children. Six refugee families participated. Anxiety symptoms were measured before and after the intervention, and families shared their experiences, thoughts, and feedback regarding the intervention. The results showed a significant decrease in children's anxiety symptoms. Furthermore, qualitative analyses demonstrated that the intervention was culturally relevant to Syrian refugee families and that it was effective in promoting children's overall well-being, agency, and family connectedness.     

The Social Meaning of Motherhood in Russia Today

The Soviet state always emphasized and extolled the role of motherhood, or the woman's "function" of motherhood as it was called in the 1920s. Symbolic incentives for bearing children for the state were very well developed, even though material incentives lagged rather far behind (see, for example, [1-4]). Now everything has changed: there is practically no state support, even symbolic, for mothers and children. It is interesting to determine, in this regard, what changes have taken place on the individual level, the motives for bearing children in today's Russia, and the place of child bearing in the overall picture of women's aspirations in life. The object of the present article is a picture of women's child-bearing behavior in our country and their view of this area.     

转型期的中国公民社会：发展与前瞻

随着市场经济和民主政治的发展,中国的公民社会正在迅速崛起。公民社会能够沟通政府与公民,重塑政府与社会的关系,制约政府权力,推进民主进程,有效解决社会矛盾与冲突。中国公民社会的发展面临着历史文化传统、当政者的价值理念、政治制度环境、市场经济的不完善发展、公民社会自身的缺陷等一系列现实障碍。我国应该正视当下公民社会官民二重性的客观现实,借鉴后发国家已经成功的法团主义路径,探索具有中国特色的道路,实现由国家法团主义向社会法团主义的转型。     

社会流动与政治信任：基于CGSS2006数据的实证研究

本文通过中国综合社会调查（CGSS2006）数据,详细分析了中国的社会流动对民众政治信任的影响。研究表明,中国30年的改革开放和经济发展为民众提供了大量向上流动的机会,并给他们带来改善生活的希望。人们所经历的向上代际流动和代内流动,以及对向上流动的感知与预期都显著增强了他们的政治信任。结果显示,社会经济发展为人们带来的向上流动的经历与期望有助于维护社会政治稳定。     

Correcting misconceptions about the development of social work in China: a response to Hutchings and Taylor

Hutchings and Taylor, in their article entitled ‘Defining the profession? Exploring an international definition of social work in the China context’[International Journal of Social Welfare 16: 381–389], no doubt had good intentions in offering their account of the development of social work in China, as the opening and concluding sections of the article show. Within the text, however, their critique of contemporary social work in China is, in my opinion, unfair in relation to, among other things, (i) the undemocratic nature of the Chinese political system, which they say hinders the development of social work in China; (ii) the ideology of the Communist Party, the government, and traditional Chinese culture, which they say are at odds with Western social work's value system and methodology; thus concluding that (iii) it is doubtful whether social work development in China could integrate with that of the international community. In this response, I comment on (i) the information base of the authors; (ii) the disconnection between their conceptualisation and historical facts; and (iii) their use of the international definition of social work.     

Responding to child maltreatment: Comparison between the USA and China

A recent study estimated that over one‐fourth of Chinese children have suffered maltreatment (Fang et al., 2015 ). However, the current child welfare policy in China is limited to orphans, abandoned children, and children with disabilities. Also, there is very little comparative research in China on Chinese and other countries’ child welfare systems. The purpose of this study was to analyze applicable US and Chinese child welfare policies, identify gaps in Chinese policy regarding child maltreatment, and make recommendations for a policy agenda for improving child welfare in China based on cultural values and existing policy structures. Results show that China has considerable capacity to make improvements in child protective services, foster care, and adoption policies. Based on the results of this study, several implications are provided to develop China's child maltreatment policy to increase children's outcomes of well‐being, safety, and permanency. Key Practitioner Message: ? To understand the background and system of current Chinese child maltreatment policy; ? To review US child maltreatment policy and its implementation to identify gaps in the Chinese child maltreatment system; ? To provide policy suggestions to develop Chinese child maltreatment policy and provide recommendations for social work education and practice in China.     

The Idea of the Judicial System in a Large Country and the Development of International Civil Procedure in China*

The development of China’s international civil procedure should correspond to the development of the country’s reform and opening to the outside world. As a large economic country, China needs to draw on international civil procedures to guarantee its worldwide interests; and as a large country with the rule of law, it needs to improve the level of its judicial services and enhance the market attraction of its judicial system in global dispute resolution. Given that a country’s judicial system is an important element in measuring its comprehensive competitiveness, the global competitiveness of our international civil procedure is one of the goals to be pursued in the reform of Chinese judicial system. In order to raise the level of Chinese international civil procedure, China should emphasize the idea of the judicial system of a large country and prioritize its competitiveness, service orientation and cooperative approach to dispute resolution. In addition, it should focus on the following reforms: firstly, establishing a specialized system of international civil jurisdiction, with an increase in matters for competitive jurisdiction; secondly, enhancing China’s specialist services capacity in international civil actions, highlighting the expedient protection given to the rights of the parties concerned and stressing the professional development of judicial bodies in the commercial field; and thirdly, strengthening international judicial cooperation and facilitating the global movement of Chinese judgments.     

全球治理:中国不干涉政策与国际法

一直以来,独立自主的和平外交政策是中国政府开展对外关系的基石,集中体现为坚定奉行不干涉政策。随着经济全球化进程以及中国"走出去"战略的不断推进,一方面,中国国家利益开始遍布海外,并与他国利益相互交织在一起;另一方面,中国参与全球治理也需要让渡部分主权性权利。越来越多的人认为,中国政府一味机械地固守不干涉政策似乎显得有点陈腐和过时。因此,在继续恪守不干涉他国内部事务和尊重他国主权等国际法基本原则的基础上,中国政府需要适时和灵活地调整以往对外严格奉行的不干涉政策,积极而创造性地介入国际事务,这对于其在新时期担负起"负责任大国"的角色、参与塑造新的世界秩序以及促进当代国际法的发展都具有十分重要的战略意义。     

核心组织的架空：强政府下社团运作分析——对H市Y社团的个案研究*

以国家法团主义的理论视角作分析,国内许多由政府出面组建的社会团体大多采用主动依附性的生存策略,在强政府那里获得认可、授权和相应的垄断性地位。这可能是一种中国特色,也在一定意义上意味着国内社会团体的空间在慢慢放大。不过,这是一个“先整合、后分化”的过程,这种状态表明了中国目前存在着一种颇具中国特色的国家和社会之间的关系。     

Charity Development in China An Overview

While benefiting from the wealth generated by economic reform, China has also faced increasing social and environmental problems. With the restructuring of state enterprises, the previous occupational-based welfare system has been abolished. To decentralize the state's role in social protection while tackling social problems, the Chinese government has tried to experiment with different social measures to diversify welfare financing and provisions. Included in the social experiments are non-governmental organizations and charities. This paper provides a critical analysis of the social context of China since its economic reform, which, we argue, paves the way for the current development of NGOs and charities. This overview of current development of NGOs and charities in China also highlights existing structural problems.     

新中国成立以来中国共产党解决民生问题的历史考察

一个国家、政党,其前途命运取决于民心向背。民心向背的关键在于能否全心全意为人民服务即解决好民生问题。新中国成立以来的前30年里,中国共产党在解决民生问题上有曲折有反复;改革开放至今的30多年里,党和政府高度关注民生、切实保障民生、极力改善民生,使中国走上了强国富民之路。回溯历史,中国共产党在解决民生问题的实践道路上既有成功的经验,也有失败的教训,其经验教训可概括为四条：必须始终从战略高度充分认识民生问题的重要性;必须坚持正确的指导思想,始终以经济建设为中心不动摇;必须突出重点,抓住主要矛盾,始终坚持＂发展是硬道理＂;必须始终坚持主要依靠制度和法律来解决民生问题。     

Center‐Based Early Childhood Education and Care in China: Policies,Trends, and Implications

The development of early childhood education and care (ECEC) policies and programs in China has been closely intertwined with social, economic, and demographic changes. This article systematically reviews center‐based ECEC policies and programs in China and presents the major trends and implications for future research and policy. The focus of China’s ECEC policy has shifted from health and custodial care to nurturing and child‐centered education since the economic reforms and the one‐child policy were launched in the late 1970s. Empirical data show that the costs of ECEC services have been continuously increasing. Both the number of children enrolled and the overall enrolment rates have declined during the late 1990s but they have increased slightly since 2001. The ECEC programs vary substantially in every regard by urban or rural residence, type of organization, and region. The quality of center‐based ECEC programs in China is still quite low, indicated by their high child–teacher ratios and low levels of education among principals and teachers relative to developed countries. Children living in rural areas or less developed regions and those from low‐income families suffer from fewer resources and lower quality ECEC as compared to their peers. These problems must be addressed by future policy interventions.     

Disaster impact and recovery: what children and young people can tell us

Christchurch's earthquakes revealed children's vulnerability to disaster but also their ability to respond and play an active role in recovery. We argue that children's voices need to be heard and given priority in the recovery process because the disaster impacts on them and their families in ways that are not recognised or well understood. We report the findings of a study undertaken with 94 Christchurch children. Its aim was to give voice to children's experiences of post-earthquake Christchurch and in doing so contribute to post-disaster recovery. The experiences of these Christchurch children offer other children, parents, government and agencies valuable insights into how to manage the recovery process in ways that best meet children's needs. In the post-disaster recovery period, decision-makers need to recognise children as authentic actors in the recovery process and should commit to hearing children's voices throughout the rebuilding. Children and young people's resilience and positive commitment to Christchurch are assets that should be capitalised on in the longer-term recovery process.     

Child abuse in China: a yet-to-be-acknowledged 'social problem' in the Chinese Mainland

Child abuse or child maltreatment has been a worldwide concern. In China, however, it receives scant attention from both academic communities and government. Chinese society has little awareness of child abuse as it is known in the West and there are apparently different conceptions and treatments of the problem. This paper attempts to delineate how the problem is now understood and treated in Mainland China. The reasons why child abuse has not yet been recognized as a social problem worthy of public concern in China are explored. It is argued that as a signatory of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child there is a need for the Chinese government, the academic community and professionals to reflect on their conception and treatment of child abuse so as to achieve more effective child protection for all children who are victims of child abuse.