我国农村土地制度创新的现实与思考

随着我国农业生产力的飞速发展,现行的农村土地制度在产权制度、流转制度、财产制度等环节暴露出很多问题。创新农村土地制度,释放农村土地生产力,是实现统筹城乡发展,消除城乡二元结构的重要途径,坚持与完善统分结合的双层经营体制模式是目前我国农村土地制度创新所必须遵守的基本原则。     

The Practice and Reconstruction of Village Communal Ownership: An Analytical Framework for Collective Forest Tenure Disputes in China

As shown in the many disputes occurring in reforms to collective forest tenure, reforms aimed at clarifying property rights that follow the contract responsibility system for arable land are not wholly compatible with the informal system of property rights followed in village communities up to the present. This highlights the fact that the existing theory of collective property rights no longer provides a sufficient or effective interpretation of the property rights game in the practice of collective forest tenure. Further, the existing institutional arrangements for collective property rights are conducive neither to the resolution of disputes over forest tenure nor to the sustainable management and utilization of forest land. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a more inclusive analytical framework for rural property rights: village communal ownership. This highlights the village community as the main force in the practice of property rights and integrates the communal ownership values accumulated and inherited in the course of village transition. The introduction of a rational mechanism developed through the practice of village communal ownership may be able to further improve and encourage the reform of rural property rights in China, leading to the construction of a modern system of rural property rights involving clear title to the land.     

The Practice and Reconstruction of Village Communal Ownership： An Analytical Framework for Collective Forest Tenure Disputes in China

中国集体林权制度改革实践中出现的诸多林权纠纷现象表明,仿效耕地承包制的明晰产权改革设计与村庄社区沿袭至今的非正式产权制度无法完全兼容,由此凸显的问题是：关于集体产权实践的既有理论已不足以对集体林权实践中展现出的产权博弈现象作出充分有效的解释。既有的集体产权制度安排,也不利于林权纠纷调处及林地的可持续经营利用。为此,有必要建构一种更具包容性的农村产权制度分析框架——村庄社区产权,以凸显村庄社区在产权实践中所具有的主体能动性,整合村庄变迁中积累传承的社区产权价值观。引入村庄社区产权实践中形成的合理机制,或许能够进一步完善和促进中国农村产权制度变革,进而建立产权明晰的现代农村产权制度。     

我国农村土地承包制度的困境、改革动向及路径选择——以越南农村土地法律制度为切入点

越南农村土地法律制度中赋予农民永久土地使用权及农村土地使用权的自由流转的经验与教训,其对完善我国农村土地承包制度具有重要意义。我国农村土地承包期限无限顺延所引发的人地不均矛盾,是关系农村社会和谐与安定的重大问题。只有赋予农民永久的土地使用权,才能解决我国农村土地承包制度所面临的困境。     

The Hutubi Model: what have we learned?

Created to address some of the limitations in China's rural retirement insurance policy, the Hutubi Model represents an innovative approach to asset building. A key feature of the model, the Hutubi loan programme, operated in Hutubi County, Xinjiang, China, from 1998 to 2010. It allowed farmers in Hutubi to borrow against their rural retirement accounts, taking loans for investment in farming and other priorities. This study examines the institutional incentives and structures that enabled the programme to help farmers build assets. We also discuss the programme's implications for the development of asset-based social policy in rural China and consider recent policy developments there. Among these is a new rural retirement social insurance programme.     

“混合地权”的制度分析及其实践逻辑——基于Z村村民小组的个案分析

本文通过“混合地权”的概念来解释中国农村土地产权的内在结构、关系和实施机制。借用制度分析方法指出,混合地权的制度系统包括财产权利、公共治理、社会关系和观念习俗等四个维度,它们是具有很强约束力的制度安排。通过对Z村村民小组的个案研究发现,不同维度的规则对混合地权的实施都产生了影响,共同决定了农地产权实施的过程和效果,使得地权实施呈现出不确定性规则的内在逻辑,陷入多重均衡和交易成本高的困境,且承包经营权和集体成员权之间的张力是根本性矛盾。个案研究还发现,农民的财产权利观念不断增强,家庭承包经营权得到了越来越多的农民认可。在经济社会转型中,应完善集体土地所有制的社会化治理机制,构建起一种平衡多方利益的现代农村土地产权制度。     

论土地保障与社会保障的性质和关系

当前我国农村缺乏完善的现代社会保障服务体系,以及土地天然地提供了一种综合性保障的事实,被一些学者解读为土地具有社会保障功能。他们认为,在当前农村政策政策背景下可以借助土地经营权流转等方式构建农村社会保障体系,这暗含着土地实际肩负着农村的部分社会保障职能和农民进入社会保障门槛需要以放弃土地权利为代价两个观点。土地的天然保障功能与社会保障之间具有异质性,土地流转带来的保障作用与社会保障之间同样具有异质性。应当尽量排除土地因素在农村社会保障建设中的作用,在“去土地化”的路向上似乎更有助于农村社会保障事业的发展。     

农民的地权选择与农地制度改革

当前中国农村土地家庭承包制度得到多数农民的认同。但是,当前农村的土地权属关系仍不明晰、不稳定,农民最担心和反对的是国家或集体剥夺农民的土地承包权。农民不仅要求土地承包权的长期稳定,还有实行土地私有化的愿望。农村土地制度改革和完善的总方向应该是:完善土地二轮延包,改革土地征用制度,建立农地退出机制,实行"农地稳定、公地调整"的政策,建立农村地价评估机制,从而进一步明晰和强化农民的土地财产权,确保"农民对土地的生产经营自主权将长期保持不变,也就是永远不变"。     

“小产权房”问题及其背后土地制度问题的初步探索——基于社会演化的视角

"小产权房"建设是农村经济社会转型期出现的自发性经济行为,而政府介入清理和整治"小产权房"则反映了背后的深层利益矛盾或土地制度问题的复杂性。本文从经济演化的视角分析了此问题,认为在尊重农民经济选择意愿尤其是农民对土地拥有完整产权的前提下,依法承认并规范"小产权房"在一定领域内流动和交易,能够显著增加农村经济要素流动性并提高农民实际福利,而政府介入尤其是相关政策制定,需要采取谨慎和科学的方式,着力减少和解决这种交易行为带来的负面外部性,着力减少对自发性经济秩序的干预,这是农村经济社会转型形成良性制度结构的演进过程。     

土地“新产权”的实践逻辑——对湖北S镇土地承包纠纷的学理阐释

本文根据湖北S镇的调查发现,土地承包纠纷的发生有着深刻的社会制度性原因。在三起土地纠纷中,农户的抗争依据不是来自现有的土地法权规定,而是来自前期制度形态所塑造的土地认知方式。祖业权、生存权和土地占有的平均主义诉求是这种土地认知的部分内容。这种土地认知与新产权的规定发生了冲突,以致基层政权无法有效地应对。因此,在现有的政治框架内,土地产权的变革需要虑及产权变革与社会制度之间的关联性。     

我国农村集体土地登记的作用与存在问题探析

农村集体土地登记是农村地籍管理的基础工作,是保护农民土地合法权益,促进集体土地流转,繁荣农村经济的重要手段。通过探讨我国农村集体土地登记的主要作用以及现行登记体系存在的不足,提出进一步完善集体土地登记制度的建议。     

我国农村集体土地登记研究进展

土地登记是国家管理土地的重要政策工具,是支持国家经济发展的制度保障。只有在广大农村进行土地登记之后,才能建立完整的地籍,实现城乡土地统一管理。大量的研究从不同的层面阐述了目前我国农村集体土地登记的现状,分析了存在的问题,但是针对各个问题的相应解决办法的研究不够深入。在农村集体登记主体、土地权利类型和土地权利内容的界定,以及农村集体土地登记相关技术问题的改进完善等问题上都还需要进一步的探讨。     

Innovations in asset building

Human advancements are fundamentally social, but innovations are not innate or automatic—they require work. Such social work is necessary to create effective strategies for human endeavour. This essay focuses on innovations in social policy and practise. To develop, families must accumulate resources for investments in education, experience, property and enterprise. Asset building creates conditions, outlooks, and behaviours that promote such investments. Singapore is home to many innovative social policies, and no other countryâ€?s policy is based so extensively on asset building. Singapore thus illustrates the importance of emphasizing social investment in the new social contract for the twenty-first century     

Policy modelling of the trade-off between agricultural development and land degradation—the Sudan case

The agricultural policy model of the trade-off between agricultural growth and land degradation that we have developed, with Sudan as an application, shares common features with the computable general equilibrium (CGE) models. The model is used to address two questions. First, what are the future prospects of a green gross domestic product (GDP), are there reasons for alarm or not, and to what extent? Secondly, which among the four policies of price incentives, property rights, poverty reduction, and human capital are more effective than the others? We show that the prospects of natural resource-friendly agricultural development in Sudan—a rising green GDP—are not promising in the medium run, but that, indeed, there is a range of effective policies and choices that could reduce the trade-off between economic growth and land degradation.     

国家政权建设与民国时期广州城市土地产权变迁(1911-1935)

本文从国家政权建设视角探讨民国时期广州城市土地产权的变迁。辛亥革命后,广东军政府通过政权更迭取得了承袭公有土地的合法性,并用法律规章明确划分出官产,以区别于私有产权。广州市政厅成立后,为了明确省、市政府在税收中的权限范围,提出“市产”之名,在市区范围的公有和共有性质的产业随之都被纳入“市产”的范围。通过铺底登记,市政府在一定程度上间接实现了对双重产权的管理。最后,政府通过设立土地局进行土地登记,以实现私有土地的产权确认,进而征收土地税。至此,现代国家政府与民众在土地事务上重新确立了契约关系,城市土地产权管理体系初步确立。     

Asset‐based policy in rural China: an innovation in the retirement social insurance programme1

In response to growing rural–urban inequality, China is undertaking a series of policy initiatives to promote rural development. In addition to redistributive policy aiming at social protection, asset‐based policy, which integrates social protection and social investment, are a viable option for progressive rural development. In 1998, the Hutubi local government in Xinjiang, China, implemented an innovative retirement programme that allows account holders to use accounts as legal collateral to borrow small loans and invest in productive assets, education, and small businesses. Using the data gathered by the programme organizers and in‐depth interviews with programme participants, this case study closely examines the Hutubi programme. We examine the programme's key features, which have effectively encouraged asset building in a rural community, and identify the programme's strengths and weaknesses. The success of the Hutubi programme has implications for asset‐based policy development in rural China.

为了回应城乡日益扩大的不平等, 中国现正实施一系列新政策以鼓励农村发展。 除了以社会保护为目的的再分配政策外, 资产为本的政策综合了社会保护和社会投资, 是推进农村进步性发展的可行选择。 1998年, 中国新疆呼图壁地区政府实施了崭新的养老计划, 容许户口持有人利用保险户口作为法律担保, 借出小额贷款及投资在具有效益的资产、教育及小型企业上。

透过项目组织者所收集的数据, 以及与参与者进行的深入访谈, 本研究个案将详细剖析呼图壁项目。 我们检视了项目的主要特征, 这些特征有效地促成了农村社区资产的建立。 我们还分析了项目的优缺点。 呼图壁项目的成功对中国农村实行资产为本的政策发展有着深远的启示。     

新中国农地制度的变迁分析与启示

基于分配冲突视角下的新制度变迁理论以及产权结构-行为选择-经济绩效分析框架,对新中国农地制度变迁的过程及其对经济绩效的影响进行分析,从历史经验的反思中得到如下对深化我国农地制度改革方向、方式有益的启示:其一,农地制度始终是影响我国农业经济绩效的核心因素,其中由农地产权决定的农业剩余分配问题是构建科学合理农地制度的核心;其二,国家须适当参与农业剩余分配,落实农民应有土地财产权益;其三,农地制度改革的价值目标需做次优选择,最大程度地释放提升资源分配效率的制度潜力;其四,控制制度变革的摩擦成本,引导农民内生的制度变革需求和认知选择。     

Asset building and livelihood rebuilding in post-disaster Sichuan,China

In May 2008, a severe earthquake struck Sichuan Province, devastating many rural communities. Mudslides followed in 2010, undermining some attempts to rebuild. Despite rapid reconstruction efforts by the Chinese central government, many survivors faced uncertainty and substantial challenges. To support rural survivors' efforts to regain livelihoods and hope, social workers launched several asset-building initiatives in the area. The use of asset building as a strategy to address poverty emerged in the United States in the 1990s and spread to Chinese communities in Taiwan and Hong Kong, but there have been only a few efforts to apply the strategy in rural China. This article discusses the conceptual framework of asset building and details asset-building efforts in disaster-stricken rural communities. The article also documents an evolution in the concept of assets and proposes that the concept should be broadened further to include two additional types of assets: social and cultural.     

A National Governance Perspective on the Transformation of Rural Property Rights: The Chinese Experience*

Property rights have multiple attributes, and these are correlated with national governance. In the West, property rights have the economic function of maximizing efficiency and the political function of rights protection, but in China, they also have a strong social character. With the modernization of national governance, these functions interact with and transform each other. When the state’s ability to supply public goods is relatively weak, property rights take on more of a social character, meeting public demand for welfare at the grassroots level. When the state is better able to provide public goods, the social function of property rights lessens as their economic function grows. The social character of property rights was the institutional foundation for China, as a huge agrarian state, to realize “governance through inaction,” and at the same time was the secret key that could break the code to the millennial continuity of Chinese agrarian civilization. Reforms including the collectivization of rural property rights after 1949, the “separation of two rights” (to collective ownership and household contracted land, with a focus on the latter), and the “separation of three rights,” (to collective ownership, household contracts and revitalized land management). These changes constitute a process in which the economic function of property rights has been growing while their social character has lessened under conditions of national governance modernization.     

School Consolidation: Whither China's Rural Education?

The School Consolidation Policy in the 1990s significantly impacted Chinese rural compulsory education and Chinese rural communities. Although this policy has been involved in many negative news reports, there is a lack of scientific research on it. To address the research gap, this paper first delineates the evolution of this policy, which was formed to balance the disparity between urban and rural education, accelerated by rural financial reformation and aborted due to various emerging problems. It then discusses the educational problems caused by the policy including misallocated resources, poor quality, rising costs, student safety issues, high dropout rate, and lost rural culture heritage. Through the analyses, this paper provides a clear picture of the development of Chinese rural education, and offers implications for improving educational policy, promoting educational quality, and securing educational rights of students in rural China.