Gender differences in socioeconomic returns to family migration in Malaysia: the role of family decision making versus labor market stratification

In this article I examine gender differences in the effect of family migration on socioeconomic attainment in Malaysia. The analysis discerns the relative importance of gender roles in household migration decisions, compared to gender stratification in the labor market. The Malaysian economy has undergone rapid industrialization and great structural changes which have opened up new economic opportunities, particularly for women. Despite the somewhat advantaged position of women compared to men in the Malaysian labor market. I find that men experience much greater socioeconomic gains than women from family migration. Hence indicating that family migration decisions in Malaysia, rather than optimizing family gains, compensate for the gender effect in the labor market. However, the gains of Malaysian men are more assured when they move alone. Data for the study come from the second round of the Malaysian Family Life Survey. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 1995 Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, Washington D.C., August 19–23. I. thank Michael White, Frances Goldscheider, Sidney Goldstein, Ronald Rindfuss and the two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments. I also thank Christine Peterson for help regarding the data set, and Lynn Igoe for editorial assistance. Research support from the Population Studies and Training Center, Brown University, the Population Council, and the Carolina Population Center is gratefully acknowledged. Prior to joining Kansas State University, she was a postdoctoral scholar at the Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She received her Ph.D. from Brown University in 1997. Dr. Chattopadhyay's research interests include social demography, gender role/differentials and households and families.     

Pink-collar medicine: Women and the future of medicine

The number of women in medicine is increasing. There is evidence that women practice in different ways than men; are interested in different aspects of medicine; work fewer hours; and receive less pay for equivalent hours than men. Women are also less likely to be represented in the higher echelons of power within academic medicine. Women’s carrers are adversely affected by pregnancy, childcare, family responsibilities, and gender role conflict although there is evidence that this does not need to be the case. This article reviews the current literature on gender differences in medicine and makes recommendations to ensure women have a voice to determine their place in medicine in the future. The positive changes that women bring to medicine are highlighted and the barriers for women in the profession are outlined. She received her medical degree from Glasgow University and her psychiatric training in Edinburgh, Scotland; Kingston, Jamaica; and Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island. She may be reached at aheru@butler.org.     

As balancing act and as game: How women and men science faculty experience the promotion process

Studies on the division of domestic labor find that women take on a greater proportion of domestic responsibilities; this has implications for both women and men who work in demanding jobs. In this study of women and men science faculty at a major research university, the authors find that women tend to relate their experiences of the promotion process to both their domestic and faculty roles, whereas men tend not to consider thant their domestic roles have any bearing on their experiences of the promotion process. Women view the promotion process in terms of the components that make demands on their time, and they suggest ways that the process could (and should) be changed. Men view the process as a challenging game, and they describe the promotion process, as it currently exists, as necessary and acceptable. The authors find that there are compelling reasons to reconsider the structure of the promotion process and to strengthen and expand the programmatic supports that address the needs of women. Ramona Gunter is a Ph.D. student in education policy studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. She has master's degrees in Education Policy Studies and Cultural Anthropology and a bachelor's degree in Mathematics and Physics. She has worked as a researcher studying math and science education since 1996. The focus of much of this work has been on student experiences in undergraduate math and science courses and gender differences. Her current work looks at the experiences of science faculty, academic staff, and graduate students in their work environments. Amy Stambach is associate professor of education policy studies and an affiliate of Department of Anthropology and the Women's Studies Program at the University of Wisconsin-Madison     

Excision: Practices,discourses and feminist commitment

Starting with the emotional impact the discovery of the practice of female genital mutilation has had on her life, Evelyne Accad gives us some information on the studies that have researched and analyzed the various practices. She describes and defines some of the terms used, takes us on her journey to some of the countries she visited in the last ten years interviewing women about their lives, specifically the practice of excision. She gives voices to some of these women through excerpts from some of her interviews. She raises the debates, discourses, and conflicts surrounding the practice, ending with her assessment of the situation and her own feminist commitment and vision for a better world and hopes for an end of the practice. Evelyne Accad was born and raised in Beirut, Lebanon. She has been a professor at the University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana since 1974 in French, comparative literature, African studies, women studies, Southwest Asian studies, and the Honors Program. Publications include:Sexuality and War: Literary Masks of the Middle East; New York: New York University Press, 1990; andContemporary Arab Women Writers and Poets. Beirut: Institute for Women’s Studies in the Arab World, 1986.     

The Human Capital Model or Location! Location! Location!? The Gender-Based Wage Gap in the Federal Civil Service

Gender Issues - Theoretically, the human capital variables, education and experience, and occupations for which women and men qualify explain the gender-based wage gap in the federal civil service....     

College Students’ Life Priorities: The Influence of Gender and Gender-linked Personality Traits

This study examined relations between gender-linked personality traits (i.e., agency and communion) and life goals in a sample of 237 undergraduates. In addition, gender similarities and differences in the relative importance of life goals were explored. As predicted, agency was positively associated with the importance of most achievement goals such as having a career, whereas communion and unmitigated communion were positively associated with the importance of relational goals such as romantic partnership. Contrary to predictions, results suggested that men were more willing than women to sacrifice some achievement goals for a romantic relationship. Findings point to the potential influence of gender and gender-linked personality traits on the establishment of life priorities. Catherine Mosher is a doctoral candidate in clinical psychology at the University at Albany, SUNY and a health psychology intern at Duke University Medical Center. She earned her master’s degree in clinical psychology from the University at Albany, SUNY.     

Equal opportunity in the U.S. Navy: perceptions of active-duty African American women

In 1989, the Navy Personnel Research and Development Center (NPRDC) developed a service-wide survey to assess the equal opportunity climate of the Navy. This survey, known as the Navy Equal Opportunity/Sexual Harassment Survey (NEOSH), is administered to a random sample of Navy women and men every two years. Each year the survey has been administered, results have indicated that African American women are the least satisfied with the equal opportunity climate of the Navy than any of the other aggregated groups. In an effort to explain and expand upon the findings of the NEOSH, NPRDC organized a group of facilitators in 1995 to conduct focus groups of African American Navy women. The present study is based on data from these focus groups. The women in this study exemplify what some researchers refer to as the “double whammy” phenomenon: disadvantaged because of both their race and gender. The data also lend support to theories of tokenism. An interesting finding is that regard-less of how dissatisfied the African American women were about the equal opportunity climate in the Navy, they still viewed job opportunities to be better in the Navy than in the civilian sector. Recommendations from focus group participants for improving the Navy EO climate are presented. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1987. She served in the U.S. Army for six years, and also serves on the Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services, the councils of the Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society, and the Peace and War Section of the American Sociological Association. Among her publications is a book titled, To Serve My Country, To Serve My Race: The Story of the Only African American WACs Stationed Overseas During World War II, New York University Press, 1996. He earned his doctoral degree in Industrial/Organizational Psychology from the United States International University. During his naval career, he has written numerous articles and technical reports on equal opportunity, sexual harassment, race relations, and quality of life issues.     

前市场因素对工资差异影响的研究进展及其启示

国内研究工资差异问题,不论是对性别差异还是对城乡户籍工资差异,劳动力市场歧视得到了着重强调,而相对忽视了前市场因素的影响。文章通过介绍国外对前市场因素的测量和相关研究进展,希望为国内在工资差异问题上的研究提供有益的经验启示。     

Intersection of Ethnicity,Gender and Class: Oriental Faculty Women in Israel

Ethnicity, gender and class are the major factors of social inequality and have been studied extensively leading to a large literature pertaining to each one of them. The issue of the intersection of ethnicity, gender and class has been introduced into the social sciences by feminist critical theory. Intersection theory postulates that minority groups are discriminated against on the basis of more than one characteristic which are “inextricably tied” leading to complex forms of inequality in various social domains. This study examines the intertwined effects of these factors as they are experienced and narrated by Mizrachi women (19) who are employed in universities and colleges. Although the intersection approach is generally supported by the data it was found that under certain conditions ethnicity, gender and class may be separated. One type of decomposition is when one identity encroaches upon another or others; the second is the separation of diverse identities assigning them to different life areas. These change processes do not support stereotypical dichotomies between Ashkenazi and Mizrachi, women and men and so on, and enable the creation of new hybrid identities.

Are men or women more reluctant to marry in couples sharing a non-marital birth?

In this paper I examine whether one gender is driving the “retreat from marriage” among unmarried parents. I use a sample of romantically involved unmarried parents—taken from the Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Survey—to examine whether a gender difference exists in marriage attitudes that are current-relationship specific and not relationship specific, with and without controls of current relationship quality. Using ordered logistical analysis, I find that, net of other factors, men are more positive regarding marriage and their current relationship than their female partners. She earned her M.A. in sociology from Northwestern University in 2004. Her research interests include gender and the family.     

从短篇小说《灵机一动》看毛姆笔下的女性作家

20世纪早期英国女性作家在文坛上的地位已不可小觑,同时也令父权制度下的男性作家深感不安。在短篇小说《灵机一动》中,主人公福雷斯特夫人是专职作家,表面上她具有男性气质、创作多产且赞誉不断,实际上她被作者列为次等文人,她视丈夫为仆人与宠物,却最终被其抛弃。作家毛姆对此类女性形象含蓄、歪曲的刻画和嘲弄讥讽体现出他对女性、特别是当时的女性作家的反感态度,从而再次证明毛姆反女性的性别取向。     

Job Concessions,Role Conflict and Work Satisfaction in Gender-Typical and -Atypical Occupation: The Case of Israel

Studies in the last decades show that perception of role conflict has changed in advanced societies so that (1) multiple roles may be beneficial rather than conflictual and (2) men, too, are subject to incompatible role demands. This study examines whether the same shift may be observed in a less developed society (Israel), and how perceptions of role combination and work satisfaction influence the work concessions made by women and men who work in occupations that are typical or atypical for their gender. The main assumption is that multiple roles lead to role conflict only if individuals fail to make concessions that allow them to regulate time and energy in both spheres. The findings show that women still make more concessions than men; work satisfactions strengthens the perception that combining family and work is possible; and only for women, the perception that combining family and work is possible reduces the number of concessions they make.

由《黄色壁纸》谈夏洛蒂·吉尔曼的女性主义观

夏洛蒂.珀金斯.吉尔曼是美国著名的女性主义作家,作为十九世纪末二十世纪初美国妇女运动的著名理论家,她在《黄色壁纸》中表现了一个女性主义者对社会和人生的思考,探索了处于意识刚刚觉醒的女性对自由和独立的渴望,揭示了夫妻关系的性别政治,从更深层的意义上体现了与父权制格格不入的新女性意识。     

当代美国女权主义运动的先驱——赛珍珠

美国作家赛珍珠一生关注父权制文化下的妇女命运,孜孜不倦地为女性群体著述、演讲。由于种种原因,她对美国女权主义运动的贡献被尘封已久,其《男与女》一书蕴含女权主义意识,应将《男与女》一书置于美国当代女权主义运动的发展历程中去观照。     

Women, crime and justice in Israel: An update

Drawing upon research on women in crime and justice, this study examines patterns of female crime and processing of female offenders in Israel over five decades. The data indicate that crime patterns of Israeli women and the criminal justice response to their transgressions show remarkable stability and are similar to those discerned in other Western countries. The article concludes that findings about women in crimed and justice in Israel are congruent with feminist insights and explanatory mechanisms offered to explain female crime. Edna Erez is Professor and Chair of the Justice Studies Department at Kent State University. She has also served as the editor of Justice Quarterly and is on the editorial board of several professional journals. Yael Hassin was a senior lecturer at the Institute of Criminology, Law Faculty of the Hebrew University. Dr. Hassin passed away in November 1996. She was the recipient of the grants from the Wexler Foundation and the Sacker Institute of the Law faculty, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, which funded the data collection efforts of a previous version of this paper (Erez and Hassin, 1997). Giora Rahav has taught at Tel Aviv University, Florida State University, and the University of Michigan. His major area is criminology and the sociology of deviance.     

《白蛇传》的文化内涵和白娘子形象的现代阐释

《白蛇传》故事的逐渐丰富特别是白娘子形象的根本性改变，其背后的唯一动因是老百姓的生活理想和生活追求。正是这种愿望让白娘子由害人吃人的“蛇妖”变成了一个许多中国男性心目中的完美女性。白娘子这位强势女性并不符合中国男性社会意识对女性依附角色的定位，她是男权社会中男性有别于主流意识的“弱势心态”的产物。白娘子身上全无当代某些女权主义者常有的骄悍之气，有的则是平等互助，温柔贤淑，体谅包容。白娘子凭借自身的才干和努力及其所发挥的社会作用，获得了与男性平等的地位，这是女性权利与义务的和谐统一，也是当今女性争取男女平等的正确道路。     

论苏青创作的先锋性和市民性

苏青创作具有超前意识,即独具魅力的先锋性。主要表现在她运用独特的女性体验、大胆而直白的女性话语打破男性话语的垄断;苏青正视男女间的差异,争取真正的男女平等。苏青不仅是先锋女性,更是世俗的女市民,她关注生活中的柴米油盐,热衷于平凡而琐碎的人生;她务实而重利;她热闹而坚韧地过日子。苏青的女性意识和市民实用价值观取得同构,所以在其作品中,先锋性与世俗性、市民性不断交叉出现。     

Doing the daily grind: The effects of domestic labor on professional,managerial, and technical workers’ earnings

Using two waves of data from the National Survey of Families and Households, I examined how domestic labor tasks including daily grind tasks, female-type and male-type tasks affected the earnings of workers in professional, managerial, and technical occupations in the short and long term. The results show that performing daily grind tasks reduces the earnings of college-educated workers in high prestige occupations immediately and over time. Further, domestic labor explained an additional 19 percent of the gap between the earnings of women and men in professional, managerial, and technical occupations. These results suggest that despite having jobs that offer higher pay and more autonomy, the time spent doing the daily grind, negatively affects earnings, especially for women in professional, managerial, and technical occupations. Rebecca S. Powers ia an assistant professor at East Carolina University. Her research interests include social inequality, gender, immigration, and work. Currently, she is examining differences in gender norms and studying relationships between employers and Hispanic workers in new destination sites.     

Gender,marital status,and body weight in older U.S. adults

Marital terminations are life transitions that may lead to changes in diet, activity, and body weight. This investigation examined how marital status was associated with relative body weight, underweight, overweight, and obesity among men and women in the United States using cross-sectional nationally representative data from the 1992 HRS cohort age 51–61 and the 1993 AHEAD cohort age 70 and older. Results in the HRS cohort revealed that even when adjusting for demographic and behavioral variables, widowed women were significantly more likely to be obese than married women, while men who were never married, divorced, or separated were more likely to be underweight. Results in the AHEAD cohort showed few significant associations between marital status and weight for either men or women when demographics were controlled. Clear gender variations appeared to exist in how marriage is related to body weight among unmarried older adults, with widows in their 50s being obese and divorced/separated/never married men being underweight. However, marital status differences in weight were not present among much older adults of either gender. Jeffery Sobal is a asociologist who is an associate professor at the Division of Nutritional Sciences at Cornell University. He has studied food systems, food choice, and is currently examining social aspects of body weight and obesity, particularly marriage and body weight. Barbara S. Rauschenbach is a sociologist who is a research associate in the Division of Nutritional Sciences at Cornell University. She has studied food insecurity and food assistance, and is currently examining marital status and body weight.