单亲母亲家庭经济现状研究

单亲母亲家庭是增长最快的生活贫困的人口群体,反映了"贫困女性化"的世界共同趋势。单亲母亲家庭贫困问题正在引起社会的普遍关注并成为研究的热点。利用天津市妇女联合会对天津市内六区非农业人口中单亲母亲的最新调查数据,用社会性别视角分析了单亲母亲的生活贫困化问题,揭示了单亲母亲家庭贫困的社会性别文化和经济根源,提出缓解和消除单亲母亲家庭贫困的社会救助对策。     

中国城乡弱相对贫困测算及时空演变：2012—2018

相对贫困的识别和测算是瞄准贫困人口和制定减贫政策的基础,但常用于识别相对贫困人口的比例收入法和测度相对贫困程度的FGT指数在理论基础、比例设定和贫困性质方面遭到质疑。采用基于社会融入成本理论的弱相对贫困人口识别方法,及与弱相对贫困线相适应的分层可加综合贫困指数,且考虑与现阶段我国绝对贫困线衔接性及国际标准的可比性,使用2012—2018年中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据估计了中国城乡收入(消费)弱相对贫困线,并测算分析了中国城乡收入(消费)弱相对贫困程度及时空演变特征。研究表明,基于弱相对贫困线构造的综合贫困指数兼顾绝对贫困和相对贫困,可以避免传统FGT指数分别测度绝对贫困和相对贫困时动态变化趋势出现分歧的问题,可更为直观地综合评估经济增长和扶贫政策的减贫效应。无论城乡,尽管不平等导致相对贫困始终处于高位水平,但绝对贫困更大的下降幅度使得中国收入(消费)弱相对贫困程度仍呈稳健下降趋势。从社会融入成本角度出发,建议未来考虑住房成本和子女养育成本,分家庭类型进一步细化弱相对贫困标准。本研究有助于进一步分类瞄准弱相对贫困人口,监测弱相对贫困程度演变并综合评估减贫效应。     

城市居民最低生活保障制度中的“贫困陷阱”研究——目标定位制下的负激励分析

基于目标定位的城市居民最低生活保障制度,由于制度运行中的负激励效应,家计调查的制度缺陷,以及“进入一退出”机制的不完善．陷入了与救助初衷相悖离的贫困陷阱。改革福利扣减制,实行负所得税制;优化目标定位制,实行分类施保;实行低保救助的制度与资源整合,是跳出制度性贫困陷阱的根本出路。     

The Rich and the Poor: The Construction of an Affluence Line from the Poverty Line

The paper proposes a simple methodology to estimate an affluence line that depends on the knowledge of the income distribution and the poverty line for a given population. The idea that poverty is morally unacceptable and can be eradicated through redistribution of wealth provides the grounds for the methodology. The line is defined as the value that delimitates the aggregated income required to eradicate poverty by the way of transfers from the rich to the poor. I estimate an affluence line using Brazilian 1999 National Household Survey data and briefly discuss the results.     

From Birth to Death: A Social Monitoring Framework from New Zealand

The paper begins by outlining the development of social indicators work and social monitoring at the national level in New Zealand and comments on how this relates to the international movement. It describes the 'key' indicators/life stage approach developed by the New Zealand Planning Council in the early 1980s. This exercise continues from a university base and the fourth report in the series, entitled Tracking Social Change in New Zealand was published in early 1998. Examples are presented to show how the results can be used to highlight the policy implications of changing social trends.     

各国社会医疗救助制度及其对建立我国城市贫困人口社会医疗救助的启示

社会医疗救助是医疗保障体系的重要组成部分。本文描述了新加坡、加拿大、英国和美国等国家社会医疗救助的特点,分析建立我国城市贫困人口社会医疗救助制度的意义,并对覆盖对象、资金来源以及保障项目与水平等作出思考。     

The impact of family policies on fertility in industrialized countries: a review of the literature

This paper examines the theoretical propositions and empirical evidence linking policies and fertility. More specifically, the analysis presented in this paper draws attention to the complex mechanisms that theoretically link policies and demographic outcomes: mechanisms that involve imperfect information and decisions that are rationally bound by very specific circumstances. As to the empirical evidence, studies provide mixed conclusions as to the effect of policies on fertility. While a small positive effect of policies on fertility is found in numerous studies, no statistically significant effect is found in others. Moreover, some studies suggest that the effect of policies tends to be on the timing of births rather than on completed fertility.

Developing a Model for the Measurement of Social Inclusion and Social Capital in Regional Australia

This paper reviews the literature on social inclusion and social capital to develop a framework to guide the selection of items and measures for the forthcoming SA Department of Human Services Survey of Social Inclusion to be held in the region of Northern Adelaide in South Australia. Northern Adelaide is a region with areas of high socio-economic disadvantage, characterized by high unemployment and poverty. Survey respondents’ perceptions of social inclusion and social capital in Northern Adelaide will be examined by developing indices, which address the theoretical schema discussed in this paper. Epistemological differences between seminal theorists on social inclusion and social capital suggest the development of a broad suite of indices is required to enable the collection of data of interest to researchers from differing theoretical perspectives. Data collected in the survey will be mapped using Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies against locations within Northern Adelaide and in relation to existing Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth and State Government databases on age, gender, relative socio-economic disadvantage and other variables.     

The experiences of breastfeeding mothers returning to work as hospital nurses in Pakistan: A qualitative study

Background

Pakistan has a higher infant mortality rate than countries with comparable economies, with around half of all under-5 deaths occurring in the first month of life. Breastfeeding is known to improve infant morbidity and mortality, but rates of formula feeding in Pakistan are increasing. Maternal employment is recognised globally as a major barrier to the continuation of breastfeeding.

论人口控制政策对突破低水平均衡陷阱的促进作用

当今世界主题是和平与发展,因此经济发展成为多数国家政府政策的中心。目前多数发展中国家实施了人口控制政策,这有利于减缓世界人口剧增的趋势。但是这是否有利于发展中国家的经济发展呢?文章结合一定前提,通过定性探讨纳尔逊低水平均衡理论在人口非自然增长情况下的具体体现,得出了结论:发展中国家实施人口控制政策能够降低突破低水平均衡陷阱的机会成本,有助于加快走出低水平均衡陷阱困境的状态;长期实施过紧的人口控制政策不利于国家经济的可持续发展;人口控制政策的松绑是一个渐进式过程。     

中国西部少数民族地区人口的贫困原因及其政策启示

中国的少数民族人口主要分布在生态环境恶劣、经济社会发展落后的西部地区,这些地区同时也是贫困人口分布最多的区域。本文首先从地域、人口增长以及国家扶贫战绩几方面分析了西部少数民族地区人口与贫困在地域上的重合性,进而从区域发展、社会公平和政策效果以及贫困人口的人文因素等方面分析了造成少数民族地区人口贫困的原因,认为虽然造成区域性少数民族贫困状况的主要原因来自于区域发展的滞后,但在摆脱贫困的难易方面,政府提供的脱贫服务和民族人口的人文制约因素则起着更为重大的作用。     

城市新移民贫困救助和社会保障机制研究

城市新移民是城市化过程中的一个新兴事物,通过对我国城市贫困救助及社会保障制度现状的考察,重新构建了城市新移民的贫困救助和社会保障机制。对于不同类别的城市新移民,社会保障机制的目标不同,对于长期在城市工作,已经有了相对固定住所和工作的城市新移民,社会保障机制的作用应该是通过规范的、系统的制度来保障他们与城市居民一样享受正常的社会保障。对于短期务工、常年流动的城市新移民,社会保障机制的作用是进行贫困救助,帮助他们在没有收入、没有工作、发生意外伤害的时候得到援助。     

Childbirth evacuation among rural and remote Indigenous communities in Canada: A scoping review

ProblemRoutine evacuation of pregnant Indigenous women from remote regions to urban centres for childbirth is a central strategy for addressing maternal health disparities in Canada. Maternal evacuation continues despite mounting evidence of its negative impacts on Indigenous women and families.BackgroundSince the 1960s, pregnant Indigenous women living in remote regions in Canada have been transferred to urban hospitals for childbirth. In the following decades, evidence emerged linking maternal evacuation with negative impacts on Indigenous women, their families, and communities. In some communities, resistance to evacuation and the creation of local birthing facilities has resulted in highly diverse experiences of childbirth and evacuation.AimA scoping review mapped the evidence on maternal evacuation of Indigenous women in Canada and its associated factors and outcomes from 1978 to 2019.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, Embase, and CINAHL, and grey literature from governmental and Indigenous organizations. We collated the evidence on maternal evacuation into 12 themes.ResultsFactors related to evacuation include (a) evacuation policies (b) institutional coercion (c) remoteness and (d) maternal-fetal health status. Evacuation-related outcomes include (e) maternal-child health impacts (f) women’s experience of evacuation (g) financial hardships (h) family disruption (i) cultural continuity and community wellness (ij) engagement with health services (k) self-determination, and (l) quality of health services.DiscussionNumerous emotional, social and cultural harms are associated with evacuation of Indigenous women in Canada. Little is known about the long-term impacts of evacuation on Indigenous maternal-infant health. Evidence on evacuation from remote Métis communities remains a critical knowledge gap.     

人口老龄化、老年贫困与养老保障--基于德国的数据与经验

人口老龄化及老年女性比重较高增加了老年贫困的概率。对此,德国主要采取两项对策避免老年贫困：养老保障是第一道防线,里斯特／吕鲁普养老金、最低养老金等都是重要的政策选项;社会救助提供了最后一道有效安全网。借鉴德国经验,中国应通过完善多支柱模式并逐步扩大第二支柱比重、养老保险参量改革、建立老年低收入群体收入保护机制、建立健全老年社会救助制度等措施来有效解决人口老龄化过程中老年人特别是老年低收入群体的养老保障问题,有效规避老年贫困风险。     

Evaluating the pin money hypothesis: the relationship between women's labour market activity,family income and poverty in Britain

In this paper we evaluate the hypothesis that the over-representation of women amongst the low paid is of little importance because women‘s earnings account for only a small proportion of total family income. Data from the General Household Survey (GHS), together with attitudinal evidence from three cross-sectional data sources, indicate that women‘s earnings are in fact an important and growing component of family income. The majority of the growth in the share of women‘s earnings occurs as a result of changing family labour structures; women‘s earnings are playing an increasingly important role in keeping their families out of poverty. JEL classification: J16; J31. Received April 9, 1996/Accepted August 22, 1996     

Evaluation of Attitudes Toward Same-Sex Parenting in the Italian Context: Adaptation of a French Questionnaire

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Italian version of a French scale to detect attitudes toward same-sex parenting. The Italian sample was split into two subsamples. On one, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted to detect the factor structure of the Italian scale, and on the other, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was run to find the data’s best fit model. The scales’ internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha. The questionnaire’s convergent validity was also evaluated. EFA extracted a four-factor solution, in accordance with the original French scale’s validation study. CFA showed that the translated scale had good consistency, similar to that of the original version, showing satisfactory internal consistency for three of four subscales. There will be benefits to further validation studies of the translated scale on the Italian population and it may possibly be innovative and useful in both research and social fields.     

新疆城镇贫困及反贫困研究

新疆目前的贫困是农村地区的贫困。随着改革开放事业的逐步深入,新疆城镇出现了大量的贫困群体,他们对新疆的社会稳定和经济发展的影响比较大,其消极影响不能忽视。造成新疆城镇贫困的主要原因是就业不足、市场机制不完善和城镇社会保障制度不健全等。为解决城镇贫困问题,我们必须以人为本,扩大就业,逐步完善社会保障制度,政策上采取各种优惠措施,尽量保证城镇贫困群体的根本利益。     

Immigrant quality and assimilation: a review of the U.S. literature

Empirical research on US immigrants is reviewed: their productivity and assimilation; their contribution and use of public services; and their impact on native Americans. I discuss the characteristics of cohorts of immigrants that enter the United States at different times, and then quantify the assimilation of immigrants, typically in terms of economic productivity of immigrants compared with natives. Few have found quantifiable negative effects of immigrants on native wages or unemployment in local labor markets, but a more general equilibrium approach than has been empirically implemented may be needed to draw any conclusions regarding the distributional consequences of immigration. Received: 22 September 1995 / Accepted: 2 March 1997     

论我国社会转型期的城市贫困问题

城市贫困是一个综合性概念。我国目前城市贫困问题具有非常明显的突发性、困难性、交融性、多元性和分散性等特性。在我国社会转型过程中,城市贫困加剧的原因主要是贫富差距拉大、分配不公、机会不均等。对解决现阶段的城市贫困问题提出相应对策。     

Expressed breastmilk handling and storage guidelines available to mothers in the community: A scoping review

BackgroundThere is an increasing number of mothers expressing their breastmilk, which presents new issues for infant feeding. A primary concern is handling, storage, and warming of expressed breastmilk.MethodsA scoping review was undertaken to explore online guidelines for handling and storage of expressed human breastmilk which are readily accessible to Australian mothers. Six common terms and questions regarding expressed breastmilk handling and storage were run through Google, Bing, and Yahoo search engines, and government health websites, informal milk sharing sites, and other sites frequently referenced on social media breastfeeding support pages.ResultsThe top ten most cited resources were comparatively analysed. Only two of the resources were Australian based. There was a great variance in the guidelines offered for both handling and storage of expressed breastmilk. The most conservative storage recommendations for fresh breastmilk were up to 4 h at room temperature and 72 h in the refrigerator. The least conservative recommendations allowed fresh breastmilk to be stored at room temperature for up to 10 h and in the refrigerator for up to 8 days, albeit strictly dependent on the temperature of the room and cleanliness of the expression. The majority of recommendations cited the same primary source. All resources stated that thawed milk should never be refrozen.ConclusionsThere are minimal Australian-based guidelines, and even less primary research, in the expressed breastmilk handling and storage space. The resources readily available to women in the community setting vary in ease of comprehension and can cause confusion.