技术不确定下新产品引进策略的设计和应用

产业技术的动态发展和企业之间的产品竞争影响企业新产品的引进策略,决定新产品的引进周期和产品质量.在产业技术动态不确定的条件下构建随机动态规划模型,基于产业技术进步和产品市场竞争的影响因素作用,探讨企业进行新产品引进的最优时间策略和最优产品质量选择,对新产品引进的周期和质量决策进行方法设计和应用举例.利用随机动态规划模型得出新产品引进的最优时间周期和产品质量,用算例分析技术进步和技术不确定性对企业引进周期策略的影响,采取策略迭代的方法进行求解,发现技术进步较快时企业的新产品引进步伐也较快,技术不确定使企业的新产品引入步伐加快、产品周期缩短,企业进行新产品开发需要更多的投资.     

多元质量特性稳健性设计方法的优化研究

稳健设计方法在产品质量和工艺改进等方面有广泛的应用.主要讨论了多元质量特性稳健性设计的方法和原则,综合分析了国内外关于多元质量特性稳健性设计的有关文献和方法,重点介绍了一个有代表性的方法,在此基础上提出了基于田口质量损失函数的改进模型;该模型通过引入信噪比与质量损失的关系函数将产品设计特性与质量损失联系起来,基于质量损失对不同的质量特性进行了标准化,实现了技术与产品经济性的定量分析;最后结合实例对该方法进行了说明.     

外包再制造下再制造设计对制造 /再制造影响

为分析外包再制造模式下,再制造设计对制造/再制造供应链竞争的影响,构建制造/再制造博弈模型.基于博弈模型,分析再制造设计费用不同承担方式对再制造设计努力程度、废旧产品回收率、收益和环境等影响.研究结果表明:原始制造商通过外包再制造不仅可以降低再制造商的市场竞争优势,还可以获得再制造带来的收益;再制造设计可以促进再制造商回收废旧产品,提高废旧产品回收率;无论是原始制造商还是再制造商承担再制造设计费用,两者收益分别在再制造设计努力程度的不同点达到最大,而不是再制造设计努力程度越大其收益越大;再制造对环境影响并不总是有利的,当单位再制造产品与新产品对环境造成的影响之比小于某一阀值,同时再制造设计给单位再制造产品带来收益与带给单位新产品收益之比大于某一阀值时,再制造才有利于降低对环境的影响.     

虚拟企业协同设计的模糊综合评价

虚拟企业进行协同设计有利于跨地域、跨行业引入外部设计资源,用最短的时间开发出新产品。但是虚拟企业协作研发过程中存在着很多的风险,需要对它进行控制和评价。本文从虚拟企业协同设计的责权利对等机制,信任机制,协调机制等方面建立虚拟企业之间进行异地协同设计优化组合的评价模型,进行定性和定量分析,通过隐含学习和训练,输出神经网络拟合值,并用神经网络对输出结果进行评价和排序;对虚拟企业协同设计协同的状况及其结果进行评价和论断,以提高认识得深度和分析得质量。     

考虑再制造设计水平的多期闭环供应链网络均衡

再制造设计已应用于企业实践,利于产品的再制造过程,但需要额外的投资。本文以多个规划期为决策环境,以包含需求市场层、零售商层和制造商层的闭环供应链网络为研究对象,其中每层包含多个成员,研究了制造商产品可再制造性设计水平决策问题。政府规定最低可再制造设计水平,各制造商对新产品的可再制造设计水平、生产和交易等变量进行决策;正向渠道中零售商同时销售新产品和再制造品,逆向渠道中零售商受制造商委托,在每个规划期末,回收各需求市场产生的废旧品;消费者对新产品和再制造品评价不同,通常对新产品评价较高,而对再制造品评价较低,其对两种产品愿意支付的价格也会不同。利用变分不等式等理论获得制造商和零售商的均衡条件,并获得整个供应链网络均衡模型。采用修正投影收缩算法求解。通过算例对再制造投资影响因子、政府最低可再制造水平、消费者对再制造品的评价系数等参数对均衡结果的影响进行了分析,获得了在多规划期供应链网络环境下,制造商的产品可再制造设计水平和政府有关部门决策时需关注的问题等管理学启示。     

考虑噪声因子的参数和公差经济性设计策略

基于并行工程思想的参数和公差经济性设计,以成本为优化目标来确定最优的设计参数和公差范围.就并行参数和公差设计通过双响应曲面均值和方差模型实现其稳健性,本文提出了包含噪声因子的响应曲面建模策略,应用这一模型将参数和公差同时优化.该参数和公差经济性设计优化模型以质量损失和制造成本之和为目标函数,以过程方差置信域为约束.实例结果表明,在双响应曲面方法中,对均值设置偏倚量比其刚性约束具有较大的成本优势,在不降低稳健性的前提下引入偏倚可以降低成本.面向噪声因子的设计策略其成本低于基于双响应的有偏倚的设计,说明考虑噪声因子的设计是最有效的.     

关于住宅建筑节能设计的探讨

随着社会快速发展,住宅建筑成为耗能大户,建筑业势必发展建筑节能。作者对住宅建筑节能设计的现状进行了分析,从建筑物屋顶、屋面节能、墙体节能、建筑物的朝向等方面探讨了建筑外壳的节能设计,阐述了目前住宅建筑节能设计的低能耗高舒适度基本方法。     

基于UML的航空代理人机票销售系统的设计

本文介绍了面向对象技术与传统的设计方法的区别,其优越性所在,以及分布方式的特点.接着研究与分析基于UML的软件系统分析与设计方法.并对集中的研究步骤进行详细说明.     

MTS原理及其设计模型

MTS是质量工程学上解决多元空间问题的综合计测法,本文对其基本原理和设计方法进行了详细介绍,并对MTS的本质和不足进行了讨论.     

新产品开发项目中沟通管理的作用和方法

沟通管理是项目管理的九大知识体系之一,在项目整体管理中有着极其重要的意义.本文通过分析新产品开发项目中沟通管理的作用及其对项目进度和质量的影响,提出强化新产品开发项目沟通管理的方式和方法.     

财务软件设计课程的教学设计

为了培养既懂财务又懂软件开发技术的复合型人才,需要对会计电算化本科生和会计类研究生开设财务软件设计课程.本文分析了开设财务软件课程的目的,分析了财务软件课程的主要教学内容,如系统分析、概要设计、详细设计、最新的财务软件开发技术等,分析了在财务软件课程教学中需要关注的问题.     

Robust Mechanism Design

The mechanism design literature assumes too much common knowledge of the environment among the players and planner. We relax this assumption by studying mechanism design on richer type spaces. We ask when ex post implementation is equivalent to interim (or Bayesian) implementation for all possible type spaces. The equivalence holds in the case of separable environments; examples of separable environments arise (1) when the planner is implementing a social choice function (not correspondence) and (2) in a quasilinear environment with no restrictions on transfers. The equivalence fails in general, including in some quasilinear environments with budget balance. In private value environments, ex post implementation is equivalent to dominant strategies implementation. The private value versions of our results offer new insights into the relationship between dominant strategy implementation and Bayesian implementation.     

以流程为中心的战略设计

以流程为中心的战略设计有三大特点以流程为中心、是一个持续动态过程、要求流程与战略相匹配;以流程为中心的战略设计的内容包括价值链设计、业务流程设计和作业流程设计.     

Research Design Meets Market Design: Using Centralized Assignment for Impact Evaluation

A growing number of school districts use centralized assignment mechanisms to allocate school seats in a manner that reflects student preferences and school priorities. Many of these assignment schemes use lotteries to ration seats when schools are oversubscribed. The resulting random assignment opens the door to credible quasi‐experimental research designs for the evaluation of school effectiveness. Yet the question of how best to separate the lottery‐generated randomization integral to such designs from non‐random preferences and priorities remains open. This paper develops easily‐implemented empirical strategies that fully exploit the random assignment embedded in a wide class of mechanisms, while also revealing why seats are randomized at one school but not another. We use these methods to evaluate charter schools in Denver, one of a growing number of districts that combine charter and traditional public schools in a unified assignment system. The resulting estimates show large achievement gains from charter school attendance. Our approach generates efficiency gains over ad hoc methods, such as those that focus on schools ranked first, while also identifying a more representative average causal effect. We also show how to use centralized assignment mechanisms to identify causal effects in models with multiple school sectors.     

Fairness and Contract Design

We show experimentally that fairness concerns may have a decisive impact on the actual and optimal choice of contracts in a moral hazard context. Bonus contracts that offer a voluntary and unenforceable bonus for satisfactory performance provide powerful incentives and are superior to explicit incentive contracts when there are some fair‐minded players, but trust contracts that pay a generous wage up front are less efficient than incentive contracts. The principals understand this and predominantly choose the bonus contracts. These results are consistent with recently developed theories of fairness, which offer important new insights into the interaction of contract choices, fairness, and incentives.     

Design and competition in engineering

This article considers the influence of good design as a factor in engineering innovation, and its effect on two sectors of industry in particular—agricultural implements and automobiles. In each case the authors point out how different aspects of design, or largely differing design philosophies, have had a marked influence on product performance and on competitive success.     

Reliable Supply Chain Network Design

Risk management in supply chains has been receiving increased attention in the past few years. In this article, we present formulations for the strategic supply chain network design problem with dual objectives, which usually conflict with each other: minimizing cost and maximizing reliability. Quantifying the total reliability of a network design is not as straightforward as total cost calculation. We use reliability indices and develop analytical formulations that model the impact of upstream supply chain on individual entities’ reliability to quantify the total reliability of a network. The resulting multiobjective nonlinear model is solved using a novel hybrid algorithm that utilizes a genetic algorithm for network design and linear programming for network flow optimization. We demonstrate the application of our approach through illustrative examples in establishing tradeoffs between cost and reliability in network design and present managerial implications.     

Design Principles for Flexible Systems

A fundamental aspect of designing systems with dedicated servers is identifying and improving the system bottlenecks. We extend the concept of a bottleneck to networks with heterogeneous, flexible servers. In contrast with a network with dedicated servers, the bottlenecks are not a priori obvious, but can be determined by solving a number of linear programming problems. Unlike the dedicated server case, we find that a bottleneck may span several nodes in the network. We then identify some characteristics of desirable flexibility structures. In particular, the chosen flexibility structure should not only achieve the maximal possible capacity (corresponding to full server flexibility), but should also have the feature that the entire network is the (unique) system bottleneck. The reason is that it is then possible to shift capacity between arbitrary nodes in the network, allowing the network to cope with demand fluctuations. Finally, we specify when certain flexibility structures (in particular chaining, targeted flexibility, and the “N” and “W” structures from the call center literature) possess these desirable characteristics.