Personality profiles of factitious disorder imposed by mothers: A comparative analysis

Factitious Disorder Imposed by Another (FDIA) can be difficult to expeditiously identify. Understanding personality characteristics of FDIA perpetrators via psychological assessment may decrease the time between initial abuse and identification of FDIA. Personality characteristics of FDIA mother-perpetrators were examined through a comparative analysis of MMPI-2 profiles. It was predicted that mother-perpetrators would have significantly higher overall profile elevations on the MMPI-2 and elevations on specific clinical scales than a comparative control group. Results indicated that mother-perpetrators displayed significantly higher, elevations on the Psychasthenia (Pt) and Schizophrenia (Sc) scales and a trend toward significantly higher elevation on the Psychopathic Deviate (Pd) scale than the control group. These findings, along with the demographic information obtained, establish a preliminary foundation for understanding an overall profile of mother-perpetrators.     

Congruence and Psychological Adjustment for Practicing Male Ministers

This study explored the self-reported psychological adjustment for congruent, incongruent, and moderately congruent employed male ministers. Psychological adjustment was operationally defined by the scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). The concept of congruence was defined using the Strong Interest Inventory Minister Scale. The multivariate analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect of group membership on the MMPI scales. The univariate analysis showed significant findings on eight MMPI scales. In general, the results indicate that the three minister groups varied in psychological adjustment as assessed by the MMPI scales. Congruent ministers tend to be psychologically healthier than are the incongruent minister group.     

The gender identity of pedophiles: what does the outcome data tell us?

The aim of this study was to determine whether pedophiles have a different gender identity profile compared with non-sexual offenders. Participants were 87 male adult subjects, divided into three groups: (a) 27 pedophiles who abused male victims, (b) 30 pedophiles who abused female victims, and (c) 30 non-sexual offenders. The gender identity factor was measured with the Mf scale of the MMPI and the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI). Results indicated no significant inter-group differences in terms of gender identity. However, the order of the three groups regarding scores on the Bem-Masculinity and the Mf scale was as predicted. Conceptual and empirical elements related to gender identity are addressed in order to shed light on potential disturbances in the gender identity of pedophiles.     

PERSONAL AUTHORITY IN THE FAMILY SYSTEM: DEVELOPMENT OF A QUESTIONNAIRE TO MEASURE PERSONAL AUTHORITY IN INTERGENERATIONAL FAMILY PROCESSES*

This paper reports a series of studies on the development of the Personal Authority in the Family System (PAFS) questionnaire. The PAFS questionnaire is designed to measure family processes based on aspects of current intergenerational family theory (Williamson, 1981, 1982b). Eight scales which measure concepts such as differentiation/fusion, intimacy/isolation, and personal authority/intimidation in the three-generational context comprise the questionnaire. Study 1 indicates that the scales have good internal consistency and good test-retest reliability. Correlations with other measures of family processes provide validity for some of the PAFS scales. Study 2 confirms the underlying factor structure of the PAFS questionnaire and supports the construct validity of the scales. Implications for intergenerational family theory and applications in research and clinical practice are discussed.     

The Gender Identity of Pedophiles: What Does the Outcome Data Tell Us?

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to determine whether pedophiles have a different gender identity profile compared with non-sexual offenders. Participants were 87 male adult subjects, divided into three groups: (a) 27 pedophiles who abused male victims, (b) 30 pedophiles who abused female victims, and (c) 30 non-sexual offenders. The gender identity factor was measured with the Mf scale of the MMPI and the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI). Results indicated no significant inter-group differences in terms of gender identity. However, the order of the three groups regarding scores on the Bem-Masculinity and the Mf scale was as predicted. Conceptual and empirical elements related to gender identity are addressed in order to shed light on potential disturbances in the gender identity of pedophiles.     

General union attitude: A construct validation

Attitude toward labor unions has become an important variable in many areas of industrial relations research. Unfortunately, measures of general union attitude abound, making it difficult to compare results, and there has been little attempt to examine their construct validity. The present study tested the construct validity of the two most popular scales as well as an instrument developed by the author. The results indicate that the author’s General Union A ttitude scale and Getman et al. ’s (1976) Union Attitude Index are good measures of attitude toward labor unions. Although a popular measure, Uphoff and Dunnette’s (1956) Unionism in General scale was less satisfactory because of its lack of unidimensionality. Some items in the scale represented the power of unions rather than their value.     

Enrich marital inventory: a discriminant validity and cross-validation assessment

To assess the validity and clinical utility of the marital inventory ENRICH, a discriminant validity study was conducted using a national sample of 5039 married couples. The sample was randomly split in order to form a cross-validation group. ENRICH is a multidimensional scale and two types of analysis were conducted to assess the value of these various scales. Results from discriminant analysis indicated that using either the individual scores or couples' scores, happily married couples could be discriminated from unhappily married couples with 85–95% accuracy. These results were cross-validated with a second sample. Using regression analysis, it was clearly demonstrated that background factors account for little of the variance in discriminating happy from unhappily married couples compared to their relationship dynamics, i.e., scale scores. All ENRICH scales except equalitarian roles proved significant, indicating the validity of a multidimensional inventory.     

A scale for the comparison of the sexual attitudes of adolescents and their parents

We developed a 14-item Attitudes Toward Sexuality Scale (ATSS) to compare the sexual attitudes of early, middle, and late adolescents and their parents. One hundred forty-one adolescents between the ages of 12 and 20 and their parents completed a questionnaire consisting of the ATSS and demographic information. The Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient for the adolescents was .75, and for the parents it was .84. A principal components analysis revealed four major dimensions of the scale: a large General factor, Legality/Morality, Alternative Modes of Sexual Expression, and Individual Rights. The correlation pattern between the ATSS and subscales of the Sex Knowledge and Attitudes Test, as well as with certain demographic variables, supports the construct validity of the ATSS. This is, therefore, a scale which may be used for research in which the sexual attitudes of adults and adolescents of various ages are to be measured and compared.     

A note on female ejaculation

We developed a 14‐item Attitudes Toward Sexuality Scale (ATSS) to compare the sexual attitudes of early, middle, and late adolescents and their parents. One hundred forty‐one adolescents between the ages of 12 and 20 and their parents completed a questionnaire consisting of the ATSS and demographic information. The Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient for the adolescents was .75, and for the parents it was .84. A principal components analysis revealed four major dimensions of the scale: a large General factor, Legality/Morality, Alternative Modes of Sexual Expression, and Individual Rights. The correlation pattern between the ATSS and subscales of the Sex Knowledge and Attitudes Test, as well as with certain demographic variables, supports the construct validity of the ATSS. This is, therefore, a scale which may be used for research in which the sexual attitudes of adults and adolescents of various ages are to be measured and compared.     

The Association of Sexual Behavior with Externalizing Behaviors in a Community Sample of Prepubertal Children

Abstract

On the basis of the problem-behavior theory for adolescence, we hypothesized that already during childhood sexual behavior is associated with (non-sexual) externalizing behaviors and tested the hypothesis in a community sample. In the context of a postal questionnaire survey of 6-10 year old children, the parents of 349 girls and 326 boys completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). The CBCL Sex Problems scale did not differ between genders, ethnic groups, or age groups. For both girls and boys, the scores on the Sex Problems scale correlated significantly but modestly (maximum r = 0.35) with all other CBCL scales; only in boys did the correlations with externalizing behaviors exceed those with other scales. We conclude that children from a community sample who show sexual behavior as defined by the CBCL tend to be the ones with increased behavioral/emotional problems in general, with only modest specificity in symptomatology.     

谁也拿不走的幸福

从宁夏到北京,从画家到教育家,李跃儿在追寻教育理想的道路上不停奔跑;在经营家庭幸福的道路上,她也从未停下脚步。彼此呵护、信赖与依靠,把对方“放在心里捂着”,令这份爱情的温度从不曾冷却。哪怕经历生死考验,仍然历久弥新。     

Nuclear and Extended Family Attitudes of Jordanian Arabs

Using a sample of 419 families from the northern region of Jordan, people's attitudes toward extended and nuclear family types were measured on two separate attitude scales. Each scale consisted of 42 Liker-type items. The alpha coefficients were .93 and .94 for extended family and nuclear family attitude scales, respectively. The effects of sex, level of education, area of residence, age, and marital status on the two attitudes were investigated. Appropriate statistical analyses of the data revealed that Education and Marital Status had significant effects on the extended family attitude but not on the nuclear family attitude. Sex, and Area of Residence, in contrast, had significant effects on the nuclear family attitude but not on the extended family attitude. The age factor, however, had significant similar effects on both attitudes. The two attitudes were found to be rather independent of than complementary to each other.     

Trauma specific versus generic measurement of distress and the validity of self-reported symptoms in sexually abused children

This study examined two issues in the assessment of child sexual abuse victims: sensitivity to trauma-related symptoms and validity of self-reports. The Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC) and Personality Inventory for Youth (PIY) were completed by 41 sexually abused children. Parents and children completed diagnostic interviews for PTSD. We predicted that TSCC validity scales would be moderately correlated with PIY scales measuring similar constructs, and that TSCC clinical scales would be more sensitive to PTSD status than the PIY clinical scales. Results supported both hypotheses. TSCC validity scales appeared to be less likely to identify clinical cases, however. Clinical and research implications are discussed.     

Determinants of opposition to abortion: an analysis of the hard and soft scales

This study investigates the differences between the hard and soft scales of the General Social Survey (GSS) which analyzes attitudes toward abortion. Hard reasons for supporting abortion include such considerations as health of mother, deformed child, rape, and incest. Soft reasons might be low income, unmarried mother, and attainment of desired family size. Data was obtained from the 1982 National Opinion Research Center (NORC) GSS, a 6 item questionnaire on attitudes toward abortion. Demographic variables and their interactions, 4 attitudinal scales, and 3 abortion scales--hard, soft, and a diffference scale--were used in the analysis. A multiple regression analysis was performed. Variation between the hard and soft scales, while significant, was not large and could be explained in terms of different sensitivities to different types of information. The soft scale, for example, was found to be more strongly related than the hard to demographic and attitudinal variables. It also showed greater variation than did the hard. Items such as religiosity and residence showed a strong affect on both scales. Yet interactions produce the strongest responses for or against abortion. For instance, age and religious preference interact; older Catholics and Baptists are more opposed to abortion than their younger counterparts. The authors conclude that the primary causes of each scale are the same and that 1 scale measuring the 6 abortion items would be the most balanced way to analyze abortion attitudes and their underlying reasons.     

The Victorian Gambling Screen: Reliability and Validation in a Clinical Population

There is a need to establish reliability and the various forms of validity in all measures in order to feel confident in the use of such tools across a wide diversity of settings. The aim of this study is to describe the reliability and validity of the Victorian Gambling Screen (VGS) and in particular one of the sub-scales (Harm to Self—HS) in a specialist problem gambling treatment service in Adelaide, Australia. Sixty-seven consecutive gamblers were assessed using a previously validated clinical interview and the VGS (Ben-Tovim et al., The Victorian Gambling Screen: project report. Victorian Research Panel, Melbourne, 2001). The internal consistency of the combined VGS scales had a Cronbach’s alpha of .85 with the HS scale .89. There was satisfactory evidence of convergent validity which included moderate correlations with another measure of gambling—the South Oaks Gambling Screen. There were also moderate correlations with other measures of psychopathology. Finally, how the VGS may best be used in clinical settings is discussed.     

Compulsive buying: Does it matter how it’s measured?

The primary purpose of the present study is to compare and contrast the validity and reliability of the Faber and O’Guinn [Faber, R. J., & O’Guinn, T. C. (1992). A clinical screener for compulsive buying. Journal of Consumer Research, 19, 459–469] and Edwards [Edwards, E. A. (1993). Development of a new scale for measuring compulsive buying behavior. Financial Counseling and Planning, 4, 67–84] compulsive buying scales within a nomological network. Although both psychometric scales were designed to measure compulsive buying, the two instruments appear to be distinct in how they conceptualize the compulsive buying phenomenon. The seven-item compulsive buying scale developed by Faber and O’Guinn (1992) is the most commonly used scale for measuring compulsive buying. The Edwards scale in contrast is not as well-known. Empirical results of the present study suggest that the two compulsive buying scales may be capturing either separate constructs, or different dimensions of the same compulsive buying construct. Edwards (1993) compulsive buying scale, for instance, is correlated with materialism but not with attitudes toward money while the Faber and O’Guinn scale is not correlated with materialism but is correlated with attitudes toward money. The present study’s results suggest, among other things, that it does in fact appear to matter how compulsive buying is measured.     

Attachment Between Former Spouses

This study examines the relationship between attachment of former spouses and parental communication and involvement. Data were collected from one hundred and seventeen divorced persons (46 men and 71 women) with school aged children. Research instruments included a shortened version of Kitson's (1982) attachment scale and Goldsmith's (1980) Co-Parental Communication and Parental Participation scales. Results suggest attachment may not be an adequate predictor in how involved divorced men are with their children. Rather, family boundary ambiguity in divorced families (particularly for males) may contribute to both low parental involvement and co-parental communication.     

Reelection threshold contracts in politics

We propose to supplement the democratic election mechanism by threshold contracts. A threshold contract stipulates a performance level that a politician must reach in order to obtain the right to stand for reelection. “Read my lips” turns into “read my contract”. Politicians can offer threshold contracts during their campaigns. Equilibrium threshold contracts are welfare improving and do not violate the liberal principle of free and anonymous elections in democracies. We would like to thank Johannes Becker, Peter Bernholz, Robert Dur, Joao E. Gata, Volker Hahn, Susanne Lohmann, Christian Schultz, Otto H. Swank, Heinrich Ursprung, conference participants at the annual meeting of the Public Choice Society 2000, the European meeting of the Econometric Society 2001 and the annual congress of the European Economic Association 2001 in Lausanne, seminar participants in Heidelberg and Mannheim and the referee for valuable suggestions and comments. Financial support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) is gratefully acknowledged.