Matching Communities and Hierarchies within the Firm

This article, which draws on recent literature on organizational communities, raises the question of the coherence of the firm through the analysis of the dialectic interaction between hierarchies and Knowledge-Intensive Communities (KnICs) within the firm. Focusing on the cognitive dimension of the firm, we analyze the matching between hierarchies and KnICs and draw conclusions as to the coherence of the firm. Using two key elements (the frequency of interactions and the intensity of communication between communities), we draw a typology allowing a better understanding of the processes of coordination and knowledge creation within the firm. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Matching Technology and Organizational Structure:

A case study is presented of a life and health insurance company that undertook a reorganization of work flow, management practices and structure following the implementation of automation. With the adoption of an on-line computer system, there was the potential for a competent, rapidly responsive and adaptive organization. However, the functionally organized, highly specialized business was operating as a white-collar assembly line. It was unable to respond to market demands and financial market changes in a creative, timely manner. The organizational potential created by the total processing system could not be realized until the social system, the organization of the people, was adapted to take full advantages of new technical capabilities. An assessment involving all of top management was conducted in which managers were allowed to determine the problems, goals, and potential solutions. Management developed a long range, overall approach to the organizational change. The decision was made to phase in experimental self managed work teams and to restructure organizational contingencies to support achievement or organizational rather than unit goals. This paper presents the intial twenty-four month period in the process.     

组织结构对组织学习与知识转化关系影响研究

创新依赖于组织学习。但是,知识如果没有在组织中被充分的分享,那么它的作用是有限的。即,为了实现知识的转化,知识分享的支持系统——有效的组织结构必须存在。本文通过组织学习的角度,探讨组织学习与知识转化的关系,以及组织结构的障碍在其中如何发挥作用。     

Market Structure and Multiple Equilibria in Airline Markets

We provide a practical method to estimate the payoff functions of players in complete information, static, discrete games. With respect to the empirical literature on entry games originated by Bresnahan and Reiss (1990) and Berry (1992), the main novelty of our framework is to allow for general forms of heterogeneity across players without making equilibrium selection assumptions. We allow the effects that the entry of each individual airline has on the profits of its competitors, its “competitive effects,” to differ across airlines. The identified features of the model are sets of parameters (partial identification) such that the choice probabilities predicted by the econometric model are consistent with the empirical choice probabilities estimated from the data. We apply this methodology to investigate the empirical importance of firm heterogeneity as a determinant of market structure in the U.S. airline industry. We find evidence of heterogeneity across airlines in their profit functions. The competitive effects of large airlines (American, Delta, United) are different from those of low cost carriers and Southwest. Also, the competitive effect of an airline is increasing in its airport presence, which is an important measure of observable heterogeneity in the airline industry. Then we develop a policy experiment to estimate the effect of repealing the Wright Amendment on competition in markets out of the Dallas airports. We find that repealing the Wright Amendment would increase the number of markets served out of Dallas Love.     

组织学习中群体间知识共享行为影响因素分析

以组织学习中群体间知识共享行为为研究对象,应用演化博弈方法,构建了群体间知识共享行为的演化博弈模型,分析了群体间知识共享行为的影响因素,得出了群体知识水平、吸收转化能力以及知识共享风险与群体间知识共享行为的相互关系.     

冗余资源、企业网络位置与多元化战略

以875家上市公司的连锁董事网络为研究样本,讨论了冗余资源、企业网络位置和多元化战略的关系。将冗余资源区分为可用冗余、可恢复冗余和潜在冗余3类;将网络位置分为网络的中心位置和网络的中介位置2个维度,并采用中心度指标和结构洞指标对企业的网络位置进行测量。研究结果表明,不同类型的冗余资源均与企业多元化程度显著正相关,而网络位置所发挥的调节作用却因冗余资源的类型而有所区别。     

城市社区网络化治理的组织机制分析 ——基于天津市X区L街道的个案研究

城市社区网络化治理是对网格化管理存在的"泛行政化""服务供给有限性""社区治理主体协调困境"等局限的全面超越,从"网格化管理"向"网络化治理"转型是城市基层社区治理的新趋势。从天津市X区L街道的社区网络化治理实践来看,其在纵向组织的构建上,实现了行政—党建复合网络架构和治理资源整合;在横向机制上,通过民主恳谈会实现了交流机制的设立,实现了社区多元治理主体动员与组织参与。该个案给我们的启示在于:社区网络化治理必须坚持整体性治理思维,把社区网络化治理看成是一个大的生态系统,把人放在系统环境中,不断构建社区治理共同体;政府应在维护基层社会秩序并实现社区善治的框架内,致力于寻求各类利益主体的利益诉求平衡点;要充分重视社区精英在社会合作和社区治理中的重要作用,重视社区精英吸纳工作。     

网络组织--适应电子商务发展和变革要求的组织范式

电子商务的发展给企业带来巨大的机遇和挑战,传统的企业组织形态将发生变革.首先从企业组织角度讨论了电子商务的特点,然后具体探讨了电子商务发展对企业组织的变革要求,最后提出并分析了创建适应电子商务发展的组织范式,即网络组织.     

多标度条件下资本市场波动的级串方向和结构

对上证综指多标度条件下波动级串方向和结构的实证研究发现,在4days临界标度范围内,大小波动间互为因果;超出临界标度,大小波动间表现出单方向性特征.运用交叉相关系数和功率谱方法从相关性和能量耗散2个角度对多标度波动级串传递方向的分析同样显示,在101～103min的3个数量级广泛标度范围内,大波动对于小波动具有较强预测能力,波动级串结构表现出大波动影响小波动变化的单方向特征.在此基础上,提出了4类"递进"的资本市场波动级串模型及其运用于风险管理的基本思路.     

证券市场的动态网络模型构建与演化规律研究

为分析证券市场的演化规律,提出了动态网络模型构建与拓扑结构分析方法。收集2000～2011年在上海证券交易所上市的884家A股公司的收盘价格数据,采用边权重过滤技术建立了证券市场的动态网络模型,并从网络的基本特征和社团结构探索证券市场的演化规律。通过计算发现,上海证券网络个体之间的平均相关性和聚集程度基本稳定,连通性则呈现增强的趋势。利用加权CNM算法对该动态网络进行社团结构划分,发现网络的最优模块度Q值呈现增大的趋势,这表明该网络的社团结构越来越明显。按行业对这些主要社团进一步分析发现:制造业是整个网络最核心的行业,其次是批发和零售贸易等5个行业。该证券动态网络的建模与演化规律分析方法可以推广到一般复杂网络理论之中。     

Petri 网分析企业组织效率的探讨

从信息流特征的角度讨论了用Pet ri 网描述企业组织结构系统行为的合适性, 并且就并行工程环境下企业的产品开发过程建立Pet ri 网模型, 采用了消解规则进行系统分析以减少分析的复杂性, 应用随机Pet ri 网理论定量化地分析、计算了该系统的运行效率.     

突破性技术创新的影响因素研究——基于战略与组织的视角

企业的可持续发展离不开其突破性技术创新能力的提升,然而目前对突破性技术创新的研究仍然是以定性研究为多而定量研究为少,关于突破性技术创新的成因的研究则相对更少。本文从战略和组织的双重视角出发,在对现有文献进行回顾和归纳的基础上,提出了本文的研究假设,并运用中国的企业样本,采取多源数据取样的研究设计以降低同源误差的影响,运用层级回归方程对所提出的假设进行了实证验证,研究结果发现,有机式组织结构对突破性技术创新具有显著的正向影响,探索者战略也有利于突破性技术创新能力的提升,而有机式组织结构与探索者战略的交互对突破性技术创新也具有显著的正向影响。最后讨论了本文的研究启示以及未来研究方向。     

Integrating Operational and Organizational Aspects in Interdependent Infrastructure Network Recovery

Managing risk in infrastructure systems implies dealing with interdependent physical networks and their relationships with the natural and societal contexts. Computational tools are often used to support operational decisions aimed at improving resilience, whereas economics‐related tools tend to be used to address broader societal and policy issues in infrastructure management. We propose an optimization‐based framework for infrastructure resilience analysis that incorporates organizational and socioeconomic aspects into operational problems, allowing to understand relationships between decisions at the policy level (e.g., regulation) and the technical level (e.g., optimal infrastructure restoration). We focus on three issues that arise when integrating such levels. First, optimal restoration strategies driven by financial and operational factors evolve differently compared to those driven by socioeconomic and humanitarian factors. Second, regulatory aspects have a significant impact on recovery dynamics (e.g., effective recovery is most challenging in societies with weak institutions and regulation, where individual interests may compromise societal well‐being). And third, the decision space (i.e., available actions) in postdisaster phases is strongly determined by predisaster decisions (e.g., resource allocation). The proposed optimization framework addresses these issues by using: (1) parametric analyses to test the influence of operational and socioeconomic factors on optimization outcomes, (2) regulatory constraints to model and assess the cost and benefit (for a variety of actors) of enforcing specific policy‐related conditions for the recovery process, and (3) sensitivity analyses to capture the effect of predisaster decisions on recovery. We illustrate our methodology with an example regarding the recovery of interdependent water, power, and gas networks in Shelby County, TN (USA), with exposure to natural hazards.     

Organizational Social Network Research: Core Ideas and Key Debates

Abstract

Given the growing popularity of the social network perspective across diverse organizational subject areas, this review examines the coherence of the research tradition (in terms of leading ideas from which the diversity of new research derives) and appraises current directions and controversies. The leading ideas at the heart of the organizational social network research program include: an emphasis on relations between actors; the embeddedness of exchange in social relations; the assumption that dyadic relationships do not occur in isolation, but rather form a complex structural pattern of connectivity and cleavage beyond the dyad; and the belief that social network connections matter in terms of outcomes to both actors and groups of actors across a range of indicators. These leading ideas are articulated in current debates that center on issues of actor characteristics, agency, cognition, cooperation versus competition, and boundary specification. To complement the review, we provide a glossary of social network terms.     

家族权力、组织认同与家族企业网络模式选择

本文在将家族权力界定为家族法定权力与家族专家权力的基础上,利用浙江和重庆两地家族企业调查数据,实证检验了家族权力、组织认同与家族企业网络关系,结果显示:第一,家族所有权对网络关系强度和持久度有显著的正向影响;家族管理权对网络中心度有显著的正向影响,对网络开放度有显著的负向影响;家族专家权力对网络中心度、密度和强度有显著的正向影响,对网络关系持久度和开放度有显著的负向影响。第二,家族所有权通过组织认同促进了网络关系强度和持久度;家族专家权力通过组织认同促进了网络中心度、密度和强度。第三,家族专家权力对家族企业网络模式的影响受到网络性质的影响,在家族企业人际关系网络中,家族专家权力对网络中心度和开放度的影响较大,对网络关系强度和持久度的影响较小。     

股票市场融资管制与公司最优资本结构

资本市场不完美对企业融资和资本结构带来的"供给方效应"日益受到公司金融学术界关注。转轨时期的中国资本市场存在严格证券发行管制与金融创新管制,给企业融资和资本结构带来了供给方约束。本文选取了1993~2007年期间A股市场发生过股权再融资的上市公司为研究对象,研究股票再融资管制政策变更对上市公司资本结构的影响。结果表明,股票再融资管制政策的变更,是影响上市公司资本结构的重要因素;股票市场估值的"市场时机"并不是影响上市公司资本结构的显著因素。     

组内网络外部性对双边市场定价的影响分析

将组内网络效应引入双边市场定价模型中,研究组内网络效应和组间网络效应共同作用下的双边市场定价策略问题,突出分析组内网络效应对双边平台企业定价策略的影响;建立两阶段的定价博弈模型,得到组内网络效应和组间网络效应共同作用下的双边市场竞争价格均衡。研究结果表明,组内网络外部性强度对消费者价格和厂商价格的影响取决于双边用户接入平台后的市场结构,即在双边用户单平台接入市场结构和厂商多平台接入的竞争性瓶颈结构下,组内网络外部性对双边市场定价的影响是不相同的;在这两种市场结构下,双边平台竞争获得的利润水平与组内网络外部性成正比,与组间网络外部性成反比。同时,双边用户的价格在单平台接入和多平台接入的市场结构下的大小关系取决于厂商组内网络外部性的强度。     

基于网络联盟环境的工作满意度、组织承诺与网络组织效率的关系研究

本文基于非契约机制视角,采用结构方程研究方法,对网络联盟环境的工作满意度、组织承诺与网络组织效率的关系进行实证研究.文章首先利用信度、效度分析,确定了网络联盟环境下工作满意度、组织承诺、网络组织效率的度量因素;据此,利用结构方程模型,验证了网络联盟环境下,工作满意度、组织承诺与网络组织效率的关系路径.最终得到以下结论:网络组织环境下,工作满意度正向促进网络组织效率;工作满意度正向促进组织承诺;组织承诺对网络组织效率的正向促进作用较弱;组织承诺在工作满意度正向促进网络组织效率的过程中,起部分中介作用.本文的研究结论对于利用非契约机制改善网络组织效率具有重要理论与实践意义.     

新企业组织学习对惯例的影响研究——组织结构的调节作用

 组织惯例广泛存在于成熟企业之中,然而学者对新企业惯例以及影响惯例的因素并未展开深入的探讨。聚焦于分析新企业中组织学习对组织惯例的影响,并考虑到组织结构的调节作用;基于组织学习理论和组织惯例的研究成果,在组织学习过程中,知识会被存储在组织记忆,并与组织记忆共同存储在惯例中,进而决定惯例表现形式。而组织结构会影响学习过程中知识在组织中的传递。        新企业在走向成熟的过程中必然伴随着组织运行的惯例化过程,在这个过程中,企业会通过实践和观察行业中其他企业获取运行和发展的知识。由于组织惯例的核心内容是存储在惯例中的知识,以知识的内外部获取为划分依据,研究替代式学习和体验式学习两种不同的组织学习方式;以惯例存储的知识的显性和隐性特征为划分依据,研究显性惯例和隐性惯例两种不同的组织惯例;基于对知识传递的影响作用不同,将组织结构划分为机械型组织结构和有机型组织结构;构建受组织结构调节影响的新企业组织学习影响组织惯例的理论模型,进行定量研究,采用SPSS 20.0软件对来源于长春地区的188家新企业的数据进行分析,并检验相关假设。        研究结果表明,替代式学习和体验式学习对新企业的显性惯例有正向影响,体验式学习对新企业的隐性惯例有正向影响,替代式学习对隐性惯例有负向影响。机械型组织结构中,体验式学习对显性惯例和隐性惯例的正向影响更大,机械型组织结构和有机型组织结构对替代式学习影响显性惯例和隐性惯例的调节作用并不显著。        研究结果揭示了新企业中组织学习影响惯例的作用机理,进一步细化了二者之间关系的研究,为新企业规范化和制度化运行提供了借鉴意义。     

电子商务企业组织结构模式及发展趋势

伴随着全球信息化的浪潮,以电子数据交换(EDI)和互联网网上交易为基础的全新商务运作模式--电子商务,突破了信息、时间和空间三大障碍,这种以信息技术为基础的,立足于自己的核心技术,利用网络技术整合优势资源,形成动态的、互利的产供销协作网络的电子商务企业,不仅带来了企业的技术进步,降低了成本,增强市场竞争力,同时也引发了管理思想、管理方法、管理手段、管理组织等诸多方面的变革,其中对企业组织结构的影响尤为深远.