知识分布、衰减程度与产业集群创新模式的内在机制研究

以知识流动为研究视角,将集群创新过程中的知识溢出、吸收能力内生化,构建包含三种创新模式下的产业集群演化模型,重点分析集群知识分布和知识衰减程度与集群创新模式的内在机制及其对创新产出的影响,并进行仿真实验。研究表明：不同知识分布下,混合创新模式的创新产出表现最好,外部吸收创新模式与内部自主创新模式呈现出不同的创新产出演化路径;在外部吸收创新和混合创新模式下,均匀分布型产业集群的创新产出表现最好,集中分布型表现次之,异质分布型表现最差,而在内部自主创新模式下,集中分布型则表现最好;不同创新模式对知识衰减的敏感程度呈现阶段性差异特征。这些结论对产业集群创新和可持续发展具有很好的理论和实践指导意义。     

管理者关系特性对海外子公司知识获取及公司绩效的影响研究

基于组织学习理论和社会资本理论,考察了管理者关系特性对海外子公司内外部网络知识获取和企业绩效的影响。研究结果显示,母子公司管理者之间的信任和沟通频率对获取母公司知识有正向影响,海外子公司管理者和本地重要企业管理者之间的信任对获取本地商务知识有正向影响,海外子公司管理者和本地政府主要负责人之间的私人关系对获取本地制度知识有显著影响。此外,本地制度知识在母公司知识对海外子公司绩效的影响中起正向调节作用,本地商务知识起负向调节作用。     

基于隐形契约的集群企业知识共享伙伴选择研究

产业集群中隐性契约的存在抑制了集群合作中机会主义行为的产生,使得集群企业间的知识共享合作比一般企业更具有稳定性。本文基于产业集群隐形契约约束,根据Hotelling博弈模型,分阶段对集群企业间知识共享伙伴的选择机制进行研究。研究表明,早期建立更为广泛的知识共享伙伴合作关系对集群企业的长远发展较为有利,集群企业总是更愿意与网络权力较大的企业形成知识共享关系,隐形契约的约束有利于产业集群建立更为稳定的知识共享关系网络,提升集群企业知识收益,有助于产业集群的良性发展。     

Institutions and the Diversity and Prevalence of Multinationals’ Knowledge‐Augmenting Subsidiaries

Multinational corporations (MNCs) increasingly seek to gain access to, and exploit, locationally specific sources of advanced knowledge and technological capabilities, creating a need to explain (1) the diversity among these facilities and (2) how institutions influence MNCs’ abilities to invest in different subsidiary types. Extending debates on firms’ knowledge‐augmenting activities, the authors integrate institutions into their analytical framework to a greater extent than previous work has done. Moreover, existing contributions provide typologies of R&D subsidiaries. In contrast, the authors focus on a particular subset of subsidiaries, knowledge‐augmenting ones, and put forward a theory to explain their variety and their prevalence, enabling them to identify previously neglected subsidiary types that have important managerial and policy implications. By downplaying the diversity of these subsidiaries, existing work has not been able to capture the full range of managerial challenges as well as the costs and benefits of different subsidiary types to host countries. The authors, therefore, problematize firms’ abilities to gain access to foreign knowledge‐generating assets, highlight the importance of institutional environments, provide policy recommendations and identify areas for future research.     

Headquarters involvement,socialization, and entrepreneurial behaviors in MNC subsidiaries

Headquarters of multinational corporations can be involved in their subsidiaries and help with the development and transfer of innovative ideas. However, headquarters involvement might not always be desired or needed, and it can thus be perceived as interference with local activities, potentially reducing local willingness to go the extra mile. We address the lack of knowledge about subsidiary manager behavior by answering the following question: How does headquarters involvement influence the proactive behavior of subsidiary managers to push for new and innovative ideas? Using data from 120 top managers in subsidiaries of multinational corporations, we find that the negative relationship between headquarters involvement and their subsidiary managers' support for initiatives can be reduced when socialization mechanisms such as a common corporate culture or rotation programs are put in place.     

Enriching Absorptive Capacity through Social Interaction

Absorptive capacity is frequently highlighted as a key determinant of knowledge transfer within multinational enterprises. But how individual behaviour translates into absorptive capacity at the subsidiary level, and how this is contingent on subsidiaries' social context, remains under‐addressed. This not only limits our understanding of the relationship between individual‐ and organizational‐level absorptive capacity, but also hampers further research on potentially relevant managerial and organizational antecedents, and limits the implications we can draw for practitioners who seek to increase their organization's capacity to put new knowledge to use. To address this shortcoming we conduct an in‐depth comparative case study of a headquarters‐initiated knowledge transfer at two subsidiaries of the same multinational enterprise. The findings demonstrate that social interaction is a prerequisite for subsidiary absorptive capacity as it enables employees to participate in the transformation of new knowledge to the local context and the development of local applications. The findings also illustrate how organizational conditions at the subsidiary level can impact subsidiary absorptive capacity by enabling or constraining local interaction patterns. These insights contribute to the absorptive capacity literature by demonstrating the scale and scope of social interaction as a key link between individual‐ and organizational‐level absorptive capacity.     

产业集群网络演化中知识转移研究

基于信任与合作博弈构建了产业集群网络演化模型,并建立了知识转移模型,在此基础上,研究了交易关系型产业集群、混合型产业集群以及过度嵌入型产业集群网络演化过程中知识转移特征。模拟分析表明:在此3种产业集群网络演化过程中,交易关系型集群中知识增长速度最高,过度嵌入型集群中知识增长速度最低,而且随着时间的推进产业集群增长速度在降低;通过扩大产业集群网络规模、提高产业集群中行为主体吸收能力以及提高知识转移率,均可提高产业集群知识增长速度;在知识转移率较小时,只有大幅度提高知识转移率,其对产业集群知识增长速度提升效果才明显。     

Subsidiary role development: The effect of micro-political headquarters–subsidiary negotiations on the product,market and value-added scope of foreign-owned subsidiaries

This paper focuses on subsidiary role development in terms of changes in the market, product and value-added scope of foreign subsidiaries within multinational corporations (MNC). In its theoretical part, it identifies three interrelated reasons to explain such role changes: (1) subsidiary capabilities, (2) host-country localization advantages and (3) headquarters' realized strategies—that is, headquarters' intended strategies and the outcomes of micro-political headquarter–subsidiary negotiations. Based on the results of interviews with 65 managers in 11 German headquarters and their 13 Hungarian subsidiaries, the paper reveals the interrelated effects of the three factors on subsidiary role development and shows that headquarters' intended strategies are decisive to explain role development in peripheral host countries, though micro-political headquarter–subsidiary negotiations being an integral part of subsidiary role development.     

Upgrading local operations for global arbitrage

This study shows that upgrading sales operations in host countries towards production allows MNCs to perform global arbitrage in their networks of foreign subsidiaries and thereby contributes to a strategy of reaping the benefits of multinationality. We predict and find that operation upgrades follow opportunities of improving resource flows in the subsidiary network to exploit the advantages of host countries in tax rates, investment incentives, and technological knowledge across borders. Performance effects on the level of the MNC network give evidence of these benefits from global arbitrage.     

Dual Organizational Identification in Multinational Enterprises and Interpersonal Horizontal Knowledge Sharing: A Conceptual Model

How does a subsidiary employees' dual organizational identification (DOI) – with both the local subsidiary and the overall corporation – shape the pattern of interpersonal horizontal knowledge sharing (IHKS) in multinational enterprises (MNEs)? This conceptual article develops a conceptual model demonstrating the relationships between subsidiary employees' DOI and their IHKS patterns (i.e., quantity, quality, and timing). We propose that subsidiary-oriented DOI is negatively associated with IHKS, while MNE-oriented DOI has the opposite effect. Building on this central argument, we posit that the geographic distance, relative competence, and interpersonal similarity between employees and colleagues at other subsidiaries can moderate the relationship between DOI and IHKS and cause unevenness in IHKS patterns that may aggregate at the corporate level, resulting in uneven knowledge flows in the whole MNE system. Our theorizing advances understanding of intra-MNE knowledge sharing by yielding novel propositions about the predictors of IHKS and uneven knowledge flows in MNE.     

Subsidiary power,cultural intelligence and interpersonal knowledge transfer between subsidiaries within the multinational enterprise

We propose that individual-level knowledge transfer between subsidiaries within a multinational enterprise depends on the perceived relative power of the subsidiary and the cultural intelligence of individuals. Using a sample of 333 research and development (R&D) subsidiary employees of foreign Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) in India, we find that the perceived subsidiary power has a direct positive significant effect on knowledge sharing, and an indirect significant effect, through organizational identification, on knowledge seeking. Further, cultural intelligence moderates the effect of organizational identification on knowledge seeking, and the indirect effect of the perceived subsidiary power on it. The findings highlight the role of organizational identification and cultural intelligence in explaining the impact of the perceived subsidiary power on interpersonal knowledge transfer within the MNE.     

跨国企业嵌入集群下链与链竞争动态网络模型分析

在产业集群背景下,跨国企业携技术领先优势进入集群,经历从竞争嵌入(斯坦伯格博弈)到融合均衡(古诺博弈)两阶段。基于此,本文研究集群原有供应链在跨国企业嵌入后,形成原供应链与新供应链之间相互竞争,以及最终达到集群整体网络动态均衡的变化过程,通过利用变分不等式和动态博弈方法,建立起考虑汇率下的链与链动态竞争网络模型,并给出相应的算法。通过实例发现,在第一阶段原有集群供应链能保持较高的消费者满意度,且市场占有率高于跨国企业供应链;在第二阶段,跨国企业供应链的市场占有率则反超。更重要的是,在第二阶段集群市场整体销量和整体利润总和均高于第一阶段。     

基于企业学习策略的集群持续创新机制及实证研究

由于集群网络的复杂性,集群创新机制的研究目前较为缺乏,有限的研究也往往假设集群企业具有同质性.本文提出,集群企业依据其在集群网络中的位置采用不同的学习策略,领导型企业更加侧重于探索式学习,跟随型企业更加侧重于利用式学习,两者的分工和异质性互动构成了集群持续创新的内在机理.本文在个体和企业层次双重学习研究的基础上,结合集群特有的组织条件,提出集群双重学习的机制,据此将集群企业进行分类,并建立集群中企业学习的理论模型,接着选取国内某地化工产业集群的236家企业作为样本,运用结构方程模型对集群中企业进行分类检验和比较研究.研究结果表明,集群中不同类型企业的学习策略存在差异,集群网络的作用是产生这一差异的可能原因;集群中不同类型企业的学习策略具有互补性,有利于企业间互动和集群的持续创新.     

Performance implications of MNE subsidiary federation: Evidence from India

Building on extant and emerging scholarship on the deepening of MNE operations in a foreign country, we develop the notion of subsidiary federation, viz., a constellation of legally independent majority-owned subsidiaries of a foreign MNE, in a single host country. We posit that subsidiary federation is a reservoir of host country experiences, resources, knowledge, and networks, and allows the parent MNE strategic flexibility in terms of where and how they choose to operate. The sharing of knowledge facilitated by interactions among the managers of affiliated subsidiaries bestows advantages that, we argue, are performance positive for the affiliates. We hypothesize that multiple subsidiaries in a foreign host country is positively associated with corporate level diversity, and that benefits to the affiliates in a subsidiary federation are associated with the size of the federation and with relative geographic location of the affiliates. We test our theory on a sample of foreign MNE subsidiaries in India during the 2000–2013 period and find strong empirical support for our hypotheses. We conclude with avenues for future research.     

Institutional antecedents of subsidiary external embeddedness: Coping with regulatory competitive constraints

We investigate institutional antecedents to subsidiary external embeddedness and relate regulation constraining competition in local service sectors to subsidiary embeddedness with local partners in complementary sectors. Combining research on business networks with arguments derived from transaction cost economics, we argue that subsidiary external embeddedness depends on the extent of transaction costs originating from small numbers bargaining, which regulatory competitive constraints in local service sectors are a source of. Based on this logic, we suggest that low and high levels of regulatory competitive constraints are associated with greater subsidiary external embeddedness. We also suggest that this U-shaped relationship is more pronounced for subsidiaries that are centers of excellence within the multinational enterprise because these subsidiaries heavily depend on the local context as a source of their competitive advantage over their sister subsidiaries.     

基于超网络视角的产业集群升级研究

依据创新能力对集群升级内涵进行了诠释。根据知识和社会关系水平将集群升级转化为由社会网络、显性知识网络和隐性知识网络互动的超网络。运用变分不等式理论和最优化问题的关系,求得网络的洽合流和超网络的均衡状态。探究了集群规模、数量等变动所导致的网络中流和超网络均衡状态的变化,直至最终实现集群升级。最后结合案例分析网络互动的现实意义及今后研究方向。     

Isolated Foreign Subsidiary's Initiative in Knowledge Transfer Within the MNE

Knowledge transfer is an essential issue of strategic management in MNEs, because it enables them to utilize their strategic resources across borders. However, it is far from perfect, and there are isolated foreign subsidiaries that are excluded from the knowledge network within the MNE. A primary contribution of this paper is to shed light on a fact which such an isolated foreign subsidiary can initiate the internal knowledge transfer within the MNE, in order to overcome the liability of internal isolation. This paper analyzes such a subsidiary initiative, with an extreme case of a large Japanese ICT company's Finnish subsidiary, which initiated an adoption of its headquarters' strategic practice. I collected and analyzed data by ethnographic fieldwork in this subsidiary for over one year. After depicting the details of the initiation process, I show how the initiation process was influenced by the subsidiary managers' dual motivation; solving the liability of internal isolation, and keeping the advantage of isolation. I hope that this study would enrich theory building of subsidiary isolation and also contribute to subsidiary managers who have struggled with the liability of internal isolation.     

产业关联、产业协同与集群竞争优势的关联机理

就产业关联性、产业协同性与集群竞争优势的关联机制进行了分析,并在此基础上构建了一个产业关联度、产业协同度与集群竞争优势关联矩阵分析图,依据产业关联度与产业协同度大小的不同组合形成了8大区域,并对照工业园发展的实际对8大区域的特征、形成原因及对策进行了探讨。     

Knowledge Spillovers from FDI: A Critical Review from the International Business Perspective

This paper reviews and organizes the theoretical and empirical research on foreign direct investment (FDI) knowledge spillovers from the international business perspective. In doing so, it develops a framework for the analysis of this phenomenon. The suggested FDI knowledge spillover framework integrates both the macro‐level (country, industry, institutions) and micro‐level (multinational firm, headquarters, subsidiary, local firms) antecedents of spillovers with their consequences, and proposes to analyse spillovers along three main attributes that characterize their occurrence, i.e. their magnitude, scope and speed.     

基于子公司二元行为的报酬契约模型设计与分析

针对子公司角色变化引起的行为变化,将子公司行为细分为探索行为和开发行为,利用委托代理理论进行报酬契约设计,探究企业集团相关决策变量对子公司二元行为努力的影响机理。研究结果表明:总部最优产出分享系数和子公司开发行为努力程度随总部支持的提高而降低、随开发行为盈利水平的降低而降低、随探索行为预期收益率和子公司可投入水平的提高呈"正U"型趋势;探索行为努力程度在探索行为预期收益率和子公司可投入水平较低时随总部支持的提高呈"倒U"型趋势,反之呈线性增长趋势;另外,探索行为努力程度随开发行为盈利水平、探索行为预期收益率和子公司可投入水平的提高而提高。最后,本文利用数值算例对上述结论进行了直观演示。