绿色物流网络系统建模与效率边界分析

绿色物流对于我国保护环境、节约资源和实施可持续发展战略具有重要的意义。绿色物流要求在进行物流网络系统设计时不能只考虑成本,还要考虑物流活动对于环境的影响。因此如何平衡物流成本和环境质量是一个关键问题。本文提出了绿色物流网络设计步骤和模型,将环境质量和物流成本作为优化的目标,利用多目标优化方法获得物流成本和环境质量之间的效率边界。通过分析效率边界的性质,指出了效率边界的作用。最后通过实例计算对影响效率边界的参数进行了分析,能为有效的实施绿色物流提供决策工具。     

Bayesian approach for optimal PV system sizing under climate change

This paper proposes a novel statistical approach for optimally sizing a stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) system under climate change. Traditionally, the irradiation profile of a typical day or year is used to size PV systems. However, facing the global warming crisis as well as the fact that no two years would have the same weather condition for a single site, this often makes the traditional way failed in the extreme weather conditions. This paper presents a method to statistically model the trend of climate change year by year and put it into the sizing formula, so that the results are optimal for the current weather condition and confidential for the future as well. Hence, the suitable sizes for the PV array and the number of batteries are obtained by pure computation. This is different from the traditional simulation-based sizing curve method. An economic optimization procedure is also presented. In addition to the capital and maintenance costs, a penalty cost is introduced when service fails. A new statistic-based reliability index, the loss of power probability, in terms of threshold-based Extreme Value Theory is presented. This index indicates the upper bound reliability for applications and provides rich information for many extreme events. A technological and economic comparison among the traditional daily energy balance method, sizing curve method and the proposed approach is conducted to demonstrate the usefulness of the new method.     

Optimal Taxes on Fossil Fuel in General Equilibrium

We analyze a dynamic stochastic general‐equilibrium (DSGE) model with an externality—through climate change—from using fossil energy. Our central result is a simple formula for the marginal externality damage of emissions (or, equivalently, for the optimal carbon tax). This formula, which holds under quite plausible assumptions, reveals that the damage is proportional to current GDP, with the proportion depending only on three factors: (i) discounting, (ii) the expected damage elasticity (how many percent of the output flow is lost from an extra unit of carbon in the atmosphere), and (iii) the structure of carbon depreciation in the atmosphere. Thus, the stochastic values of future output, consumption, and the atmospheric CO₂ concentration, as well as the paths of technology (whether endogenous or exogenous) and population, and so on, all disappear from the formula. We find that the optimal tax should be a bit higher than the median, or most well‐known, estimates in the literature. We also formulate a parsimonious yet comprehensive and easily solved model allowing us to compute the optimal and market paths for the use of different sources of energy and the corresponding climate change. We find coal—rather than oil—to be the main threat to economic welfare, largely due to its abundance. We also find that the costs of inaction are particularly sensitive to the assumptions regarding the substitutability of different energy sources and technological progress.     

电力消耗、经济增长与CO2排放量的实证分析——基于中国面板数据

本文运用计量经济学方法,如协整检验和格兰杰因果关系检验、脉冲响应函数等,深入研究了中国在1990-2013期间电力消耗、经济增长与二氧化碳排放量之间的关系。研究结果表明,电力消耗、经济增长与二氧化碳排放量之间存在协整关系,即长期均衡关系;经济增长与电力消耗之间存在双向的格兰杰因果关系,但不存在电力消耗与二氧化碳排放量,经济增长与二氧化碳排放量之间的格兰杰因果关系。与此同时,VAR模型估计结果显示,滞后一期的电力消耗对当期经济增长和二氧化碳排放量产生正向的作用,滞后一期的电力消耗促进当期的电力消耗,同时也促进当期经济增长和CO₂排放量增加;经济增长的滞后期对当期电力消耗和二氧化碳排放量产生负向的作用,而二氧化碳排放量的滞后期对当期经济增长没有显著影响。基于此,实证分析结果表明经济增长在短期内会造成二氧化碳排放量的增加,但正如环境库兹涅茨曲线描述的结论一样,从长期来看,经济增长促进了技术的进步和能源效率的提高,进而导致二氧化碳排放量的减少。该发现对于中国发展低碳经济和电力部门能源政策的制定都将有着重要现实意义。     

小型制造企业的新疆域

不少企业将赌注押到了日渐增长的绿色产业上作为一个专注输送系统的生产商,夏特沃斯(Shuttleworth)总是与时俱进,紧跟时代变化。大约5年前,这家位于亨廷顿的电子生产企业借生产线迁移国外之机,裁员100多人。在此之后,公司业务主要集中于输送食品、保健品、汽车和纸制品,直至今年,它开始涉足回报率丰厚的绿色产业:太阳能电池板。     

An integrated lean and green approach for improving sustainability performance: a case study of a packaging manufacturing SME in the U.K.

Abstract

Competitive landscape, informed consumers and stringent regulations have forced many manufacturing small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to focus on operational efficiency along with sustainability issues in recent years. While many manufacturing organisations have been taking lean initiatives for the past few years for operational excellence, an impulsive rush to adopt lean without a strategic deployment vision has led to scattered implementation of lean tools and projects without desired success. Many researchers and practitioners prescribe value stream mapping as a foundation for lean transformation initiatives; however, little empirical work is available on the symbiosis of lean and green paradigms to reap maximum benefits. This research, through a systematic methodology and a novel tool called Green Integrated Value Stream Mapping (GIVSM), integrates both paradigms in a case study on a U.K. packaging-manufacturing SME. Applying the GIVSM demonstrates that simultaneous deployment of lean and green paradigms have synergistic effect for improving both operational efficiency and environmental performance. In addition, continuous improvement framework with sustainable procurement is proposed to overcome the lean-green misalignments. This study also provides a guiding reference for practitioners to undertake similar improvement projects and identifies opportunities to expand this academic research on integrated lean-green approach into other industry sectors.     

Management of Energy Technology for Sustainability: How to Fund Energy Technology Research and Development

Operations management methods have been applied profitably to a wide range of technology portfolio management problems, but have been slow to be adopted by governments and policy makers. We develop a framework that allows us to apply such techniques to a large and important public policy problem: energy technology R&D portfolio management under climate change. We apply a multi‐model approach, implementing probabilistic data derived from expert elicitations into a novel stochastic programming version of a dynamic integrated assessment model. We note that while the unifying framework we present can be applied to a range of models and data sets, the specific results depend on the data and assumptions used and therefore may not be generalizable. Nevertheless, the results are suggestive, and we find that the optimal technology portfolio for the set of projects considered is fairly robust to different specifications of climate uncertainty, to different policy environments, and to assumptions about the opportunity cost of investing. We also conclude that policy makers would do better to over‐invest in R&D rather than under‐invest. Finally, we show that R&D can play different roles in different types of policy environments, sometimes leading primarily to cost reduction, other times leading to better environmental outcomes.     

基于绿色投资效率的港航供应链投资策略研究

在IMO环境政策约束日趋严格的背景下，绿色投资成为港航企业提升自身竞争优势的方式之一。本文以港口主导的供应链为研究对象，分析三种投资场景与不同成员投资的利益关系，即从绿色技术投资效率对港航供应链的成本效应、绿色技术投入效应、经济效应和市场效应等方面展开分析，最后分析不同投资策略对消费者剩余和社会福利的影响。研究表明：港口绿色技术投资在一定程度上会增加整体供应链的成本投入；当绿色技术投资效率逐步提高时，绿色投入水平不断下降，降低了绿色投入的成本，从而达到“投入高效率，投入水平低增长，整体收益高增长”的投资效果；无论是承运人或是港口进行绿色技术投入，均会增加市场的服务价格，相较于非绿色技术投入，绿色技术投入时会增加整体市场的需求数量；从消费者剩余的角度考虑，承运人绿色技术投入相较于港口绿色技术投入产生的消费者剩余大，也会在一定程度上减少因价格“传递效应”带来的不利影响；从社会福利的角度考虑，虽然绿色投资可能会降低社会福利，但承运人投资产生的社会福利优于港口绿色投资时产生的社会福利；从保护环境的角度，政府的政策制定具有较高的优先级，有助于提升环境收益。研究结果进一步丰富了港航企业绿色投资的研究成果，可为合理权衡绿色技术投资效率，为港口供应链成员的绿色投资决策提供一定的参考，对绿色港口供应链的良性发展具有一定的指导意义。     

同时考虑博弈支付与有限市场容量的绿色建筑与传统建筑共生研究

发展绿色建筑是减少温室气体排放的有效途径之一。基于微观市场中绿色建筑和传统建筑市场容量有限的特征,结合共生理论与博弈支付矩阵,构建了绿色建筑与传统建筑的独立共生密度博弈模型;在分析模型稳定后运用系统动力学软件仿真了博弈双方数量的动态变化特征。研究结果表明：模型存在唯一的共生稳定点,模型的稳定条件密切相关于绿色建筑与传统建筑的博弈支付矩阵,与绿色建筑和传统建筑的净复制率无关;政策激励的有效性与微观主体的行为选择密切相关。将中国绿色建筑的实际数据应用本模型进行仿真,结果表明模型可有效揭示和解释中国绿色建筑和传统建筑的共生博弈发展过程。模型和模型仿真结果可有效地为促进绿色建筑的发展提供技术支持和理论依据。     

Risk–risk governance in a low-carbon future: Exploring institutional,technological, and behavioral tradeoffs in climate geoengineering pathways

Deliberations are underway to utilize increasingly radical technological options to help address climate change and stabilize the climatic system. Collectively, these options are often referred to as “climate geoengineering.” Deployment of such options, however, can create wicked tradeoffs in governance and require adaptive forms of risk management. In this study, we utilize a large and novel set of qualitative expert interview data to more deeply and systematically explore the types of risk–risk tradeoffs that may emerge from the use of 20 different climate geoengineering options, 10 that focus on carbon dioxide or greenhouse gas removal, and 10 that focus on solar radiation management and reflecting sunlight. We specifically consider: What risks does the deployment of these options entail? What types of tradeoffs may emerge through their deployment? We apply a framework that clusters risk–risk tradeoffs into institutional and governance, technological and environmental, and behavioral and temporal dimensions. In doing so, we offer a more complete inventory of risk–risk tradeoffs than those currently available within the respective risk-assessment, energy-systems, and climate-change literatures, and we also point the way toward future research gaps concerning policy, deployment, and risk management.     

基于金融CGE模型的中国绿色信贷政策短中长期影响分析

十二五将节能环保作为一大关键主题, 中国将更多地使用市场经济手段治理环境, 与命令-控制手段互为补充。绿色信贷政策是其中重要的金融政策。本文从绿色信贷政策中对"双高"行业实施惩罚性高利率这一市场化的利率政策入手, 利用中国2007年SAM表, 部分行业主要上市企业年报, 2006年及2007年资金流量表及金融年鉴数据, 建立一个加入金融系统的CGE(可计算一般均衡)模型, 刻画绿色信贷政策的传导路径, 定量测算政策在不同时期的系统性影响。结果发现绿色信贷政策能够较为有效地抑制目标行业的投资行为, 并在短期、中期内能减少造纸业、化工业产出。在长期, 目标行业投资、产出回升, 抵消绿色信贷对抑制目标行业产出的效果。     

绿色购买行为演化路径与影响机理分析

绿色消费理念转化为绿色购买行动,消费者需要承担一定的溢价支出。将环保因素引入消费者购买动机函数,考虑消费者的微观异质性、有限理性和环境复杂性,运用计算实验方法,基于情景建模构建消费者绿色购买行为计算实验模型,动态模拟不同情境下消费者参与绿色购买的过程,从宏观方面探索消费者绿色购买行为的演化路径,并从微观方面剖析其影响机理。实验结果显示,虽然价格敏感程度和环保意识水平是消费者绿色购买决策的关键因素,但绿色商品信息占优情境下,"朋友影响"可以显著提高绿色商品市场份额。绿色消费者在自身践行绿色购买的同时,应积极宣传绿色商品信息,这对于促使更多消费者将绿色消费理念转化为绿色购买行动,推动绿色消费市场的健康发展具有重要的现实意义。     

环境分权、地方政府竞争对绿色技术创新影响的“本地—邻地”效应

随着绿色发展成为五大发展理念之一,各地政府推进绿色技术创新成为降低环境污染和提高增长质量的主要途径。为了考察地方政府环境分权和竞争对绿色技术创新影响的“本地—邻地”效应,本文利用非期望产出EBM模型测度绿色技术创新程度,并将绿色技术创新指数引入动态空间杜宾模型。最后,结合2003-2017年中国省级面板数据进行实证分析。研究发现：(1)绿色技术创新具有显著的路径依赖、空间集聚以及邻近地区的策略竞争效应;(2)环境分权对本地和邻地绿色技术创新的影响呈“U型”变动特征,且现阶段并未跨越分权驱动创新的临界点;(3)环境分权与地方政府竞争的交互效应整体为负,环境行政分权、环境监察分权和环境监测分权等不同类型环境分权采取的策略并不相同;(4)区域环境分权产生的绿色技术创新激励效应存在异质性,中西部地区环境分权对绿色技术创新的激励效果更强。     

Weighing the Risks of Nuclear Energy and Climate Change: Trust in Different Information Sources,Perceived Risks,and Willingness to Pay for Alternatives to Nuclear Power

We examined how individuals perceive nuclear energy in the context of climate change mitigation and how their perceptions are associated with trust in different risk information sources. We analyzed the interrelationships between trust, perceived risk of nuclear power, climate change concern, perception of nuclear energy as an acceptable way to mitigate climate change, and willingness to pay (WTP) for alternatives to nuclear power. A nationwide survey (N = 967) collected in Finland was analyzed with structural equation modeling. The associations between trust and perceived risk of nuclear power, climate change concern, and perception of nuclear power as a way to mitigate climate change varied by the type of information source. Political party support and other background variables were associated with trust in different information sources. The effect of trust in information sources on WTP was mediated by perceived risks and benefits. The results will increase our understanding of how individuals perceive nuclear energy as a way to cut CO₂ emissions and the role of trust in different information sources in shaping nuclear risk perceptions and energy choices.     

Effect of green innovation on job satisfaction of electronic and electrical manufacturers’ employees through job intensity: personal innovativeness as moderator

Green innovation is currently receiving increased international attention as a result of the growing concern on natural resource degradation and environmental pollution among consumers, governments, and communities in general. Although previous studies have indicated the positive effects of green innovation on the performance of manufacturing firms, practicing green innovation may conflict with job satisfaction, which in turn could negatively impact the performance of firms. This study examines job intensity to investigate the effects of green product and process innovation on job satisfaction. In addition, the moderating effect of personal innovativeness is investigated. Data from a survey of 191 respondents in the Malaysian electronic and electrical (E&E) manufacturing firms were analysed using partial least squares technique. Results showed that green product and process innovation have a positive direct effect on job intensity and a negative indirect effect on job satisfaction through job intensity. Personal innovativeness negatively moderates the relationship between green process innovation and job intensity. Theoretical and practical contributions of this study are discussed as well.     

绿色金融与经济增长质量：带有资源环境约束的一般均衡模型构建与实证检验

深入认识绿色金融对经济发展质量的影响机制、实证检验二者的关系,是科学引导绿色金融体系构建、助力高质量发展的基础,但该领域的理论研究和实证证据都十分有限。本文从绿色金融研究的理论脉络入手,构建了带有资源环境约束和金融部门的一般均衡模型。在模型中,自然资源的“公共物品问题”导致经济增长路径偏离最优水平,而绿色金融机构能够通过优化资本配置,改善经济增长路径,降低稳态中的环境损害水平,提高经济增长的质量。基于理论模型,本文使用2005年至2017年的省级面板数据检验了绿色金融活动与经济增长质量之间的关系,实证证据有力地支持了理论模型的推论。据此,本文指出,发展绿色金融的核心是“绿化”金融机构的运营理念和投资决策,从改善经济体的资源配置状况入手,促进经济的绿色发展。此外,本文的理论模型将绿色金融的研究与经济增长理论结合起来,也为绿色金融的理论体系构建提供了参考。     

碳限额与交易政策下考虑绿色技术投入的定价策略研究

从微观低碳经济的角度出发,建立了企业在碳限额政策,碳限额与交易政策以及在碳限额与交易政策下进行绿色技术投入三种情形下的定价策略模型。研究结果表明:(1)在碳限额政策下,企业的最优定价和期望利润均不会大于在无限额下的最优定价和期望利润。(2)在碳限额与交易政策下的最优定价低于无限额下的最优定价,高于碳限额下的最优定价。此时,企业的最优定价主要取决于限额时的产品边际利润大小,企业的期望利润主要取决于政府的初始碳配额量;(3)在碳限额与交易政策下,进行绿色技术投入后的最优定价低于无限额下的最优定价,此时,企业最优定价主要取决于限额时的产品边际利润大小;(4)在碳限额与交易政策下,适当的绿色技术投入能够增加生产企业期望利润。     

执行时间视角下的可再生能源发电项目激励政策优化研究

为实现可持续发展并降低温室气体排放,中国需大力发展可再生能源,而激励政策对可再生能源发展具有重要推动作用。鉴于此,本文采用实物期权方法评价了中国可再生能源发电项目激励政策的实施效果：首先分析了可再生能源项目的经济性,提出模型假设,接着构建并求解实物期权模型。为更直观地评价激励政策效果,本文利用最优执行条件求解项目预期执行时间和不同技术水平下的激励政策最优值。最后,以光伏发电项目为例进行实证分析。研究表明：①目前,中国光伏产业还难以独立发展,仍需国家政策的支持,但现行或曾实施的光伏激励政策存在超额激励现象。②随着技术水平的提高,为鼓励投资者及时投资,政府需提高激励力度。③从政府支出、政策效果和技术影响三个角度综合分析,单项激励政策中上网电价政策效果最佳,但政府支出较高;价格补贴政策效果偏弱,但政府支出较低;与其他两项政策相比,成本补偿政策效果较差。     

A tradeoff model for green supply chain planning:A leanness-versus-greenness analysis

This article presents a tactical supply chain planning model that can be used to investigate tradeoffs between cost and environmental degradation including carbon emissions, energy consumption and waste generation. The proposed model also incorporates other aspects of real world supply chains such as multiple transport lot sizing and flexible holding capacity of warehouses. A solution methodology, the Nested Integrated Cross-Entropy (NICE) method, is developed to solve the proposed mixed-integer nonlinear mathematical model. The application of the model and solution method is investigated in an actual case problem. Analysis of the numerical results focuses on investigating the relationship between lean practices and green outcomes. We find that (1) not all lean interventions at the tactical supply chain planning level result in green benefits, and (2) a flexible supply chain is the greenest and most efficient alternative when compared to strictly lean and centralized situations.     

Green and lean: a Gemba–Kaizen model for sustainability enhancement

Abstract

Despite the encouraging results obtained from the application of Green Lean, organizations have found the integration of Green and Lean, and their implementation as an integrated approach, challenging. This paper therefore presents a model for integrating Lean and Green based on the Gemba-Kaizen approach. The proposed model was developed on the basis of a through literature review on Gemba and Kaizen, conducted on peer reviewed journal articles and pragmatic books, and the more than 40 years of accumulated experience of the authors as academics, researchers, industrialists and consultants. The model was validated through two cases study in the aerospace and automotive industries. The results showed that the proposed model helped the case organizations to reduce the consumption of resources and improve their environmental performance. The proposed model can be the basis for further research on Lean and Green, contributing to help organizations to improve their sustainability performance.