Women’s Advantage in Higher Education: Towards Understanding A Global Phenomenon

This article reviews prior and emerging research on the gender gap in higher education using a comparative lens. The article outlines historical trends in the gender gap in higher education, focusing on areas where women are advantaged and disadvantaged. It then reviews prior explanations for women’s increasing enrollment in college and continued sex segregation in fields of study. It suggests three fruitful areas for future research to understand the cross‐national female advantage in the completion of college and university degrees: (1) the female advantage in schooling; (2) male vulnerability to growing up in resource‐deprived homes; and (3) changing incentives for men and women to complete higher education.     

Enrollment Decisions in a Child Development Accounts Program for Low-Income Families

This exploratory study analyzed factors that influenced parental decision to enroll in a child development accounts program for their pre-school children’s college education. Data used is from a savings demonstration program in a Midwestern U.S. state. Of the individual, household and service-level variables, only the level of parent’s education and the program orientation about the accounts offered to parents were significantly associated with enrollment decision. Analyzed variables explained 79.0% of the decision to enroll. Results provide limited support for an institutional mechanism to help low-income families participate in child development savings accounts program. Implications are directed towards program and policy implementation of similar programs.     

Parenting Styles and College Enrollment: A Path Analysis of Risky Human Capital Decisions

In this study, we examined how parents influence the higher education decision-making process of young adults. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, results from a path analysis showed that, although parenting styles were not directly linked with college enrollment, they were indirectly associated with college enrollment via their prior associations with a number of variables, including young adults’ subjective probability of completing college, time preferences, academic achievement, cognitive ability, and parental expectations. These findings suggest that although parents may be less directly involved with higher education choices of young adults, they still have an important indirect influence on these choices. Parenting style impacts the child’s beliefs, expectations, and attitudes, all of which ultimately play a role in the decision of whether or not to enroll in college.     

中国大学生领导力教育的战略思考

始于20世纪七八十年代的国外大学生领导力教育，于前几年开始影响中国。由于缺乏社会共识和理论研究，国内大学生领导力教育在实践中缺少整体规划和系统设计．故进展较缓慢。本文强调必须从大学使命、提高大学人才培养质量和中国未来领导人才资源的前瞻性开发的战略高度认识大学生领导力教育的重大意义，并通过对大学生领导力教育的对象范围、基本原则与特点、大学生领导力教育与学校其他教育工作的关系以及实施大学生领导力教育的内容、途径与方法等基本问题的论述，对中国大学生领导力教育问题作了较全面的战略性分析，旨在引起各方的重视和关注，力图在理论和实践上推进中国大学生领导力教育的发展。     

Child care subsidies and care arrangements of low-income parents

While enrollment into early education programs has increased significantly in the past two decades, many low-income children still do not attend these programs due to lack of funding and access. This study uses data from the 2005 National Household Education Survey to examine the effects of child care subsidies on the enrollment of low-income children in early childhood education programs. Multinomial regression results show that families that receive child care subsidies are more likely to place their child in center-based preschool programs. The analyses also show that subsidy receipt increases the probability of using center care for low-income households. These findings indicate that policies aimed at increasing funding and availability of early education for low-income families can help close the gap in enrollment.     

大学生就业中的法律问题及对策

由于高校连续多年的扩招,高校毕业生人数逐年增多,加上我国就业形势的严峻以及就业市场的不规范,导致了大学生在就业中的诸多法律问题,如就业歧视、招聘欺诈、就业协议或劳动合同签订中的不公平等。这些问题的背后又有着诸多深层次的原因。解剖这些原因,解决这些问题,关系到社会的和谐、高等教育的持续健康发展。当然,这需要政府、社会、高校及大学生的共同努力。     

An Integrative Approach to Teaching Family Resource Management

Abstract

Family resource management is one of ten substance areas that are required for certification in family life education (National Council on Family Relations, 2005). Unfortunately, few discipline-specific resources are available for faculty assigned to teach the family resource management course. A rich tradition of theory and practice in the field has stalled, with little conceptual development since the 1980s to guide faculty teaching the course. In response, we offer a new conceptual framework for teaching family resource management that extends previous models by integrating management with other functions of the family. Specific course objectives, methods of evaluation, classroom activities, recommended materials, and teaching strategies are provided.     

International social work practicum in India

The present study discusses the process of organising social work placements in India for two Australian students and presents the students' and the field education coordinator's reflections on practicum experiences in the school and hospital setting. Several steps need to be taken to plan and implement international placements. Undertaking a practicum in another unknown culture is as challenging as it is rewarding. Cross-cultural comparative dimensions naturally emerge in our thinking, feeling and doing, and help us appreciate what we have in our own country. Learning occurs both within and outside the practicum. Positive mental attitude, psychological make up, an open mind, planning and preparation do help. However, overseas placements have their own quota of surprises. Any student aspiring to undertake an international practicum should be prepared to face some unexpected situations as they unfold. Overall, effective learning did occur and horizons did expand.     

The effects of economic instability on children's educational outcomes

Welfare Based on Assets, a Way to Smooth Out Economic Instability and Develop Children's Human Capital is a four-part series of papers that focuses on the relationship between economic instability (i.e., income shocks, asset shocks, home loss, and asset poverty) and children's human capital development. Collectively, these reports build on the compelling observation that the pattern low-income families walk into is a present time oriented or consumption based pattern of behavior; in contrast, the pattern higher income families walk into is future oriented or asset based. In the third paper we find in most cases income shocks and asset shocks do not appear to be harmful to children's educational outcomes. However, children living in liquid and net worth asset poor families have lower academic achievement scores, high school graduation rates, college enrollment rates, and college graduation rates than children living in families that are asset sufficient. Overall, findings can be interpreted as suggesting that a bifurcated welfare system, with income-based programs for poor families and asset-based programs for higher income families, may provide higher income families with an educational advantage over low-income families and might ultimately help exacerbate educational inequalities in America.     

“十二五”上海青少年工作的战略性与布局性研究

上海＂十二五＂青少年发展的整体战略规划事关上海未来十年＂四个中心＂的人才供给及更长一段时间内的城市发展潜力。在全球化激荡、城市化推进、信息化提速、市场化延展的背景下,上海青少年工作的对象已发生了重要变化,工作体制也遇到重大挑战。＂十二五＂上海青少年规划应围绕上海城市＂四个中心＂建设,把教育并引导好一代人,培养对接＂四个中心＂的高素质人才,千方百计为青少年提供良好的成长和成才环境作为工作的重心和重点：进一步做实拓展现有的青年联席会议制度;构建青少年工作的社会化组织体系;强化青少年专业教育的针对性并将职业能力考试体系向在校大学生适度开放;建立青少年工作的资源筹集平台与交换平台;充分运用市场化、信息化、社会化等政策工具实现绩效管理;全面构建青少年的社会参与及诉求应对体制;授予权青少年部门成为行政主体;推动上海建立青少年发展配套改革试验区等。     

Breaking New Ground: Diverse Routes to College in Rural America*

Abstract Rural communities pose a challenge to status attainment models that explain children's educational attainment primarily in terms of the parents' education and professional status. Alongside the rural professional class are farmers of similar social status but with less education and other families that lack the status and resources of both professional‐class and farm families. The prolonged agricultural crisis in the American Midwest has turned rural youths toward college and has raised questions about the educational value of resources provided by farm parents and other rural parents. We classified youths from the Iowa Youth and Families Project into three SES groups: professional‐managerial, farm, and lower‐status. We compared these groups on resource levels and on the extent to which the resources predicted enrollment in a four‐year college one year after high school. Findings indicated three distinct routes to four‐year college. Professional‐managerial youths tended to follow the traditional path from parents' educational and other resources and support to their own academic involvement and aspirations for higher education. Successful farm youths, in lieu of parental educational advantages, drew on parents' community ties. Resourceful lower‐status youths, in the absence of family background advantages, generated educational attainment through early educational ambition and varied community and school involvements. Even relatively low levels of involvement were valuable to these youths' educational attainment.     

高校生命教育现状与学生个性发展问题研究

生命是教育的起始点,教育的最终目标是引导鲜活的、独具个性的生命体得到其个性的充分发展。随着我国经济建设飞速发展,人们将主要精力放在有助于生存的知识和技能的获取上。在这样的背景下,高校把具有个性的生命塑造成知识的载体和社会发展的工具,学生个性特征得不到应有的发展。因此,要认清当前高校在教育理念、教育体制、教育实践等方面不尽如人意的现状,认真分析传统文化及周围环境对高校生命教育和学生个性发展产生的影响,并坚持将生命教育贯穿学生学习全过程、加强专职教师队伍建设、不断丰富生命教育的内容和形式,进一步促进学生个性发展。     

Lifelong Learning Development in China: Progress and Problems

Since the reform and opening up in 1978, China has a long-step development of Lifelong Learning System in school education, continuing education, distance education and learning organizations. Meanwhile, it still has several problems like insufficient reform in school education, weakness of continuing education sector, and lack of a sound investment and protection mechanisms. This paper will sort out the progress and problems of China’s lifelong learning development in recent years, and make some recommendations.     

长沙市省属公办高职院校教学资源合作模式研究

针对高考生源持续下降的招生形势,重点讨论长沙市省属公办高职院校教学资源共享与合作的主要形式、主要内容和运行机制,对保证各高职院校有序健康发展,提高教学质量有着重大现实意义。     

Exploring gaps in the online economic inclusion of persons with disabilities in Korea

ABSTRACT

This paper explores the difference in the online economic activities of people with and without disabilities in Korea. We conducted a multiple regression analysis to investigate the impact of socioeconomic characteristics, internet access, and internet skills on online economic activities. Our sample, based on a 2016 dataset that included 1554 people with disabilities and 6004 people without disabilities, was developed using quota sampling based on gender, age, and residence. We determined that individuals with disabilities were more likely to engage in online economic activities if they had higher levels of education, lived in urban areas, were employed, or had greater internet skills. Individuals without disabilities were more likely to engage in online economic activities if they were women, had higher levels of education, were employed, lived in a two-generation or more household, or had greater internet skills. For both people with and without disabilities, the level of education, employment status, and internet skills positively contribute to online economic activites. We also determined that education level, participation in economic activity, living in a two-generation or more household, and internet skills had a statistically significant influence on online economic activity for people both with and without disabilities. These results highlight the importance of education and internet training for people with disabilities, as well as social support systems that help them learn to use the internet in diverse ways through both formal and informal networks. The study also underscores the importance of information and communications technology that adequately addresses people’s needs.     

Providing Employment Assistance to Students: The Role of Social Work Education

Abstract

This paper reports the results of a national survey of 130 graduate and undergraduate social work programs that was designed to learn what schools are doing to help students locate and secure employment after graduation. Less than half (43%) of the responding schools indicated that they have a formal program of employment assistance services. Size of student enrollment and size of faculty were the only factors that differentiated schools that offer employment assistance services from those that do not. The study's implications for social work education are discussed, and an employment assistance program model is presented.     

The long run health returns to college quality

The link between education and health is one of the most robust empirical relationships in the social sciences. However, little research has examined the effects of educational quality on health outcomes. We estimate the long run relationship between health behaviors and graduating from a selective college in the 1960s using the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, which has tracked siblings for over 50 years. Importantly, we control for measures of health endowments, ability, and time preferences before college enrollment as well as shared family and environmental factors. We find large effects of college selectivity on reducing overweight for individuals in their 60s.     

Family Economy,Rural School Choice,and Flexischooling Children with Disabilities

Most homeschooled students would be more accurately described as “flexischooled,” partly homeschooled and partly enrolled in school. The popularity of these two alternatives to public or private school enrollment has increased over the past several decades to the extent that, by 2012 over 2 million students, 4 percent of the population, were either flexischooled or homeschooled in the United States. To understand why parents have pursued these options over enrollment, we employed a family economy perspective, arguing that family, child, and locational considerations shaped parents' motivations for homeschooling or flexischooling over enrollment. For example, parents' decisions were partially shaped by the interaction between children's disability status and rural location. Using data from the National Household Education Survey 2012, this article first describes the prevalence of flexischooling and full‐time homeschooling. Then, it demonstrates how various family, child, and locational factors shape the odds of flexischooling and homeschooling, and then examines the interaction between location and children's disability status in detail. We discuss the implications of our findings for family economy theoretical perspectives, flexischooling, and rural education research.     

对发展高等职业教育的几点思考

近年来,我国高等职业技术教育发展很快,办学规模迅速扩大,办学水平也在不断提高,是我国高等教育大众化的主力军。其中有一批高职院校已经形成了自身的办学特色．在社会上建立了很高的认同度,但高等职业技术教育毕竟起步相对较晚,发展过程中还存在着一系列亟待解决的问题。职业教育工作者需认真思考这些问题,勇于创新并寻找有效对策。