基于利益均衡观的政府统计数据质量控制研究

我国政府统计制度长期以来存在诸多弊端,其中最为突出的是对政府统计数据质量无法控制,造成这一现象的因素众多,其中最为严重且最难以控制的是人为因素,主要表现在政府统计数据各相关方为了各自利益而干预政府统计。介于这一现象,本文对政府统计数据质量的现状及存在的问题进行了解,结合政府统计实践找出政府统计的相关主体,对各主体间的利益进行分析,发现部分官员是利益博弈中最活跃的角色,在此基础上,本文效仿博弈均衡观,从利益均衡的角度分析政府统计改革的切入点,以从中寻求提高政府统计数据质量的对策,并相应地提出政府统计数据质量控制的对策,以期为实现政府统计改革服务,提高政府统计数据质量。     

新农合三方利益主体关系及协同调整机制探析

相关利益主体分析是了解多方利益诉求和寻求利益平衡的一种分析方法，政府、农民、定点医疗机构作为新型农村合作医疗体系的三方主体，对制度的运行和发展有着重要的影响，本文将从三方主体的权利义务出发，指出各自的利益目标，总结不利于新农合健康运行的行为并分析其产生原因，最后提出调整三方主体利益关系、实现新农合整体目标的协同联动机制，以期能为新农合的改进和完善提供有益思路。     

不同农村土地非农化模式的利益分配机制比较研究

随着我国城市化进程的推进,大量的农村土地正在转化为非农业用地,失地农民数量也在急速增加,并对社会稳定与发展构成了很大的压力。与此同时,农地在非农化过程中形成了巨额地租。如何根据稳定与发展的需要构建协调各级政府、集体,失地农民、企业等相关主体的利益分配机制已经成为非常重要的问题。本文提出,要协调好相关主体的利益,应当遵循社会稳定标准和社会公正标准。然后,通过对国家征地模式、集体土地直接非农化模式和国家征地并部分返还的模式进行比较,探讨了其利益分配特征及其效应。在此基础上,提出了有关政策。     

基于利益相关者的会计政策的选择

本文以利益相关者理论为基础,以会计政策选择为研究对象,从利益相关者角度出发,以动态的视角对企业会计政策选择的利益相关主体进行划分界定,讨论不同利益相关主体对会计信息的不同需求。接着对会计政策选择进行阐述,得出利益相关者立场应为会计政策选择的立场,会计政策选择即为实现利益相关者价值最大化;同时就利益相关者立场选择会计政策应注意事项作了说明。     

公共政策执行过程中的利益博弈分析——以经济适用房政策的执行为例

本文用博弈理论研究公共政策执行过程中的相关问题,以经济适用房政策执行为例,分析其中的四方利益主体——中央政府、地方政府、开发商和低收入购房者——之间的博弈状况,探求各利益主体是如何影响政策的执行。     

社区旅游的多元利益关系初探

社区旅游的发展涉及多个相关利益主体，它们之间形成了复杂的利益关系。本文在界定其相关利益主体的基础上，分析他们的利益关系及利益冲突，探讨社区旅游多元利益关系的作用肌理，以寻求对我国社区旅游发展的启示。     

基于SHAPELY修正的PPP项目利益分配模型研究

PPP涉及多方利益主体,出于自身利益考虑,可能出现有损合作伙伴利益的行为,导致PPP项目实施的失败.因此,解决公私双方利益冲突,对各方利益进行分配和协调,是PPP项目成功运行的关键.鉴于公私双方利益冲突,基于项目利益分配基本原则,综合权衡利益分配四要素,建立了基于SHAPELY修正的PPP项目利益分配模型,以协调各方利益分配,使各方利益都实现最大化.数值分析实例表明,在最佳分配方案指导下,可使项目实现帕累托意义下的最优.     

论承包经营权流转关系中的利益联结机制

农村土地承包经营权流转是伴随着我国农村经济社会快速发展和农业发展方式转变而产生的新的土地经营方式,而流转市场的健康发展关键在于市场供给方和需求方的流转利益联结机制。有效的利益联结机制能够将各主体的利益紧密联系在一起,并对各相关主体提供有效激励;而低效和无效的利益联结机制则造成部分主体的利益受损,影响承包经营权流转关系的稳定性。同时,利益联结机制在保护农户权益中起着关键作用。     

LM公司的FGD项目沟通管理之利益相关者分析

在项目管理过程中,项目利益相关者众多,项目利益相关者对项目的成功有着重要的影响。本文以LM公司的FGD项目的利益关者分析为案例,通过对项目利益相关者进行识别、评价,并形成相应管理策略。     

谁是“最佳”的价值判断者：区县政府绩效评价机制的利益相关主体分析

政府组织绩效评价要解决的首要问题之一是评价机制。即如何才能对绩效进行尽可能客观的价值判断。本文从利益相关主体理论入手，围绕“谁是最佳的评价者”针对区县政府绩效的评价主体进行了分析．给出了评价主体应该遵循的原则性规范，构建了最佳评价者的选择模型。分析表明，公众作为区县以下级政府的公共服务接受者，和当地政府的利益相关性强，信息渠道不畅、评价成本高昂，存在评价偏好；政府组织存在自我认同倾向，尽管信息便利但人为增加的评价成本难以控制；人大组织较公众更为理性，但由于评价独立性较差而难以准确评价；学术研究组织相对前几种评价主体而言，准确性占优，效用性强于公众，成本低于公众和政府，可以算是相对而言的“最佳”评价主体。据此，可以进一步理解影响政府绩效评价客观性的诸多因素以及不同的评价机制．为提升现实绩效评价的客观性打下基础。     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.