中国与海湾六国的能源合作

随着中国经济的高速发展,能源需求不断扩大,其对外依存度也日益加剧,确保能源安全已成当务之急.海湾六国素有"世界油库"之称,是国际能源争夺的主要场所.对中国而言,如何加强与之在能源领域的合作,就显得尤为重要.事实上,中国早已将与海湾六国的油气合作视为对外能源战略的重要组成部分,并在原油贸易、石油工程项目承包、兴办炼油和石化企业、勘探与开发新油气田等方面开展了积极有效的合作.海湾需要稳定的油气市场,中国也需要稳定的油气供应.尽管双方未来的能源合作会遇到一些严峻挑战,但相信双方一定能抓住机遇,在自由贸易区协定的框架内建立起行之有效的合作机制,发挥各自优势,达到互利共赢的目的.     

中国与海湾六国的经贸关系现状与前景分析

随着2004年7月海湾六国财政大臣的集体访华,中国与海湾六国的自由贸易协定谈判已经拉开序幕,双方之间的经贸往来必将驶入以石油合作为车头、全方位和深层次前行的高速道.本文在介绍海湾六国的经济状况、我国与海湾六国经贸关系的基础上,对双边经贸关系的前景进行了展望.     

中国与海湾六国的经贸关系现状与前景分析

随着2004年7月海湾六国财政大臣的集体访华，中国与海湾六国的自由贸易协定谈判已经拉开序幕，双方之间的经贸往来必将驶入以石油合作为车头、全方位和深层次前行的高速道。本文在介绍海湾六国的经济状况、我国与海湾六国经贸关系的基础上，对双边经贸关系的前景进行了展望。     

中东能源结构性矛盾与中国—中东石油合作

中国—中东石油合作对中国能源安全战略意义重大,中国能源安全本质上是中东地缘政治安全。中东地缘政治具有结构性矛盾、长期化和难以解决等特点,影响到中东石油的安全和稳定供应、国际能源市场供求、国际油价稳定,也意味着中国能源安全将长期受中东和其他地区能源地缘政治的影响。尽管近年来中国—中东能源合作取得长足进步,但双方存在的问题和限制性因素仍显而易见。迄今为止,中国在中东特别是海湾产油国没有获得如苏丹那样的参与当地油气勘探、开发和生产的重大上游油气合作的突破性成果,中国与中东的油气合作仍然任重道远。本文在论述有关问题的基础上,对我国与中东的能源合作提出了一些对策建议。     

优势互补、共同发展——试论中国与海湾六国的经贸合作

海湾地区是世界最大能源基地之一,从战略和经济安全等方面与海湾六国进行长期合作,将对中国的发展至关重要。海湾各国虽有充裕的资金、大量的待合作项目和广阔的发展空间,但技术、装备、材料和人才奇缺。因此,中国企业进入海湾六国市场从宏观和微观上都有着重要现实意义。随着中国与海湾经贸合作新局面的逐步形成,中国企业将面临着如何更好地与海湾六国进行有效合作的严峻考验,为此,本文将提出几条建议。     

优势互补、共同发展——试论中国与海湾六国的经贸合作

海湾地区是世界最大能源基地之一,从战略和经济安全等方面与海湾六国进行长期合作,将对中国的发展至关重要。海湾各国虽有充裕的资金、大量的待合作项目和广阔的发展空间,但技术、装备、材料和人才奇缺。因此,中国企业进入海湾六国市场从宏观和微观上都有着重要现实意义。随着中国与海湾经贸合作新局面的逐步形成,中国企业将面临着如何更好地与海湾六国进行有效合作的严峻考验,为此,本文将提出几条建议。     

中国与阿尔及利亚的能源合作

阿尔及利亚素有“北非油库”之称,中国与之开展能源合作虽起步较晚,却已取得较大成就,主要包括中石化的扎尔扎亭(zarzaitine)油田提高采收率工程,中石油的阿德拉尔(Adrar)上下游一体化项目、谢里夫(Cheliff)盆地112／102A区块和乌埃德姆亚(Oued Mya)盆地350区块的油气勘探项目、438B区块油气勘探项目、Octouat油田设计服务项目和斯基克达(Skikda)凝析油炼油厂建设项目等。随着中阿两国政治关系和经贸合作的日益加强,两国能源合作的互补性亦趋强,且阿国内政治经济形势的持续改善以及阿《新油气法》的出台均为双方的能源合作带来了有利条件,但由于阿产业结构单一,经济发展存在不稳定性,且阿政府对投资本国油气产业的外国公司设限增税,双方的能源合作面临严峻的挑战。     

中国与阿尔及利亚的能源合作

阿尔及利亚素有“北非油库”之称，中国与之开展能源合作虽起步较晚，却已取得较大成就，主要包括中石化的扎尔扎亭（Zarzaitine）油田提高采收率工程、中石油的阿德拉尔（Adrar）上下游一体化项目、谢里夫（Cheliff）盆地112／102A区块和乌埃德姆亚（Oued Mya）盆地350区块的油气勘探项目、438B区块油气勘探项目、Octouat油田设计服务项目和斯基克达（Skikda）凝析油炼油厂建设项目等。随着中阿两国政治关系和经贸合作的日益加强，两国能源合作的互补性亦趋强，且阿国内政治经济形势的持续改善以及阿《新油气法》的出台均为双方的能源合作带来了有利条件，但由于阿产业结构单一，经济发展存在不稳定性，且阿政府对投资本国油气产业的外国公司设限增税，双方的能源合作面临严峻的挑战。     

中国与海湾六国的工程承包合作

在全球化背景下对中国工程承包企业海外经营的国际环境进行深入研究,是实施“走出去”战略的一项基础性工作。海湾六国是全球最大的工程承包市场,也是中国国际工程承包的重点地区。然而,海湾六国工程承包市场准入壁垒较高,不利于中国企业发挥后发优势。本文对中国与海湾六国工程承包合作研究主要论及市场准入壁垒、地缘安全环境、跨文化交际等问题,并据此利用SWOT分析模型对中国工程承包企业到海湾六国经营提出相关政策性建议。     

试论海湾六国货币统一的现实意义

目前,安全问题和经济模式单一问题直接威胁到了海湾六国的社会稳定和经济发展,是六国政府所面临的首要难题.从经济一体化的角度看,货币统一将扩大海湾六国对世界经济的影响,提升其在国际事务中的地位,对海湾六国解决安全问题有重大影响和积极作用.同时,海湾六国统一货币所带来的经济效应也将促进海湾六国经济多元化发展.     

Politique et expertise scientifique. La régulation européenne des médicaments

A study of the EU system for regulating medicinal products is used to show the usefulness of distinguishing between policy-making and scientific expertise when analyzing political decision-making. This approach presupposes identifying the characteristics of scientific expertise. The experts responsible for assessing drugs have to combine knowledge and action. Questions are raised about how work is shared between decision-makers and experts. In the case of medicinal products, the work of experts has absorbed decision-making. Lest we waver between explanations in terms either of science or else of politics, it is necessary to substantively identify expertise’s political dimensions. Two conceptions — the “healthy man’s” and the “sick man’s” — of the purpose of assessing medicinal products stand out in debates; but political authorities pay no heed to them.     

The electronic face of government in the internet age: borrowing from Murray Edelman

The issue of legitimation by political elites has been a central concern of political scientists for many years. This article draws upon the work of Murray Edelman who was instrumental in analysing this relationship between rulers and ruled, the relatively powerful and relatively powerless, through an understanding of language, symbolism and the manipulation of information. It concludes with the contention that the Internet offers the prospect for governments to create new 'electronic faces', which act to support a symbolic architecture of power.     

WHAT IS THE MULTITUDE?

Nicholas Brown and Imre Szeman continue their conversation with Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri. (See ‘The Global Coliseum: On Empire’ in Cultural Studies, 16.2, (March 2002), p. 177–192). In this new interview they press the authors of Empire and Multitude on questions that have arisen both out of their own involvement with the theoretical issues generated by Empire and from new areas opened up by Multitude. Why is the multitude not a class? How can the unity of a political project be maintained in the multiplicity of the multitude? Is democracy still a project for the future? Can a political subject constitute itself outside the structure of sovereignty? In other words, what is the multitude?     

DEFINING MOMENTS: THE TENSION BETWEEN RICHNESS AND REACH

The defining moments of traditional spatially based higher education are made up of fixed and fluid experiences. These 'moments' are now creaking as funding per student falls and the romanticized ideal of an education detached from 'real' life falters under the weight of highly variable student experiences. Distance learning in all its guises has always been regarded as inferior by those embedded in the traditional system. However more and more students demand something different from costly campus-based education. It is time for a more open discussion about the tensions between richness and reach and the role that new facilities like the Internet could play in reaching more students without wallowing in the nostalgia that often accompanies such debates.     

A Stylistic Analysis of Hemingway’s A Clean,Well-Lighted Place

One important theme of Hemingway＇s A Clean, Well-Lighted Place is the nothingness of life itself, At the beginning of this short story, Hemingway presents a setting--the cafe, which is familiar to us, and then moves our attention to focus on the characters within that setting, The story is told through the dialogues between the two waiters and is in third-person narration, In the following paragraphs we will focus on stylistic characteristics of this short story,     

Recruitment of foreign male and female fighters to Jihad: Morocco’s multifaceted counter-terror strategy

Field research on ‘young Moroccan Jihadists in Syria and Iraq from northern Morocco’ unexpectedly revealed the mundane factors behind their recruitment represented in the self-realization and the search for heroism, adventure and money, were the main reasons for the recruitment of young people in northern Morocco terrorist organizations, especially the Daesh. The religious factor is secondary. To combat terrorism and extremism which is spreading in the MENA region requires political will. Appropriate laws should be enacted as soon as possible and policies must be implemented to ensure border control, the closure of financing ports, propaganda platforms, anti-addiction, etc.     

INFORMATION-CENTRED DESIGN: A methodology for designing virtual meeting DESIGN environments

Development of single-user computer applications has often been based on user-centred or task-centred design methodologies, with some success. These methodologies are also useful for guiding the development of multi-user CSCW applications whenever the basic characteristics of the users, or the type of tasks for which the system is being designed are identifiable. The effectiveness of these methodologies as a basis for the design of virtual meeting environments for supporting community-based activities, on the other hand, is rather limited. This is mainly due to the fact that for such systems it is not generally possible to identify the user or task requirements, as these vary considerably from one community to another, or even within the same community over a period of time. New methodologies need to be devised, or existing methodologies have to be modified, to direct the development of virtual environments for which the characteristics of the users or their activities are not known in advance. This paper introduces the concept of information-centred design. Information-centred design, though not fully devised yet, focuses on the identification of the type of information, as well as the way it is collected and utilized by the users of a virtual meeting environment. This pool of information, which plays an important role in facilitating interaction and communication between the members of a community, could be defined as their communal memory.     

L’adaptation des modèles de production dans les pays émergents L’exemple de l’industrie automobile en Argentine

How to test for the existence of a new model of production based on the firm lending an ear to customer demands and valuing the individual and collective intelligence of its work force? The facts for putting this model to the test of reality come from an analysis of two Argentinean automobile-makers, subsidiaries of Toyota and Volkswagen. Various aspects of their organization policy provide evidence of their capacity for making adaptations by “hybridizing” the parent firm’s model with the rationales inherent in the network of local actors (suppliers and labor unions, in particular). These firms are open systems with a narrow margin of maneuver. — Special issue: Latin America.     

Celebrating the 21st anniversary of empowerment evaluation with our critical friends

This special topic edition of E&PP presents the insights of luminaries in the field who have helped shape empowerment evaluation with their critiques, concerns, and congratulations. We celebrate their contributions to empowerment evaluation. This special topic edition of E&PP presents their comments about an evaluation approach that, according to president Stewart Donaldson, has “gone viral” across the globe (Donaldson, 2015).To set the stage for these critical friends’ comments, additional context for their discussion is provided. In addition, this special topic edition concludes with a brief comment on their thoughts.     

The Politics of Pain and the End of Empire

This article is a discussion of the role of feeling and emotion, and particularly the experience of pain, in contemporary global political events. In placing pain at the center of an analysis of a lived experience of global politics, the aim is to forge strategies to resist neoliberal imperialism and to create emotionally literate political communities. Drawing on the work of Elaine Scarry, Sara Ahmed and Frantz Fanon, the article situates the concept of emotions in a modern colonial landscape that is both racialized and gendered, complicated by neoliberalism as a subjectivity that contains the scope for emotions. As a case study, the article considers the emotions of viewing the deliberate infliction of pain through the circulation of the ‘Abu Ghraib photos’, particularly in the form of recent museum exhibitions in the USA.