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1.
Herbert R. Northrup 《Journal of Labor Research》1989,10(2):215-238
Labor relations in the construction industry are conducted under a legal framework that is both different and more favorable
to unions than is that in industry generally. Thus, construction employers are more subject to challenge than those in other
industries if they operate both union and nonunion subsidiaries; construction unions, but not those in most other industries,
may enter into agreements before anyone is hired (“pre-hire agreements”), require employees to join unions after ten days
of employment instead of thirty, and require the contractor to notify them of job openings. Despite these advantages, construction
unions represented only 22.2 percent of all construction workers in 1987, down from 40.1 percent in 1973, while nonunion,
or “open shop,” construction accounted for more than 70 percent of the construction dollar volume as early as 1984.
Attempting to overcome these trends, the construction unions have sponsored legislation in the current and last two congresses
which would outlaw “doublebreasting,” i.e., one company owning both unionized and open shop subsidiaries, eliminate any restrictions
on pre-hire agreements, and have the effect of forcing thousands of construction workers into unions regardless of their wishes.
This article examines the reasons for the decline of construction unionism, analyzes the proposed legislation, discusses its
probable impact, and concludes that it is lacking in justification for the common good. 相似文献
2.
Jan C. Schmidt 《Poiesis & praxis》2011,7(4):249-274
Among others, the term “problem” plays a major role in the various attempts to characterize interdisciplinarity or transdisciplinarity,
as used synonymously in this paper. Interdisciplinarity (ID) is regarded as “problem solving among science, technology and
society” and as “problem orientation beyond disciplinary constraints” (cf. Frodeman et al.: The Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity.
Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010). The point of departure of this paper is that the discourse and practice of ID have problems with the “problem”. The objective
here is to shed some light on the vague notion of “problem” in order to advocate a specific type of interdisciplinarity: problem-oriented interdisciplinarity. The outline is as follows: Taking an ex negativo approach, I will show what problem-oriented ID does not mean. Using references to well-established distinctions in philosophy of science, I will show three other types of ID that
should not be placed under the umbrella term “problem-oriented ID”: object-oriented ID (“ontology”), theory-oriented ID (epistemology),
and method-oriented ID (methodology). Different philosophical thought traditions can be related to these distinguishable meanings.
I will then clarify the notion of “problem” by looking at three systematic elements: an undesired (initial) state, a desired
(goal) state, and the barriers in getting from the one to the other. These three elements include three related kinds of knowledge:
systems, target, and transformation knowledge. This paper elaborates further methodological and epistemological elements of
problem-oriented ID. It concludes by stressing that problem-oriented ID is the most needed as well as the most challenging
type of ID. 相似文献
3.
Kenneth McLennan 《Journal of Labor Research》2005,26(4):597-621
conclusion Over the past 30 years, progressive human resource policies and government regulation of the workplace have improved working
conditions. Today unions are no longer exercising union power to“protect the underdog” or “level the playing field” (Kaufman,
2005). Unions are using their power to pass legislation to benefit their narrow special interests. There are two groups in
the workforce that may provide unions with organizing opportunities. One segment of the workforce is the growing number of
nonpermanent employees or contingent workers. Another is the growing low-wage part of the service sector. The Service Employees
International Union has been one of the few unions to expand membership among these employees. The aging of the baby boomers
will raise the demand for service workers in health care facilities and in hotel and office maintenance which will increase
organizing opportunities for unions in this industry (Kosters, 2004). 相似文献
4.
Conclusion Looking to the future of Canadian public sector labor relations, the glass is half full. Despite regular intervals when government
fiscal and economic policy “trump” public sector bargaining rights through legislation, public sector unions and collective
bargaining will survive. Public sector compensation and job security will likely continue to be at least comparable to the
unionized private sector, and public sector union density should remain stable, at or near its currently high levels. 相似文献
5.
Keith Doubt 《The American Sociologist》1989,20(3):252-262
A short story titled “‘Color Trouble’” by Harold Garfinkel was published inOpportunity in 1940,The Best Short Stories 1941, andPrimer for White Folks in 1945. Garfinkel wrote this short story before World War II while a research fellow at the University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill under Howard W. Odum, the founder ofSocial Forces “‘Color Trouble’” narrates poignantly the racial victimization of a young black woman traveling on a public bus through the
State of Virginia. The short story provides sociologists with a different medium through which to examine the seminal interests
of ethnomethodology’s founder. In a literary form, the short story depicts such ethnomethodological concepts as the breaching
experiment, the “et cetera clause,” “ad hocing,” and the status degradation ceremony. Garfinkel’s “‘Color Trouble’” also suggests
the way in which ethnomethodology overlaps with, as well as diverges from, Erving Goffman’s dramaturgical perspective.
He received his doctoral degree from the graduate program in sociology at York University, Toronto, Ontario. His article “Autonomy
and Responsibility in Social Theory” will appear inCurrent Perspectives in Social Theory, Volume 10. 相似文献
6.
The “finesse point” introduced here extends the notion of a core; it is a position that minimizes what a candidate needs to
do to counter moves that are made by an opponent. The definition, which is motivated by the “chaos theorem” as well as by
the dynamics of positive and negative political campaigning, is also used to define a “malicious point,” which is an optimal
location from which a candidate can engage in “negative campaigning.” 相似文献
7.
Larry T. Reynolds 《The American Sociologist》1998,29(1):20-37
Recent diagnoses of the contemporary crisis in American sociology generally fail to address some of the discipline's most
deeply rooted problems and therefore cannot provide an effective remedy. If sociology is to escape from its current moribund
condition in the United States, it must move away from prevalent “biologizing” and “naturalizing” attitudes, while also rejecting
the false cure of “postmodernism.” A true renaissance will require a critical approach that combines moderate empiricism and
moderate relativism with a strong human-rights perspective.
Larry T. Reynolds, is the author of over one hundred publications, including twelve books. A senior fellow of the Rockport
Institute, he is also past president of the North Central Sociological Association and former chair of the Marxist section
of the American Sociological Association. 相似文献
8.
Neil McLaughlin 《The American Sociologist》2004,35(1):80-101
In response to the recent The American Sociologist special issue on Canadian sociology, this rejoinder dialogues with some of the perspectives offered there on the discipline
north of the border with an eye towards lessons that American sociologists might learn from the Canadian experience. My reflections
build on a larger analytic piece entitled “Canada’s Impossible Science: The Historical and Institutional Origins of the Coming
Crisis of Anglo-Canadian Sociology” to be published soon in The Canadian Journal Sociology. Particular attention is paid to the different institutional arrangements of higher education in Canada and the United States,
Anglo-Canadian reliance on the particularly English “weakness as strength” strategy for sociology, tensions between the cultural
values of populism, egalitarianism, and excellence, and the trade-offs between professional and public intellectual work.
A critique is offered of the “origin myth” of Canadian sociology as a particularly vibrant “critical sociology,” with discussion
of Dorothy Smith's influence on sociology in Canada.
His research interests are in sociological theory, the sociology of culture, and the study of intellectuals from the perspective
of the sociology of organisations and professions. He is studying Edward Said as a “global public intellectual” as part of
a Canadian government-funded interdisciplinary grant on “Globalization and Autonomy” at McMaster University. He is also working
“Canadian professors as public intellectuals,” a project also funded by the Social Science and Humanities Research Council
of Canada. 相似文献
9.
Communication problems in the intensive care unit 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Albert B. Robillard 《Qualitative sociology》1994,17(4):383-395
Hospitalization in an intensive care unit is often physically uncomfortable and socially disorganizing. The ordinary forms
of conversational participation that generate and sustain a sense of agency are breached when the patient cannot communicate
in socially consensual “real time.” Using my own experience in an intensive care unit, I describe how delayed speech, through
the use of an alphabet board, frequently leads to a host of interactional problems and mutual accusations about character.
I attempt to show that the fabric of self and the perception of quality of care are achieved through “real time” communication.
I also describe the differential communicative structure of those who will not and those who will use my alphabet board. Those
using the board exhibit, through board employment and through the “local” topics discussed, a depth of common culture between
them and me. 相似文献
10.
Kim Sawchuk 《The American Sociologist》2001,32(1):27-49
Conclusion Mills wrote to his Oxford publisher in 1955. “One book grows out of another; the trouble is not only is there no end to it,
but after the second is pressing upon you before you can finish the first, for planning is more fun than working.” 78 Indeed,
this mode of working was common to all of Mills’ projects. He worked fast and furiously and always juggled a number of different
ideas in various stages of formation. This certainly was the case with The Cultural Apparatus. In a 1955 letter to his publisher
Mills enthusiastically said of the book “I'm into it.” He predicted, optimistically, that unlike his other books, this book
would be easy, a natural for him that “writing it will not involve the anguish that White Collar and Elites have provided.”
By 1959, however, Mills had to admit that this optimism was premature. In “The Personal Note to the Reader” he confessed that
“I've never had so much trouble writing a book as I have with this one, and I’ve never taken so much pain with the writing
of it as I’ve taken to heart the criticism of being repetitious, verbose and prone to jargon.” 79 Mills never completed the
project. By the late 1950's he became preoccupied with the political issues of “war and peace” and American foreign policy
in Cuba, the latter in particular. His health was poor as a result of a heart attack he suffered in December of 1959 on the
eve of a televised debate with an American advisor in Latin America, A.A. Berle. He became embroiled in what he understood
as necessary public work from within the media and he remained adamant about the personal significance of The Cultural Apparatus
in 1959. 相似文献
11.
On multidimensional indices of poverty 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Martin Ravallion 《Journal of Economic Inequality》2011,9(2):235-248
The contribution of recent “multidimensional indices of poverty” may not be as obvious as one thinks. There are two issues
in assessing that contribution: whether one believes that a single index can ever be a sufficient statistic of poverty, and
whether one aggregates in the space of “attainments,” using prices when appropriate, or “deprivations,” using weights set
by the analyst. The paper argues that we should aim for a credible set of multiple indices rather than a single multidimensional
index. Partial aggregation will still be necessary, but ideally the weights should be consistent with well-informed choices
by poor people. 相似文献
12.
W. H. Hutt 《Journal of Labor Research》1983,4(3):197-211
Richard Freeman and James Medoff have asserted that labor unions have two “faces,” a “good” face and a “bad” face. This contribution
critically examines their arguments to expose serious flaws in their conceptual analysis. 相似文献
13.
This paper considers the possibility that early sociological interest in the integrative role of mass communication may have
been undermined (1) by the short-run study of media “campaigns,” and the declaration that such persuasive efforts have only
“limited effect”; (2) by the wrangling over theories of “mass society”; and (3) by a quasi-journalistic emphasis on “media
events.” In spite of the theoretical basis for reconciling these traditions, the rift over the academic locus of communications
research has not been repaired. 相似文献
14.
Johanna Foster 《Sociological Forum》1996,11(3):523-547
Despite the many angles from which the biological phenomenon now known as “the menstrual cycle” has been addressed, no work
explicitly focuses on how social groups actually draw lines around and mentally partition these complex biological processes
into discrete temporal units. This paper examines not the meaning of “the menstrual cycle,” per se, but hegemonic Western
culture's intersubjective notions of how to carve up this inherently unstructured phenomenon in the first place. Although
sociologists of cognition have still to consider this sociomental structuring of “the menstrual cycle” as a case of mental
cartography, and sociologists of time have still to consider “menstrual time” as a case of sociotemporality, I conclude that
the mental mapping out of what constitutes the elements of this rhythm is a highly social act with serious implications for
women's lives. 相似文献
15.
The original version of this article unfortunately contained few errors in tables. In Tables 2a, 2b, 3a and 3b, the “Percent of sample” and “Percent spouse absent” should be in decimal in order to be consistent. In Tables 4 and 5, the first row should read as “Age at marriage” instead of “Percent of sample” and the “Sample size” was incorrect. 相似文献
16.
Westermeyer J Canive J Thuras P Thompson J Kim SW Crosby RD Garrard J 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2008,24(2):193-205
Goal This analysis was undertaken to assess the demographic and mental health characteristics of “normal” or non-problem gamblers
versus non-gamblers in a representative community sample. Sample Study participants consisted of 557 North Central American Indian veterans. Data collection included a demographic and trauma questionnaire, a computer-based Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-III-R, and a treatment
history algorithm. Findings Univariate analyses revealed that gamblers had greater social competence (i.e., higher education, living with a spouse) and
higher lifetime psychiatric morbidity. Binary regression analysis revealed that, compared to non-gamblers, gamblers were older,
more highly educated, and more apt to be married. More gamblers showed evidence for lifetime risk-taking as evidenced by Antisocial
Personality Disorder and Tobacco Dependence. Conclusions Social achievement and disposable income function as prerequisites for “normal” gambling in this population, although “externalizing”
or “risk-taking” disorders also serve as independent contributors to at least some gambling. The increased rate of “internalizing”
or emotional disorders are only indirectly related to gambling, perhaps through increasing age or through the “externalizing”
disorders. 相似文献
17.
Nancy A. Naples 《Qualitative sociology》1996,19(1):83-106
This article draws upon findings from an ethnographic study of two towns in rural Iowa to examine the adequacy of the insider/outsider
distinction as a guideline for evaluating and conducting ethnographic research. Utilizing feminist standpoint and materialist
feminist theories, I start with the assumption that, rather than one “insider” or “outsider” position, we all begin our work
with different relationships to shifting aspects of social life and to particular knowers in the community and this contributes
to numerous dimensions through which we can relate to residents in various communities. “Outsiderness” and “insiderness” are
not fixed or static positions, rather they are ever-shifting and permeable social locations illustrated in this case study
by the “outsider phenomenon.” Community processes that reorganize and resituate race-ethnicity, gender and class relations
form some of the most salient aspects of the “outsider phenomenon.” These dynamic processes shaped our relationships with
residents as ethnographic identities were repositioned by shifts in constructions of “community” that accompanied ongoing
social, demographic, and political changes. 相似文献
18.
This paper investigates trends in public support for unionism during the 1980s. Comparing data from two western Canadian cities
in 1981 and 1987, we examine the impact of the recession of the early 1980s on public perceptions of the role of unions, whether
the differences between cities documented during 1981 had increased or decreased by 1987, and if “hard times” had resulted
in more nonunion employees expressing a willingness to join a union. There is little evidence of growing support for negative
“big labor” opinions about unions in the two cities. Despite a well-publicized labor dispute involving the use of strikebreakers
in one city, there was no increase in support for legislation restricting the practice. Residents in the same city, however,
were significantly more likely to agree with “business unionism” sentiments, an opinion trend accompanied by a growing willingness
to join a union.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the annual meetings of the Western Association of Sociology & Anthropology,
February 1988, Edmonton. We thank the Population Research Laboratory at the University of Alberta and Dr. Raymond Currie,
Department of Sociology, University of Manitoba, for making available results of the 1981 and 1987 Edmonton and Winnipeg Area
Studies. We also acknowledge the research assistance provided by Alan Law and Mary Thompson, and the word processing done
by Linda Abbott. 相似文献
19.
C. Timothy Koeller 《Journal of Labor Research》1994,15(1):19-32
This paper extends recent research on the determinants of the decline in union membership in the United States. Using biennial
state-level data for a set of years between 1958 and 1982, my model tests “union organizing,” “structural,” “management opposition,”
and “public policy” hypotheses concerning union membership and suggests improved specifications of each of these hypotheses.
The paper also examines the relative importance of each factor in explaining the decline in unionization. The results support
each of the hypotheses and confirm previous findings that changes in the structure of the labor force are most important in
explaining union membership decline. 相似文献
20.
Amrita Dhillon 《Social Choice and Welfare》1998,15(4):521-542
This paper introduces the “Extended Pareto” axiom on Social Welfare Functions and gives a characterization of the axiom when
it is assumed that the Social Welfare Functions that satisfy it in a framework of preferences over lotteries also satisfy
the restrictions (on the domain and range of preferences) implied by the von-Neumann Morgenstern axioms. With the addition
of 2 other axioms: “Anonymity” and a weak version of Arrow's Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives axiom: “Weak IIA” it
is shown that there is a unique Social Welfare Function called “Relative Utilitarianism” that consists of normalising individual
utilities between 0 and 1 and adding them.
Received: 7 June 1994 / Accepted: 28 April 1997 相似文献