现代观念与传统文化对广东城市女性就业的双重影响

广东地处改革开放的前沿阵地,经济发展水平也居于全国前列。得益于此,广东城市女性就业观念现代化趋向明显,就业渠道比较宽广,就业形式比较灵活。     

广东妇女就业状况分析

本文以广东省第二期全国妇女社会调查资料为依据,首先对广东妇女就业现状进行分析,以此为基础,探讨广东妇女就业过程中存在的一些具体问题,最后就解决妇女就业难的问题提出了自身的见解。     

论北京市就业压力的成因

本文结合北京市的实际情况 ,从人口、经济、思想文化等三个方面分析了形成北京市就业压力的成因 :人口增长因素 (包括自然增长、迁移增长、外来流动人口 )是形成北京市就业压力的人口原因 ;经济发展中的诸多问题 (包括北京传统工业的结构性调整和北京劳动力供求之间的结构性矛盾 )是形成北京就业压力的经济原因 ;思想文化历史积淀中的负面影响是形成北京就业压力的思想原因     

广东劳动就业形势分析

从1982年第三次人口普查到1990年第四次人口普查,广东劳动就业形势发生了很大的变化,本文试图分析这种变化,保求其趋势,并找出相应的对策。一、六个方面的变化从1982年到1990年,广东劳动就业形势发生了六个方面的变化。(一)劳动力资源在数量上迅速增长,在素质上有所提高。广东的劳动力资源、劳动适龄人口和总人口的增长情况如表1。     

对21世纪中国就业问题的思考

中国是世界上人口最多的国家,也是就业压力最大的国家。就业问题一直是困扰我国经济和社会发展的难题。本文在分析中国21世纪就业形势的基础上,提出了解决就业问题的基本思路。     

论大都市外来劳动力变动与城镇就业的关系——以北京市为例

乡城人口流迁是城镇化的产物。中国正在处于快速城镇化的阶段,大量农村富余劳动力流入城市是当前我国城市化的重要特点和标志。而中国的乡城人口迁移是在城市本身就业压力巨大的情况下发生的。研究农村劳动力进入城市后对城市就业的影响,有着非常重要的意义。以北京市为案例,在分析北京市目前就业压力和来源、流动人口的变动与城市就业的关系及影响的基础上,给出一个关于乡城人口流动与城市就业之间动态关系的模型框架。     

街道(社区)就业潜力的调查与分析

本文在深入调查街道 (社区 )用工情况和需求的基础上 ,分析就业情况 ,把握用工需求 ,为各类求职人员转变就业观念以及各方加强就业引导 ,从而缓解就业压力提出对策和建议     

城镇中低收入家庭养老保险缴费压力研究

文章分析了我国城镇中低收入家庭灵活就业的状况和特点,建立了养老保险缴费压力模型,对城镇中低收入灵活就业家庭养老保险缴费压力进行了理论和实证分析,研究结果表明养老保险缴费给这些家庭带来了巨大的压力,超出了其承受范围,产生了重要的影响。提出了建立养老保险缴费减免补偿机制等对策建议。     

大学生就业心理现状及其影响因素研究

采用大学生就业心理问卷、社会支持评定量表、简易应对方式问卷、抑郁自评量表和焦虑自评量表对两所高校的522名大学生进行测试。探索在新的就业形势下,当代大学生面临就业时的心理现状及影响因素。研究结果表明,大学生的社会支持、应对方式总分均在全国常模之下,消极情绪(焦虑和抑郁)总分高于全国常模;个体所占资源就业优势越显著个体感知到就业压力就越小,反之则体验到的就业压力越大;就业优势越显著,个体越倾向于将自己的就业问题归因于可控的内部因素,反之容易归因于一些不可控的内部因素或直接归因于外部因素。     

私营企业内对劳动力就业歧视的分析

私营企业在缓解就业压力的同时,对劳动力的就业歧视现象也日趋增多、严重,引起人们的关注。本文对私营企业内的劳动力就业歧视现状、原因加以分析,并提出了相关的建议。     

Relative Income,Race, and Fertility

If a white husband's income is higher than expected for men of his age, race, education, job characteristics, and region, economic theory predicts higher complete fertility for his wife. In the present study one per cent public use samples from the 1970 Census for California and Hawaii were used to examine the effect of relative income on Japanese, Chinese, and black fertility. Relative income was defined in two ways: (1) with regard to earnings of husbands of the same race, education, employment, and state; (2) with regard to earnings of white husbands of the same education, employment, and state. High relative incomes defined in each way were associated with increased completed fertility of Japanese and Chinese in Hawaii, where Orientals form a majority. Neither definition of high relative income was associated with the completed fertility of Japanese, Chinese, or blacks in California, where non-whites form a minority. The results suggest that the effect of relative income on fertility for a racial group will be positive only where there are few racial barriers to their attainment of high incomes.     

高等教育结构与产业结构、就业结构的关系

基于经济增长的内生化视角,围绕高等教育结构、就业结构、产业结构三者的辩证关系,基于MRW模型验证"三结构"之间逻辑关系,并运用面板数据回归和门限值回归的方法,检验"三结构"之间实际相互关系.研究发现,在经济增长的不同阶段三者表现出不同的传导关系,即在经济增长的低级阶段,以产业结构调整的"拉动"为主,到经济增长的高级阶段以高等教育结构调整的"推动"为主.高等教育结构对产业结构和就业结构影响的实证结果表明,高等教育结构对于第一产业结构和就业结构比例的下降有促进作用,与第二产业和第三产业结构的调整呈弱负相关.如果高等教育结构充分发挥对以第三产业为主导的产业结构的作用,则高等教育需要从大众化向普及化阶段过渡.对传导机制的测算结果显示,2001-2013年产业结构到高等教育结构的传导时滞为8年,从高等教育结构到产业结构的时滞为6年.     

Unemployment,Nonstandard Employment,and Fertility: Insights From Japan’s “Lost 20 Years”

In this study, we examine relationships of unemployment and nonstandard employment with fertility. We focus on Japan, a country characterized by a prolonged economic downturn, significant increases in both unemployment and nonstandard employment, a strong link between marriage and childbearing, and pronounced gender differences in economic roles and opportunities. Analyses of retrospective employment, marriage, and fertility data for the period 1990–2006 indicate that changing employment circumstances for men are associated with lower levels of marriage, while changes in women’s employment are associated with higher levels of marital fertility. The latter association outweighs the former, and results of counterfactual standardization analyses indicate that Japan’s total fertility rate would have been 10 % to 20 % lower than the observed rate after 1995 if aggregate- and individual-level employment conditions had remained unchanged from the 1980s. We discuss the implications of these results in light of ongoing policy efforts to promote family formation and research on temporal and regional variation in men’s and women’s roles within the family.     

就业、就业形势与就业对策——人口学视角的思考

本文从人口学角度入手分析我国就业问题,认为就业的内涵需要拓展;从人口发展形势分析,就业形势极其严峻,就业问题难以得到根本解决;人口学角度出发的缓解就业的对策包括普及高中阶段教育和实行城市妇女（部分人口）阶段性就业,并认为阶段性就业与社会性别平等并无冲突,而是对其有益的补充。     

Proletarianization with polarization: Industrialization, globalization, and social class in Turkey, 1980–2005

This paper analyzes the social class structure of Turkey during the latest wave of economic globalization in four dimensions: by sector of employment, with the Erikson–Goldthorpe–Portocarero (EGP) class schema, by occupational group, and in terms of informal employment. Since 1980, when Turkey opened to the global economy, the Turkish social class structure changed significantly. During this period, Turkey became a significant exporter of mostly low-technology, but also increasingly medium- and high-technology, manufactured goods. I contend that this economic globalization and industrialization contributed to a dual process of proletarianization and polarization. Proletarianization occurred through a transition from Turkey's agrarian tradition, a relative decline of the public sector, and an expansion of classes who sell their labor without workplace authority. Polarization entailed the growth of private-sector entrepreneurial, professional and managerial classes, and a simultaneous expansion of the informal sector. There were also differences between sexes. The share of manufacturing employment and the low-skilled labor classes expanded at rates much higher among women than among men, contributing to more rapid proletarianization.     

大学生就业决定因素分析——基于多层模型的方法

本文利用山东2007届高校毕业生就业调查数据,建立多层交叉随机效应模型,检验了个体、专业和学校等多层变量对大学生就业的影响。结果发现,初次就业概率在学校和专业之间存在显著差异,且学校因素对就业的作用大于专业,但学校与专业对就业的交互作用不显著。就业能力以及与专业相关的实习经历对就业具有显著的正向作用。因此,大学生就业政策的重点是提高教育质量和突出专业特色,提升就业能力,完善就业导向的实习指导和服务。     

人力资本与大学生的就业实现和就业质量——基于问卷数据的实证分析

在对人力资本衡量指标详细讨论的基础上,本文利用一手抽样调查数据,实证检验了人力资本投资与大学生就业的关系,发现那些能够积极影响求职结果的人力资本变量,并不一定能在决定就业质量方面起到积极作用。这一反差表明,在中国转轨的劳动力市场中,大学毕业生的就业实现机制和就业质量决定机制存在差异:要想提高顺利就业的概率,大学生必须扩展人力资本的宽度和广度,拥有一个合适的人力资本结构;要想获得更高的就业质量,大学生必须增强人力资本的深度,从而拥有一个更高的人力资本质量。     

Fertility,Employment, and Child-Care Costs

A sample of labor-market and birth histories is used to estimate the effects of child-care costs on employment and fertility decisions. A reduced-form empirical analysis is performed, which is based on hazard functions for transitions among various fertility--employment states. Higher child-care costs result in a lower birth rate for nonemployed women but not for employed women. Higher child-care costs also lead to an increase in the rate of leaving employment and a reduction in the rate of entering employment. The results suggest that potential behavioral effects of child-care subsidies could be significant and should be taken into account when alternative child-care policies are being debated.     

Individual mobility,population growth and labor force participation

Trends in labor force participation rates and the age of retirement are shown to be important determinants of upward mobility. Reductions in age specific participation rates increase the speed of movement through the employment hierarchy. In conjunction with economic development, the falling labor force participation of older men acts to offset the adverse effects of slowing population growth on promotional prospects. These conclusions are reached by extending a model of employment status developed by Keyfitz to limit employment competition to only those actually in the labor force.     

人力资本、社会资本与大学生就业的实证研究——以南京市部分高校为例

文章使用南京市部分高校的微观调查数据,对人力资本、社会资本与大学生的就业概率、起薪水平和就业部门之间的关系进行了实证研究。发现：人力资本因素与大学生的就业概率、起薪水平之间均存在着非常显著的正相关关系。但是对于大学生能否进人政府机关、事业单位等公共部门就业却没有显著影响;社会资本与大学生的就业概率之间没有显著关系,对于起薪的高低具有一定的积极影响,但对于大学生进入公共部门内就业具有重要作用。