略谈纪晓岚的小说观念

大学者纪晓岚既有小说实践更有小说理论。在小说实践中他＂以学问为小说＂完成《阅微草堂笔记》;在小说理论部分,他一直持有传统的小说观念,以史学作为小说的文体依据,坚持＂子部小说＂的文体观念,＂信而有征＂成为他取舍小说的准则。本文是对他的小说观念所作的简略疏理。     

Science Fiction and the Schoolchild

During the past decade, Soviet science fiction has experienced a boom not inferior to its "golden age" of the 1920s. Many new names have appeared. The subject matter has become more serious. The writers have improved in the literary sense. There has been a noticeable broadening in the range of readers of science fiction. Moreover, it has become increasingly possible for them to familiarize themselves with the best works of foreign writers. Finally, rather probing critical efforts have appeared — science fiction is now gaining students, and even theorists, of its own. All this is beyond question. It is hardly necessary now to prove to anyone (despite the fact that a stormy discussion raged around this matter in our national press a few years ago) that science fiction is either reading for amusement or specifically "children's" literature. However, there are still no accepted precise quantitative criteria for the readers' new attitude toward science fiction, and this has allowed some critics to defend clearly outdated ideas, constantly appealing to some "mass" or "simple" reader, although it is impossible to verify such assertions. It was for just this reason that members of the Science Fiction Fan Club at Moscow University — the students in the natural science departments who had in mind the basic principle of the exact sciences that asserts that all a priori statements must be checked by experiment — decided on an attempt to apply this principle to their favorite form of literature. The best proof of the timeliness of this test was the fact that the idea had literally permeated the atmosphere, for just as the Moscow University club began, science fiction fans in Baku, headed by G. Al'tov, decided to conduct a mass survey of science fiction readers. This made it possible to develop a coordinated questionnaire and to enlarge considerably the number of people queried. Approximately 700 questionnaires were received, and the resulting data are surely the most complete reflection of the present opinions of Soviet readers about science fiction. It would, of course, be very interesting to give a complete report on the questionnaire, but the nature of this magazine forces us to confine ourselves to the subject of science fiction and the schoolchild, and to analyze primarily the attitude of school-age readers to science fiction.     

作为生活方式的消费与消费主义

普遍消费或消费的普遍化是我们直观到的一个基本事实。在不同的社会历史状态下,看待消费与消费主义的方式是不同的。在前工业社会,节俭被视为美德;在现代社会消费被看作是制约经济发展的最大瓶颈。市场不但造成了“庞大的商品堆积”,而且生产了庞大的消费群体。在现代社会,消费与消费主义已经变成了一种生活方式,消费在一定意义上已经成为了消费者表达其意愿、炫耀其地位、展示其身份的重要方式。不但消费物变成了一种符号,消费者也已经变成了资本表达其意志的符号。     

The Nation as a Framework for Political Life

The stable existence of the state is impossible without nationalist discourse.     

心之灵的再现--介南德尔小说中的心理分析技巧探析

在印度现代小说史中 ,介南德尔·古马尔 (Jainendra Kumar190 5 - 1988)无疑是一位重要的作家。评论界将他称为“印地语现代文学史上的泰戈尔和萨拉特”1,“印度的契诃夫”2 ,“印度印地语文学史上最杰出的小说家之一”3 ,认为他是“印度现代第一流的小说家之一”4等。介南德尔以多重身份享誉印度。作为一位思想家 ,他接受印度传统吠檀多哲学、耆那教哲学、佛教哲学、甘地主义和西方现代思想的影响 ,并汲取这些思想的精华 ,被认为是印度现代作家中深得甘地思想精髓的作家之一 ,也是最有西方自我思想意识的作家之一 ;作为一位哲学家 ,他继承…     

Religion as a Meaning-Making Framework in Coping with Life Stress

This article explores how religion, as a meaning system, influences coping with adversity. First, a model emphasizing the role of meaning making in coping is presented. Next, religion as a meaning system is defined, and theory and research on the role of religion in the coping process are summarized. Results from the author's study of 169 bereaved college students are then presented to illustrate some of the pathways through which religious meaning can influence the coping process in making meaning following loss. Findings indicate that associations between religion and adjustment vary across time since loss, and that these associations are mediated by meaning-making coping. Finally, implications for individual and societal well-being and suggestions for future research are discussed.