Closer to home: parent mentors in child welfare

This article addresses the emerging use of parent mentors--parents who have successfully negotiated the child welfare system and provide support and advocacy to others. The theoretical justification, roles, and expected outcomes and benefits of parent mentors are explored. The organizational factors thought to be required for such programs are also described, drawing on the available literature and the practice experience of a recently implemented Parent Partners program in a county child welfare agency.     

Social capital and nonprofit leaders

The concept of social capital seems to be a very compatible, useful, and important one for nonprofit organizations. Nonprofits must sustain and enhance the original social capital with which they were formed and broaden it into a variety of key areas. Nonprofits and their leaders must foster social capital in order to recruit and develop board members, raise philanthropic support, develop strategic partnerships, engage in advocacy, enhance community relations, and create a shared strategic vision and mission within the organization and its employees. Nonprofit executives have a pivotal role in carrying out these functions, but they do so through relationships and networks with others. These activities are time‐consuming and demanding, and they require planning. This article provides a focused literature analysis on the concept of social capital as it applies to nonprofit management and leadership. The author views the literature with respect to definitions of social capital and the way nonprofits generate and mobilize social capital in order to achieve organizational goals. The author also cites methods for measuring social capital.     

Kingmakers and leaders in coalition formation

Assume that players strictly rank each other as coalition partners. We propose a procedure whereby they “fall back” on their preferences, yielding internally compatible, or coherent, majority coalition(s), which we call fallback coalitions. If there is more than one fallback coalition, the players common to them, or kingmakers, determine which fallback coalition will form. The first player(s) acceptable to all other members of a fallback coalition are the leader(s) of that coalition. The effects of different preference assumptions—particularly, different kinds of single-peakedness—on the number of coherent coalitions, their connectedness, and which players become kingmakers and leaders are investigated. The fallback procedure may be used (i) empirically to identify kingmakers and leaders or (ii) normatively to select them. We illustrate the model using data from the U.S. Supreme Court, 2005–2009.     

The various roles of municipal leaders

Municipal officials can take an important role in developing a community-wide after-school system. This chapter examines how mayors and city council members can serve as catalysts for far-reaching efforts that address key challenges.     

Monitoring antitobacco sentiment among community leaders

Two public health objectives, one methodological and the other substantive, are realized in the present study. First, average survey ratings are replaced by negated mean cumulative logits (MCLs), which have the advantage of interitem commensuration. Second, these negated MCLs improve the analysis of two Florida tobacco control surveys of community leaders. Because of their common logit metric, negated MCLs for different item types are compared on their expressed antitobacco sentiment. They are also averaged to construct a precise indicator of overall sentiment. These results show that in 1998 and 1999, community leaders were most averse to selling to minors, kids buying cigarettes, and restaurant and workplace smoking. The latter aversion anticipated voters' overwhelming support of the 2002 Florida constitutional amendment prohibiting smoking in restaurants and workplaces. The authors hope that this analysis for antitobacco programs will improve other substance-abuse monitoring with surveys whose items are yet unwritten.     

Union leaders’ willingness to negotiate concessions

Between 1979 and 1985, many labor organizations faced the difficult experience of concession bargaining. This field study examines the conditions under which local union leaders become willing to negotiate contract concessions. The findings indicate that conditions under which union leaders may agree to concessions fall into three categories: pressure, reduced union militancy, and legitimacy of the package of concessions. Sources of these conditions are the employer, the union, and the public. This paper argues that the joint effect of the three categories of conditions makes union leaders agree to concessions. The author would like to thank the following persons for advice and comments on this research: Robert Perloff, James Craft, Marian Extejt, Donna Wood, and Herbert Chesler.     

Urban community as resource: Evaluation of the mentors in Toledo schools program

We report findings from an evaluation of the Mentors in Toledo Schools program (MITS), which pairs adult community volunteers with elementary school students in need of reading support. Begun in 2012, MITS now operates in five elementary schools in Toledo Public Schools. A quasi-experimental study of 379 students (n = 128 mentored, n = 251 comparison) tested the effectiveness of MITS, using changes (fall to spring) in students’ scores on STAR Reading. Multilevel models demonstrate students who participated in MITS made statistically significant, and educationally meaningful, reading gains compared to students who did not participate. Further, an investigation of the importance of dosage revealed that number of mentoring sessions is related to students’ outcomes; students who participated in reading mentoring at least once per week showed the most educationally meaningful improvements. We also report qualitative feedback from adult program participants, including teachers, mentors, and site coordinators, to help contextualize the STAR Reading results. These findings speak to the opportunity for community volunteers to act as low-cost and effective supports for urban elementary school students who are at-risk for reading failure.     

Church suppers,pony tails and mentors: Developing a program for street kids

Increasing number of teens are leaving their homes to live on the street, and communities are often confused as to how best to provide services for them. This article describes one community's response to this and the lessons learned. The program, its development, the services and the communication with other agencies are described.This research was funded in part by grants from the Juvenile Justice Delinquency Prevention Funds.Ms. Roloff is affiliated with the program, Crosswalk.     

A Creative Miao Painter

IF Xiangxi is a landscape painting, the ancient town of Fenghuang is the gem in the painting. Some overseas friends have praised its landscape and its people by calling it the town of painting. Fenghuang has not only attracted many artists to come paint its scenery, but has also nurtured masters like Huang Yongyu and younger artists such as Chen Yanhong. Chen Yanhong graduated in 1992 from the Fine Art Department of the Central Institute for Nationalities. Half     

Creative work and health

Employees with greater control over their own activities have better health. People who are employed give up some control over their own activities for pay, yet employment is associated with better health. Perhaps paid jobs provide resources for productive self-expression that make up for the loss of autonomy. We find that paid employment is associated with lower autonomy but greater creativity of one's work or other main daily activities. Both have positive associations with health. Creativity's association is larger more statistically significant, and found in follow-up models as well as cross-sectional ones. The health advantage of being at the 60th versus the 40th percentile of creative work is equivalent to that of being 6.7 years younger or having two more years of education or 15 times greater household income. Education reduces the amount of autonomy lost in employment. Managerial authority and occupational attributes influence autonomy and creativity but otherwise have little or no association with health.