影响大学生消费的环境因素分析

大学生消费的影响因素从大的方面划分,包括个人因素、家庭因素、环境因素等。本文通过生源地城乡类别、经济发达水平、年级三个因素与消费支出总额及食品支出、衣着支出、交际支出、娱乐支出的二元相关分析,得到以下结论：生源地城市化程度越高,大学生消费支出越高,其中食品支出差异最大,表明出生地城市越大,大学生越注重消费质量;生源地经济发达水平越高,大学生消费支出越高,发达地区与贫困地区学生在衣食方面的消费支出差别较小,而在交际、娱乐方面的消费支出差别较大,表明出生地经济发展水平越高,大学生拥有的可任意支配收入越高;年级越高,大学生消费支出越高,但一年级新生的支出高于二年级学生,这由新生获资助较多、不会安排生活、未能适应环境等多种原因所致     

小康水平和恩格尔系数

联合国曾作出规定,把用于食物方面的支出与总消费支出的百分比,作为衡量一个国家富裕程度的重要标准,这就是恩格尔系数。 当个人或家庭生活在恩格尔系数大于59％以上时,则视为绝对贫困化;50％——59％之间,为勉强度日;40％—50％之间为小康生活水平;20％—40％之间为富裕生活水平,以下为最富裕生活水平。     

农村计划生育与农民生活满意度研究

基于6个省1586户农户的问卷调查数据,运用次序Logit模型,探讨农村计划生育、农村卫生事业、区域环境特征、农民个人特征、家庭特征对农民生活满意度的影响。结果表明,农村计划生育的两个因素中只有是否享受奖扶政策对农民生活满意度有显著影响,是否受过超生惩罚对农民生活满意度没有显著影响,农村卫生事业的两个因素,参加新型合作医疗制度以后看病是否改善和医疗支出负担对农民生活满意度都有显著的影响。根据分析结果提出以下政策建议:在今后的农村公共事业发展中,政府应渐进增加农村公共事业支出比重,进一步完善利益导向政策体系,适当提高奖励扶助标准,加大对农村超生家庭的处罚力度,使惩罚标准与收入及财产相对应。     

最低工资制度的保障性程度分析——以广东省深圳市为例

最低工资制度是一项重要的社会保障制度,它关系到劳动者个人及其家庭基本的生活权和发展权。文章从职工平均工资、最低生活保障标准、人均GDP、CPI指数和家庭人均消费支出5个维度论证深圳市最低工资标准的实际保障程度。结果显示深圳市最低工资标准偏低,难以保障劳动者家庭的基本生活,作者在此基础上提出保护弱势劳动者的政策建议。     

我国农村最低生活保障力度及其横向公平性分析

运用比率模型和标准值模型,通过对全国31个省区市2008～2010年的实证研究发现:我国农村最低生活保障制度取得显著性成效,农村最低生活保障力度逐年增强。但农村最低生活保障存在明显的地区性差异,且截至2010年仍然有7个省区市的食品支出保障弹力F<1,未能保障人民的生存权。从横向公平性来分析,农村最低生活保障存在横向公平,但缺乏公平的物质基础。要实现农村全面保障,一是要大力振兴中西部地区经济;二是要加大地区的转移支付力度;三是农村最低生活保障标准应根据农村人均消费支出进行确定;四是要加强制度监管。     

居民消费增长的路径选择——基于省际面板数据的分析

文章利用1991～2009年中国31个省份城镇和农村居民的人口、消费支出和收入的数据,基于居民总消费分解模型,进行省际面板回归估计。实证结果表明,城镇居民消费支出增长对中国居民总消费增长的贡献率最大;农村居民消费支出增长的贡献率位列第二,但呈现出下降的趋势;农村向城镇人口迁移引起的消费支出增长的贡献率位列第三。考虑到城乡收入和消费支出的差异,文章认为,居民总消费增长的路径将主要依赖于城镇居民消费支出增长和农村向城市的人口迁移,并提出通过制度改革增加居民收入、放宽并完善人口迁移政策等建议。     

西北地区农村最低生活保障标准测定与评估——基于宁夏回族自治区的实证研究

本文运用扩展线性支出模型（ELES），以宁夏回族自治区为例，分析了西北地区农村最低生活保障标准的确定，提出并测算了三条不同层次的农村最低生活保障线。结果发现，从消费支出角度测算的农村最低生活保障线远远高于目前政府所执行的标准，农村居民的基本消费被严重低估。因此，在西北地区农村最低生活保障标准的确定过程中，要充分考虑农村居民消费的相对性和多样性。特别地，随着经济社会的发展和财政收入的增长，政府要及时提高农村最低生活保障的水平。     

健康风险、医疗保障与农村家庭内部资源配置

在经济转轨过程中,居民自我支出的医疗费用在不断上升,使健康风险成为影响家庭支出水平和福利水平的重要因素。文章根据实施医疗救助的3个项目省、6个项目县的住户调查资料,对救助户与非救助户的家庭消费结构进行比较。分析表明,医疗救助制度的推行对于降低医疗支出与非医疗支出之间的替代性、改善家庭内部成员之间的医疗资源分配的不均等性具有非常显著的改善作用。但同时也表明,如果居民遭受比较严重的疾患,现有医疗救助制度的力度仍是有限的。     

中国农民家庭收支变动与生育行为分析

<正> 农民家庭收支的变动是家庭经济变动的主要内容,它影响着农民的消费追求,改变着农民的生活方式和子女的价值观。随着农民家庭收入的增加,消费从传统模式向现代模式的转变,农民从追求消费数量转向追求生活质量,从而引起价值观和生育观的变化,促进了农村人口生育行为的转变。一、农民家庭收入和生活消费支出与生育行为在家庭收入不断增加的过程中,对人口生育行为有促进和抑制两种截然相反的作用。在家庭收入从某一贫困的低水平开始增加阶段,收入的增加改善了农民家庭基本生活条件,温饱逐步得到基本解决。一方面,由于营养和健康状况的改善、妇女的生育能力也将有所提高,育龄期也会有所延长,另一方面,人均收入的提高则会削弱对维持温饱商品的限制,既增强了家庭的抚养能力,又刺激了家庭增加劳动力的要求进而达到提高收入的愿望。因此,当家庭收入处于从某一低水平增加的初级阶段往往会刺激农民家     

人口受教育程度对居民消费的影响研究--基于动态面板分位数回归法

本文采用1996～2015年的31个省市自治区宏观数据,使用动态面板分位数回归方法研究人口受教育程度和居民消费的数量关系。研究结果表明,人口受教育程度对消费有着较为显著的影响,且人口受教育程度对中等消费支出水平的影响略大于高、低消费支出水平的影响,这说明中等消费水平的居民消费受到人口受教育程度的影响更加敏感和有弹性。另外,模型中其他各解释变量系数在各分位数上的差异不大,说明这些影响因素对于不同消费支出水平的消费影响没有太明显差异。     

农民视角下新农合保障能力及影响因素评估——基于宝鸡市421户参合农民的调研

本文使用对陕西省宝鸡市11个乡镇421户参合农民的调研资料,分析了新农合运行现状及保障能力状况,并运用Ordered Logit模型从农民视角对新农合保障能力及其影响因素进行了分析。研究结果显示,参合农户对新农合保障能力评价为"很强"和"较强"的占62.2%,"较差"及"很差"的占8.84%,评价为"一般"的占29.3%。新农合的贯彻执行力度、政府的资金支持力度、医疗机构的设备保障状况、药品的价格质量、基金管理的合理程度以及定点医疗机构对常见病的医治能力,是显著影响农民对新农合保障能力作出不同评价的因素。     

农村公共事业与农民生活满意度

本文以6个省1586户农户的问卷调查结果为依据,运用序数Logistic模型,探讨农村公共事业、农民个人特征、家庭特征对农民生活满意度的影响。结果表明,农村公共事业发展对农民生活满意度影响显著,其中农村卫生事业发展对农民生活满意度的影响最大,其次是农村教育事业发展,农村文化事业发展对农民生活满意度的影响最小。根据分析结果,本文提出了以下政策建议:在今后的农村公共事业发展中,政府应渐进增加农村公共事业支出比重,不断调整农村公共事业支出结构,并随时更新文化娱乐活动内容,以适应广大农民的精神需要。     

Predicting Consumption Poverty using Non-Consumption Indicators: Experiments using Indonesian Data

Household consumption expenditure data is crucial for calculating important welfare measures such as poverty headcount rate. However, collecting such data is difficult and cumbersome. As an alternative, we experiment with three methods – consumption correlates model, poverty probability model, and wealth index principal components analysis (PCA) – to predict consumption expenditure and poverty using non-consumption indicators. The purpose is to use these alternatives for rapid monitoring and appraisal of social welfare as an early warning system. We test each method’s performance and find that the consumption correlates model is the best method to predict poverty quickly and relatively accurately. We find that education level, asset ownership, and consumption pattern are the best predictors of expenditure and poverty.     

A consumption model for measuring poverty: An exploratory exercise

The general purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a consumption model to estimate poverty level of paddy farmers in Malaysia. The consumption model was based on four selected domains of life, namely quality of housing and local facilities, durable ownership, health status, and food intake. The data for this study were taken from the Level of Living Study (1986–1990) conducted by the Department of Human Development, Agriculture University of Malaysia. The sample consisted of 600 paddy farmers, selected randomly. Two consumption models — orthogonal and oblique — were tested using confirmatory factor analysis. The findings revealed that the oblique model was better fitted to the data than the orthogonal model.     

社会保障支出、经济增长与居民消费的区域差异研究

基于扩展的杜森贝利消费函数,以区域差异的视角对东、中、西部地区1997～2009年的社会保障、经济增长与居民消费之间的长短期效应进行实证研究。结果显示,我国社会保障支出、经济增长与居民消费存在长期的协整关系,居民消费水平与社会保障支出呈显著正相关,西部地区社会保障支出对居民消费的拉动作用最大,中部次之,东部最小。其政策含义是:应加大中西部地区在社会保障领域的支持力度,促进地区间公共服务均等化,降低人们的不确定性预期,实现居民消费的稳定性和经济健康发展。     

社会养老模式下的老年人医疗消费行为--基于模糊断点回归的分析

应用CHARLS 2011／2013全国基线调查数据,研究我国现行社会养老对老年人医疗消费行为的影响。模糊断点回归结果显示,养老金提高了老年群体的住院医疗服务利用,有效挤入了老年人的医疗服务消费,而且与基本医疗保险存在互补作用;进一步研究证明,养老金对家户医疗消费水平没有显著影响,但是改变了家庭消费结构,增加了个人医疗支出占家户总消费的比例,一定程度上缓解了老年参保群体的家庭医疗开支压力。因此,政府在实现社会保障体系全民覆盖的同时,有必要探索适合我国国情和传统文化的社会养老保障体系,实现养老模式的互补,缓解人口老龄化对基本养老账户和医保基金支付的潜在压力,促进基本养老保险、企业年金和商业保险三大支柱比例的合理化,提高养老保障水平,形成社会养老保险的长效机制。     

The melting away of class differences? Consumption differences between employee groups in Finland 1955–1985

In recent years there has been much debate about the impact of social class on individual behaviour, including personal consumption. The object of this study is to examine the degree of variation in consumption patterns between social classes in Finland in 1985 and to compare this with an analysis of data for 1955. The results indicate that socio-economic group was rather less significant when it came to differentiating consumption patterns in main expenditure categories, like housing, for the later point in time than it had been for the earlier one. In other words, the relative explanatory power of socio-economic group (and income group) has decreased in comparison with life-cycle variables (type of household and age of head of household). This suggest that differences in consumption expenditure patterns are no longer so heavily dependent on social class or economic resources but instead on the life cycle or way of life. However, this process is not comprehensive because, for example, the relative impact of social class on cultural consumption has increased.     

Estimates of Household Consumption Expenditure at Provincial Level in Italy by Using Small Area Estimation Methods: “Real” Comparisons Using Purchasing Power Parities

Household consumption expenditure represents a crucial measure to be used for assessing individuals’ material living conditions and well-being. Indeed, the analysis of household conditions can provide policy makers with a clear picture of the economic and social situation of the area in which they are operating. However, official sample surveys which are generally used for this purpose, such as the Household Budget Survey in Italy carried out by the National Institute of Statistics, do not allow for reliable disaggregated estimates thus hindering appropriate and effective planning and evaluation of political interventions at local level. By referring to the 2012 Italian Household Budget Survey, this paper aims at obtaining reliable provincial estimates of household consumption expenditure in Italy. We use Small Area Estimation methods and we adjust the estimates for spatial differences in price levels by computing and using sub-national Purchasing Power Parities, thus obtaining “real” estimates of consumption expenditure to be used for intra-national comparisons.     

Poverty Among Elderly in India

Using consumption expenditure data of the National Sample Survey 2004?C2005, this paper estimates the size of elderly poor and tests the hypotheses that elderly households are not economically better-off compared to non-elderly households in India. Poverty estimates are derived under three scenarios??by applying the official cut-off point of the poverty line to household consumption expenditure (unadjusted), consumption expenditure adjusted to household size and consumption expenditure adjusted to household composition. Results show that an estimated 18?million elderly in India are living below the poverty line. On adjusting the consumption expenditure to household size and composition, there are no significant differences in the incidence of poverty among elderly and non-elderly households in India. This is in contrast to the notion that elderly households are better off than non-elderly households in India. Based on the findings, we suggest that the age dimension should be integrated into social policies for evidence based planning.